松花江及其周边区域热气候的现场实测研究
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摘要
近年来,由于工业发达、人口集中、交通拥挤、大气污染、建筑材料以石头混凝土为主、以及高层建筑对风的阻挡作用等,使得城市平均气温比郊区要高,从而形成城市热岛效应。夏季的高温酷暑除了直接影响人体热舒适性,从而造成工作效率和生产效率下降,还导致人工排热量的大大增加,造
成能源短缺和环境恶化。作为生态环境功能的重要部分,城市河流在解决城市热气候方面具有极大的优越性:1)水体自身的热容量大,蓄热能力强;2)河流一般具有较大的径流量,与小型的人工湖或水体景观相比,可以更好地传输热量;3)河流表面平展,有利于“风道”的形成等。但由于国内缺少对河流生态环境的正确认识,只注重经济建设,忽视对生态环境的维持,出现了城市和工业用水挤占农业用水,农业用水挤占生态用水的现象,导致生态环境恶化,进而对经济的可持续发展构成极大威胁;再因为流域及河流两侧的社会发展、产业调整、土地及规划控制、生态景观建设等的发展,城市河流的热气候调节功能出现弱化甚至衰退。
基于以上分析,本文采用现场实测和遥感数据采集相结合的实测技术。以流经哈尔滨市的松花江段为对象,研究城市河流的热气候调节作用。首先通过遥感影像分析,掌握以松花江及其周边区域为中心的冬夏季温湿度分布特征,同时确定出移动测量的测试点和测试路线。
本研究的现场实测采用定点观测和移动测量相结合的实测技术。在室外条件下,在松花江边设置固定测点进行全天测量,针对固定测点处所测数据,按照岸堤和河流表面热平衡法以及涡旋相关法等相关理论,分析河流及其他不同类型下垫面温度波动的不同规律,分析河流与大气间进行热交换的规律以及河流表面附近的大气湍动特性,从而深入了解河流表面和大气之间的气流流动和热湿交换规律。同时在松花江南、北两岸依照两条移动实测路线每天分三个时间段进行移动测量,针对移动测量数据,采用温度修正和风速比方法,得出松花江两侧沿岸不同下垫面构成情况下的风速、风向分布和温度分布情况。通过系统实测,研究城市河道内外水体和大气间各热通量动态平衡关系,考察实际状况下河流在夏季的热气候调节作用。
In recent years, the urban average temperature is higher than rural ones due to industrial development, population concentration, traffic congestion, air pollution, building materials including mainly stone concrete and the upper wind block on construction, which leads to the urban heat island effect. High temperature in summer directly results in decreased efficiency and productivity, greatly increased artificial heat and energy shortages and environmental degeneration, except the direct impact on human thermal comfort.
In comparison with common rivers, urban river is closely bounded up with human activities as the foremost ingredient of urban water resources. Furthermore, it has great advantages in the settlement of urban thermal climate on that: (1) water body has large heat capacity and strong heat storage; (2) rivers tend to have more runoff and transfer heat better compared with small artificial lakes and water body landscapes; (3) the flat surface of rivers are propitious to the formation of "wind tunnel". However, people only focus on economic development, while ignoring the maintenance of the ecological environment because they lack correct recognition of river ecosystem, such as the emergence of diverting from agricultural water to urban and industrial water and from ecological water to agricultural water, which causes eco-environment degradation and poses a serious threat on the sustainable development of economy. Meanwhile, thermal climate regulation function of urban river has weakened and even declined owing to social development, industrial restructuring, land and planning control and ecological landscape’s construction on both sides of the river basin.
Based upon the above analysis, the paper adopts the measurement technologies that combine field measurements with remote sensing data collection. The study area is located in the Harbin Section of Songhua River Basin and the paper researches the regulation function of urban river on urban thermal climate. Firstly, it concludes the temperature and moisture distributions of Harbin and its surrounding areas in summer and winter and subsequently identifies measure site and routes of mobile measurements.
Meanwhile the paper links fixed-point observation with mobile measurements together. More precisely,the study is operated to measure a series of parameters in a whole day at the two fixed points and to measure temperature, wind velocity and wind direction during three periods of a day at two mobile routes under outdoor conditions and draws the required data. In addition, to the data of fixed points, it analyzes different temperature fluctuation rules of river and different types of underlying surface and parameter calculation of heat exchange between river and the atmosphere according to heat balance method between bank and river surface and eddy correlation theory. Furthermore, to the data of mobile measurements, it concludes temperature, wind velocity and wind direction distributions of both sides of Songhua River according to the methods of temperature correction and wind speed ratio. What's more, it researches the dynamic heat balance relationship between urban river and the atmosphere and investigates the parameter characters of urban river on urban thermal climate under actual situation through field measurements.
