参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET_0）的初步检验实验及输入因子的响应分析研究
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摘要
参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET_0)是国际通用的评价水资源和计算作物需水量的基础,也是制定水法和国际河流水资源分配的依据。ET_0值的计算研究目前已进入标准化和普适性阶段,由于我国缺乏ET_0的实验研究,现阶段我国ET_0值的计算仅单纯地停留在利用联合国粮农组织(FAO)主要推荐的修正Penman(MP)、Penman-Motheith(PM)公式进行计算或对比,结果给ET_0的计算值带来许多不确定性,成为我国引进中薄弱环节,本文分析了国外ET_0研究最新进展的基础上,以半干旱地区-杨凌(偏湿润),参考作物(修剪苜蓿)为试验材料,于2005年,实施ET_0实验率定及其相关的应用实验研究,并以半干旱地区-呼和浩特(偏干旱),1961～2003,43年长系列气象数据,对ET_0值进行长系列的输入因子的响应基础分析研究。获得以下结论:
本文系统、引进国外先进成果,根据人工称重lysimeter实验,对半干旱杨凌气候区各种ET_0计算公式的适应性进行了最新、系统地率定研究,并在实验率定中首次引用美国工程师协会-环境与水资源机构(ASCE—EWRI)(2005)推荐的最新ET_0计算公式―标准ASCE-PM及其它计算公式,确认在半干旱杨凌气候条件下:初步确认,以天为计算尺度时标准ASCE-PM公式优于PM,PM公式优于其他代表性公式;并探讨以小时为计算尺度的应用条件,做了较好的吸收消化,填补了我国在此方面的研究空白。
首次按PM及标准ASCE-PM公式的设定条件对参考作物(苜蓿)冠层阻力进行深入、重点的率定研究,揭示了参考作物冠层阻力值在全生育期的变化数值,指出生育中期实验条件及结果比较接近国外参考作物ET_0值的设定条件(70s/m),生长前期与后期的rc值与设定值差异较大,并对日变化过程进行了量化估算,并揭示了影响冠层阻力的主要因子是ET_0值和空气动力阻力r_a,确认经过使用新的r_c值计算结果更接近实测值。
对MP、PM及标准ASCE-PM公式做了简要的推证,指出三个公式的理论基础均基于同一种原理,即:都是能量平衡和水汽扩散原理,只是使用条件的严格性及考虑因素有所不同。ET_0计算公式的主要设定参数(如反射率、Angstrom公式中a、b值、两种参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的转换系数K_r值)进行了研究计算,实验条件发现:生育中后期反射率变化比较平稳,此期间计算值仍接近PM公式的设定值(0.23),平均为0.237;作物生长季节的不同,Angstrom公式中a、b值与国内规范推荐的FAO值有所不同,应专门计算作物生长季节对应时段的a、b值,不能简单地使用国际气象组织推荐图表内的年均值。由于国际上常用的参考作物有两种:牧草和紫花苜蓿,为便
Abstract*2 The reference crops evapotranspiration quantity (ET0) is the international general foundation of appraising water resource and calculating crop water requirement, and also the basis of formulating water law and allocating international river water resource. The calculation of ET0 value and research at present has entered the stage of standardization and universality. Since in Chian lacks ET0 experimental research, the calculation of ET0 in China at present only purely pauses in using modified Penman(MP) and Penman-Motheith(PM) method which are recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations(FAO) as the ways of calculation or comparability which caused a lot of uncertainties on the worth of ET0. As a result, the basic research of ET0 in China became the weak link during introduction. this article analyzes on the basis of overseas ET0 the newest research processes, with Chinese semi-arid area-Yangling(humid) and reference crop(alfalfa) implementing ET0 experimental calibration and its related application of basically experimental research in 2005 as well as Chinese semi-arid area—Huhhot(arid), in 1961-2003,43 years long-term meteorological data as the foundation of ET0 input factor response analysis research. Some conclusions have been drawn bellow:
This paper systematically transferred advanced accomplishment abroad; analyzed the adaptability of the ET0 calculation on Yangling semi-arid district according to artificial weight-measure lysimeter experiment, and quoted newest ET0 for the first time in the experimental rating which American engineer the association - environment and the water resources organization(ASCE—EWRI)(2005) recommended formula - standard ASCE-PM and other formulas, confirmed in Yangling semi-arid climate condition : With day as steps, ASCE-PM standardized method is better than PM; PM method is better than other representative methods; discussed the application condition with hour as steps; made better digestion and filled the research blank in China in this aspect.
Reference crop (alfalfa) surface resistance was deeply rating researched for the first time according to the set condition of PM and ASCE-PM standardized method, promulgated the change value of the reference crops surface resistance in the entire period of duration. Pointing out that the experiment condition and result during mid-term growth period are more near reference crop ET0 value set condition abroad(70/m);rc value of growth has greater discrepancy with sets value during early stage and later stage. The major factor that affects surface resistance is ET0 value and aerodynamic resistance ra. This result also confirms the calculation result using new RC approaches actual measured value.
