干旱半干旱地区天然植被蒸散发模型与植被需水量研究
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摘要
近几十年以来,随着人口增加、资源开发和经济快速增长,引发了诸如环境污染、森林破坏、水土流失和荒漠化等一系列世界性问题,这些问题对人类的生存和经济的持续发展构成了严重的威胁。生态环境恶化是生态系统对环境胁迫,特别是人类干扰的异常反应。人类在发展经济和开发利用自然资源的同时,忽略了生态系统支持能力,也正以前所未有的规模和强度影响着环境,损害和改变着自然生态系统。“忽视水资源与生态环境系统之间的关系”是 20 世纪水资源管理的失误,直接导致生态环境的恶化。《我们共同的未来》、《关注地球》以及《21 世纪议程》等文献的发表,标志着人类对水和自然生态系统认识的转变。20 世纪 80 年代初期美国出现了生态和环境需水分配研究的雏形,直到 90 年代以来,水资源和生态环境的相关性研究,特别是生态系统需水量研究才正式成为全球关注的焦点。
在我国,生态系统需水的研究尚处于起步阶段,对生态系统需水的概念、内涵与外延等没有统一的定义,对其计算方法的研究也并不深入和完善,多以定性分析和宏观定量相结合的方法为主。地球表面由于气候、土壤、地形和动植物区系差别,形成了多种多样的生态系统,按生态系统形成的原动力和影响力来划分,可分为自然生态系统、半自然生态系统和人工生态系统三类。不同的生态系统有各自己需水特性。按照人类对自然的干预程度,生态需水又可分为农田生态系统下的人工植被需水和自然生态系统下的天然植被需水。过去的几十年里,国内外对农田生态系统下的需水规律研究比较深入,适用于农作物(或人工林草)的计算方法已有大量成果。而自然生态系统下天然植被的需水研究进展缓慢,对天然植被区水分平衡的量化评估报道和蒸散发的研究较少。
作者参加了导师主持的国家自然科学基金重点项目“京蒙沙源区植被建设中水资源优化配置研究”(50139040),并负责自然生态系统下天然植被蒸散发规律研究。本研究便是在上述背景下完成的,作者综合应用水资源学、大气物理学和自然生态学等多学科理论,进行了大量的现场试验与室内研究,基本了解了自然生态系统下天然植被的需水机理,构建起自然生态系统天然植被蒸散发研究的耦合模型框架,并用两种模型、以日为计算时段完成了对研究区 4 种植被生育期和非生育期的蒸散发量计算。
本文的主要研究内容包括五个部分:
第一部分:详细分析了自然生态系统的特征,分析了目前国内外研究农田生态系统下各种作物蒸散发研究的最新成果和方法,参考前人研究的理论与实践,构建了自
In the past few decades,the human have created unprecedented the wealth of society and promoted the development of the industrial civilization with the advanced technology and improved social productivity While developing economy and exploiting natural resources, the human have ignored the supporting capacity of the ecological system so that the environment has been affected in the unprecedented scale and intensity and the natural ecological system has been damaged and changed. Ignoring the relationship between the water resources and ecological environment system is the mismanagement of the water resources in the 20th century, which has directly caused the ecological environment to be worse and triggered many problems. The publication of such literature as Our Common Future, Care for the Earth, and 21st Century Agenda indicates that man’s awareness of water and natural ecological system has changed. In the early 1980s, the prototype of the study on the distribution of water need of ecology and environment has been established. Up to the 1990s, the study on the pertinence of water resources and ecological environment, especially the study on the water requirements, has attracted the attention of the whole world.
In China, the study on the water requirements of the ecological system is still in the initial stage. There is still no unified definition on the concept, intension and extension of the water need in the ecological system. The study on calculation methods are far from being in-depth and perfect and mainly use the method which combines the qualitative analysis with the microscopic quantification. Owing to the different climate, soil terrain and animal and plant sections, various ecological systems have formed in the surface of the earth. According to the force leading to the formation of the ecological system, they are divided into three categories: natural ecological system, semi-natural ecological system and platted ecological system. Different ecological systems have their own water requirement features. According to the interference that the man has done to the nature, the ecological water requirement consists of the water requirements for platted vegetation system and for the natural vegetation system. In the past few decades, the regularity of water requirements in the planted ecological system has been studied deeply home and abroad. Most of the estimating methods are applicable to study the water requirements of various crops in the planted vegetation system and a lot of achievements have been made in
studying the water requirements of crops or planted woods and grass. However, the study on the water requirements of the natural vegetation system has developed slowly and fewer research reports about estimation of the evapotranspiration of natural vegetation and the quantity analysis of the water balance of the natural vegetation in the natural ecological system have been made.