成能源短缺和环境恶化。作为生态环境功能的重要部分,城市河流在解决城市热气候方面具有极大的优越性:1)水体自身的热容量大,蓄热能力强;2)河流一般具有较大的径流量,与小型的人工湖或水体景观相比,可以更好地传输热量;3)河流表面平展,有利于“风道”的形成等。但由于国内缺少对河流生态环境的正确认识,只注重经济建设,忽视对生态环境的维持,出现了城市和工业用水挤占农业用水,农业用水挤占生态用水的现象,导致生态环境恶化,进而对经济的可持续发展构成极大威胁;再因为流域及河流两侧的社会发展、产业调整、土地及规划控制、生态景观建设等的发展,城市河流的热气候调节功能出现弱化甚至衰退。
基于以上分析,本文采用现场实测和遥感数据采集相结合的实测技术。以流经哈尔滨市的松花江段为对象,研究城市河流的热气候调节作用。首先通过遥感影像分析,掌握以松花江及其周边区域为中心的冬夏季温湿度分布特征,同时确定出移动测量的测试点和测试路线。
本研究的现场实测采用定点观测和移动测量相结合的实测技术。在室外条件下,在松花江边设置固定测点进行全天测量,针对固定测点处所测数据,按照岸堤和河流表面热平衡法以及涡旋相关法等相关理论,分析河流及其他不同类型下垫面温度波动的不同规律,分析河流与大气间进行热交换的规律以及河流表面附近的大气湍动特性,从而深入了解河流表面和大气之间的气流流动和热湿交换规律。同时在松花江南、北两岸依照两条移动实测路线每天分三个时间段进行移动测量,针对移动测量数据,采用温度修正和风速比方法,得出松花江两侧沿岸不同下垫面构成情况下的风速、风向分布和温度分布情况。通过系统实测,研究城市河道内外水体和大气间各热通量动态平衡关系,考察实际状况下河流在夏季的热气候调节作用。
In recent years, the urban average temperature is higher than rural ones due to industrial development, population concentration, traffic congestion, air pollution, building materials including mainly stone concrete and the upper wind block on construction, which leads to the urban heat island effect. High temperature in summer directly results in decreased efficiency and productivity, greatly increased artificial heat and energy shortages and environmental degeneration, except the direct impact on human thermal comfort.
In comparison with common rivers, urban river is closely bounded up with human activities as the foremost ingredient of urban water resources. Furthermore, it has great advantages in the settlement of urban thermal climate on that: (1) water body has large heat capacity and strong heat storage; (2) rivers tend to have more runoff and transfer heat better compared with small artificial lakes and water body landscapes; (3) the flat surface of rivers are propitious to the formation of "wind tunnel". However, people only focus on economic development, while ignoring the maintenance of the ecological environment because they lack correct recognition of river ecosystem, such as the emergence of diverting from agricultural water to urban and industrial water and from ecological water to agricultural water, which causes eco-environment degradation and poses a serious threat on the sustainable development of economy. Meanwhile, thermal climate regulation function of urban river has weakened and even declined owing to social development, industrial restructuring, land and planning control and ecological landscape’s construction on both sides of the river basin.
Based upon the above analysis, the paper adopts the measurement technologies that combine field measurements with remote sensing data collection. The study area is located in the Harbin Section of Songhua River Basin and the paper researches the regulation function of urban river on urban thermal climate. Firstly, it concludes the temperature and moisture distributions of Harbin and its surrounding areas in summer and winter and subsequently identifies measure site and routes of mobile measurements.
Meanwhile the paper links fixed-point observation with mobile measurements together. More precisely,the study is operated to measure a series of parameters in a whole day at the two fixed points and to measure temperature, wind velocity and wind direction during three periods of a day at two mobile routes under outdoor conditions and draws the required data. In addition, to the data of fixed points, it analyzes different temperature fluctuation rules of river and different types of underlying surface and parameter calculation of heat exchange between river and the atmosphere according to heat balance method between bank and river surface and eddy correlation theory. Furthermore, to the data of mobile measurements, it concludes temperature, wind velocity and wind direction distributions of both sides of Songhua River according to the methods of temperature correction and wind speed ratio. What's more, it researches the dynamic heat balance relationship between urban river and the atmosphere and investigates the parameter characters of urban river on urban thermal climate under actual situation through field measurements.
引文
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2.杨洁.北京城市高温灾害.中国气象学会2005年年会论文集. 2005:5615~5620
3.朱正伟,王猛.城市热岛效应的危害及对策.污染防治技术. 2009, 22(2):94~ 96
4.王雪,白降丽.城市热岛效应研究进展及未来发展趋势.佛山科学技术学院学报(自然科学版). 2008, 26(1):53~56
5.岳隽.城市河流的景观生态学研究:概念框架[J].生态学报. 2005, 25(6):1422~1429
6.张颂军.浅谈城市河流治理与健康对城市生态环境的影响.水科学与工程技术.2007, 2007(3): 52-54
7.杨凯,唐敏,刘源,等.上海中心城区河流及水体周边小气候效应分析.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版).2004,2004(3): 105-114
8. Cynthia R. Characterizing the urban heat island in current and future climates in New Jersey. Environmental Hazards, 2005,Vol. 6, pp:51-62
9.龙维定.试论建筑节能的新观念[J].暖通空调. 1999,29(1):31-35
10.王惠想,张伟捷.建筑空调能耗与城市热岛效应.河北建筑科技学院学报. 2004, 21(1):23-27
11.王静伟,李念平.建筑环境与空调节能.现代节能. 2001, 17(2):17-19
12. EPA. Heat Island Effect: What is heat island effect? http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ActionsLocalHeatIslandEffect.html.2004
13. Huang J., Wang R. and Shi Y. Urban Climate Change: A Comprehensive Ecological Analysis of the Thermo-effects of Major Chinese Cities. Ecological Complexity. (in press)
14. Akbari, Hashem and Sarah B. Cool Systems for Hot Cities: Roofing Professionals Should Consider the Advantages of Installing Light-Colored Roof Systems. Impervious Surface Coverage. 1998, October.
15. Gorsevski, Virginia and Haider T. Air Pollution Prevention Through Urban Heat Island Mitigation: An Update on the Urban Heat Island Pilot Project.Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. 2002.
16. Parker, S.F. Barkaszi and M.T. Anello. Laboratory Testing of the Reflectance Properties of Roofing Material. Florida Solar Energy Center. 2002.
17. Pomerantz, Melvin and Hashem A. Physics and Public Policy for Urban Heat Island Mitigation. 1999, March.
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