The paper made briefly demonstration on MP, PM and ASCE-PM standardized method; pointed out that the theoretical foundations of the three methods were based on the identical kind of principle: Energy balance and steam proliferation principle, only strictly using conditions and the consideration factor have difference. The main set parameters of
本文系统、引进国外先进成果,根据人工称重lysimeter实验,对半干旱杨凌气候区各种ET_0计算公式的适应性进行了最新、系统地率定研究,并在实验率定中首次引用美国工程师协会-环境与水资源机构(ASCE—EWRI)(2005)推荐的最新ET_0计算公式―标准ASCE-PM及其它计算公式,确认在半干旱杨凌气候条件下:初步确认,以天为计算尺度时标准ASCE-PM公式优于PM,PM公式优于其他代表性公式;并探讨以小时为计算尺度的应用条件,做了较好的吸收消化,填补了我国在此方面的研究空白。
首次按PM及标准ASCE-PM公式的设定条件对参考作物(苜蓿)冠层阻力进行深入、重点的率定研究,揭示了参考作物冠层阻力值在全生育期的变化数值,指出生育中期实验条件及结果比较接近国外参考作物ET_0值的设定条件(70s/m),生长前期与后期的rc值与设定值差异较大,并对日变化过程进行了量化估算,并揭示了影响冠层阻力的主要因子是ET_0值和空气动力阻力r_a,确认经过使用新的r_c值计算结果更接近实测值。
对MP、PM及标准ASCE-PM公式做了简要的推证,指出三个公式的理论基础均基于同一种原理,即:都是能量平衡和水汽扩散原理,只是使用条件的严格性及考虑因素有所不同。ET_0计算公式的主要设定参数(如反射率、Angstrom公式中a、b值、两种参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的转换系数K_r值)进行了研究计算,实验条件发现:生育中后期反射率变化比较平稳,此期间计算值仍接近PM公式的设定值(0.23),平均为0.237;作物生长季节的不同,Angstrom公式中a、b值与国内规范推荐的FAO值有所不同,应专门计算作物生长季节对应时段的a、b值,不能简单地使用国际气象组织推荐图表内的年均值。由于国际上常用的参考作物有两种:牧草和紫花苜蓿,为便
Abstract*2 The reference crops evapotranspiration quantity (ET0) is the international general foundation of appraising water resource and calculating crop water requirement, and also the basis of formulating water law and allocating international river water resource. The calculation of ET0 value and research at present has entered the stage of standardization and universality. Since in Chian lacks ET0 experimental research, the calculation of ET0 in China at present only purely pauses in using modified Penman(MP) and Penman-Motheith(PM) method which are recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations(FAO) as the ways of calculation or comparability which caused a lot of uncertainties on the worth of ET0. As a result, the basic research of ET0 in China became the weak link during introduction. this article analyzes on the basis of overseas ET0 the newest research processes, with Chinese semi-arid area-Yangling(humid) and reference crop(alfalfa) implementing ET0 experimental calibration and its related application of basically experimental research in 2005 as well as Chinese semi-arid area—Huhhot(arid), in 1961-2003,43 years long-term meteorological data as the foundation of ET0 input factor response analysis research. Some conclusions have been drawn bellow:
This paper systematically transferred advanced accomplishment abroad; analyzed the adaptability of the ET0 calculation on Yangling semi-arid district according to artificial weight-measure lysimeter experiment, and quoted newest ET0 for the first time in the experimental rating which American engineer the association - environment and the water resources organization(ASCE—EWRI)(2005) recommended formula - standard ASCE-PM and other formulas, confirmed in Yangling semi-arid climate condition : With day as steps, ASCE-PM standardized method is better than PM; PM method is better than other representative methods; discussed the application condition with hour as steps; made better digestion and filled the research blank in China in this aspect.
Reference crop (alfalfa) surface resistance was deeply rating researched for the first time according to the set condition of PM and ASCE-PM standardized method, promulgated the change value of the reference crops surface resistance in the entire period of duration. Pointing out that the experiment condition and result during mid-term growth period are more near reference crop ET0 value set condition abroad(70/m);rc value of growth has greater discrepancy with sets value during early stage and later stage. The major factor that affects surface resistance is ET0 value and aerodynamic resistance ra. This result also confirms the calculation result using new RC approaches actual measured value.
The paper made briefly demonstration on MP, PM and ASCE-PM standardized method; pointed out that the theoretical foundations of the three methods were based on the identical kind of principle: Energy balance and steam proliferation principle, only strictly using conditions and the consideration factor have difference. The main set parameters of
引文
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