On account for the situation mentioned above, I have attend the key project, A Study of Scientific Allocation of Water Resources for Vegetation Construction in The Sandy Area Between Beijing and Inner Mongolia(50139040),supported by National Committee of Natural Science Foundation and have in charge of the study of evapotranspiration mechanisms of natural vegetation under guidance of professor Chaolunbagen. The evapotranspiration mechanisms and estimating approaches of water requirements for vegetation have been found by using interdisciplinary theories including hydrology and water resources, atmospheric physics and natural ecology and detail field experiments.,
The main contents of the study include the following five parts:
Part one. minutely analyzes the features of the natural ecological system and also analyzes the latest methods and achievements made home and abroad in studying the evapotranspiration of various crops in the cropland ecological system. With reference to the theories and practice of the previous studies, the frame of embedding model for the study on the evapotranspiration of natural vegetation in the
在我国,生态系统需水的研究尚处于起步阶段,对生态系统需水的概念、内涵与外延等没有统一的定义,对其计算方法的研究也并不深入和完善,多以定性分析和宏观定量相结合的方法为主。地球表面由于气候、土壤、地形和动植物区系差别,形成了多种多样的生态系统,按生态系统形成的原动力和影响力来划分,可分为自然生态系统、半自然生态系统和人工生态系统三类。不同的生态系统有各自己需水特性。按照人类对自然的干预程度,生态需水又可分为农田生态系统下的人工植被需水和自然生态系统下的天然植被需水。过去的几十年里,国内外对农田生态系统下的需水规律研究比较深入,适用于农作物(或人工林草)的计算方法已有大量成果。而自然生态系统下天然植被的需水研究进展缓慢,对天然植被区水分平衡的量化评估报道和蒸散发的研究较少。
作者参加了导师主持的国家自然科学基金重点项目“京蒙沙源区植被建设中水资源优化配置研究”(50139040),并负责自然生态系统下天然植被蒸散发规律研究。本研究便是在上述背景下完成的,作者综合应用水资源学、大气物理学和自然生态学等多学科理论,进行了大量的现场试验与室内研究,基本了解了自然生态系统下天然植被的需水机理,构建起自然生态系统天然植被蒸散发研究的耦合模型框架,并用两种模型、以日为计算时段完成了对研究区 4 种植被生育期和非生育期的蒸散发量计算。
本文的主要研究内容包括五个部分:
第一部分:详细分析了自然生态系统的特征,分析了目前国内外研究农田生态系统下各种作物蒸散发研究的最新成果和方法,参考前人研究的理论与实践,构建了自
In the past few decades,the human have created unprecedented the wealth of society and promoted the development of the industrial civilization with the advanced technology and improved social productivity While developing economy and exploiting natural resources, the human have ignored the supporting capacity of the ecological system so that the environment has been affected in the unprecedented scale and intensity and the natural ecological system has been damaged and changed. Ignoring the relationship between the water resources and ecological environment system is the mismanagement of the water resources in the 20th century, which has directly caused the ecological environment to be worse and triggered many problems. The publication of such literature as Our Common Future, Care for the Earth, and 21st Century Agenda indicates that man’s awareness of water and natural ecological system has changed. In the early 1980s, the prototype of the study on the distribution of water need of ecology and environment has been established. Up to the 1990s, the study on the pertinence of water resources and ecological environment, especially the study on the water requirements, has attracted the attention of the whole world.
In China, the study on the water requirements of the ecological system is still in the initial stage. There is still no unified definition on the concept, intension and extension of the water need in the ecological system. The study on calculation methods are far from being in-depth and perfect and mainly use the method which combines the qualitative analysis with the microscopic quantification. Owing to the different climate, soil terrain and animal and plant sections, various ecological systems have formed in the surface of the earth. According to the force leading to the formation of the ecological system, they are divided into three categories: natural ecological system, semi-natural ecological system and platted ecological system. Different ecological systems have their own water requirement features. According to the interference that the man has done to the nature, the ecological water requirement consists of the water requirements for platted vegetation system and for the natural vegetation system. In the past few decades, the regularity of water requirements in the planted ecological system has been studied deeply home and abroad. Most of the estimating methods are applicable to study the water requirements of various crops in the planted vegetation system and a lot of achievements have been made in
studying the water requirements of crops or planted woods and grass. However, the study on the water requirements of the natural vegetation system has developed slowly and fewer research reports about estimation of the evapotranspiration of natural vegetation and the quantity analysis of the water balance of the natural vegetation in the natural ecological system have been made.
On account for the situation mentioned above, I have attend the key project, A Study of Scientific Allocation of Water Resources for Vegetation Construction in The Sandy Area Between Beijing and Inner Mongolia(50139040),supported by National Committee of Natural Science Foundation and have in charge of the study of evapotranspiration mechanisms of natural vegetation under guidance of professor Chaolunbagen. The evapotranspiration mechanisms and estimating approaches of water requirements for vegetation have been found by using interdisciplinary theories including hydrology and water resources, atmospheric physics and natural ecology and detail field experiments.,
The main contents of the study include the following five parts:
Part one. minutely analyzes the features of the natural ecological system and also analyzes the latest methods and achievements made home and abroad in studying the evapotranspiration of various crops in the cropland ecological system. With reference to the theories and practice of the previous studies, the frame of embedding model for the study on the evapotranspiration of natural vegetation in the
引文
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