冬季稻田免耕蚕豆复种系统增产增效作用与评价
|
摘要
本论文通过对安顺市冬季稻田的利用现状调查,搜集冬季稻田栽培蚕豆的种植方式、种植面积、产量情况等资料并进行统计分析,评价冬季稻田免耕蚕豆的增产增效作用以及环境条件、土壤肥力、作物品种和种植密度对复合增产增效的作用。同时,在环境条件较好的地块,以1个对复合增产增效作用较好的蚕豆品种为试材,研究免耕栽培方式下蚕豆生长状况、成熟期、产量、品质、土壤含水量、土壤肥力、土壤微生物种群和数量与耕作栽培方式的差异;以及在免耕栽培方式下密度对蚕豆的增产作用。其研究结果如下:
(1)通过调查、搜集安顺市冬季稻田栽培蚕豆的种植方式、种植面积、产量等情况,得出环境条件因素对免耕蚕豆具有符合增产增效作用。土壤肥力好的地块,施肥水平高的地块,能提高蚕豆的产量;相同的品种,不同的密度条件下进行免耕栽培,其蚕豆的产量差异比较大。
(2)在免耕栽培下,30.30万株/hm~2为最佳密度,其密度下的产量最高。免耕栽培能使蚕豆的开花初期、结荚初期提前,免耕栽培能提高蚕豆的百粒重。免耕栽培与耕作栽培相比,平均产量相差439 kg/hm~2,免耕栽培能提高蚕豆产量。
(3)免耕栽培方式与耕作栽培方式对土壤水分和土壤pH值的影响差异不大,但免耕栽培方式能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量。免耕栽培方式下蚕豆的品质有所改善。
(4)在现有生产水平下,冬季稻田种植蚕豆可比油菜增收318元/亩。免耕蚕豆与耕作蚕豆相比,其平均亩产仅差1公斤,但免耕栽培可减少劳力的投入,并且其栽培方式能提高土壤肥力,改善土壤生态环境,蚕豆的品质也得到了改善,因此,冬季稻田免耕蚕豆具有明显的增产增效作用。
In the present study, the effects of winter broad bean cultivation pattern of multiple cropping system in non-tillage rice fields, environmental conditions, soil fertility, crop varieties and planting density on increasing yield and efficiency were researched based on investigating the using status of winter rice fields, and collecting cultivation patterns, areas and field in the city of Anshun. One best broad bean variety and good living place were selected to study growth states of broad bean, maturity period, yield and quality, water content and soil fertility, microbial community and number under non-tillage cultivation pattern, compared to those of tillage cultivation. The influence of planting density on yield was studied under non-tillage cultivation manner too. The main results were as follows.
Increasing yield and efficiency effects of environmental conditions on winter broad bean cultivation patterns of multiple cropping systems in non-tillage rice field were researched through investigating the cultivation patterns, cultivation areas and yield. The results showed that the field of broad bean rose in the fertile fields. For the same cultivar, there lay large difference in broad bean yield under non-tillage cultivation pattern due to different planting densities.
The field was the highest with the planting density of 0.303 million plants / ha in non-tillage rice field. Non-tillage cultivation pattern could lead to early blossom and fruiting, and enhanced weight of 100 seeds of broad bean. The field under non-tillage cultivation manner was 439 kg/hm~2 higher than that of tillage cultivation.
Effects of non-tillage cultivation and tillage cultivation on soil water content and pH were little. Compared to tillage cultivation, non-tillage cultivation could increase the content of organic matters, alkali-hydro nitrogen, available phosphor and potassium. The quality of broad bean was improved under non-tillage cultivation pattern.
The pattern of planting broad bean in rice fields can increase 318 RMB/mu than the pattern of planting cole. The output of broad bean on non-tillage cultivation pattern was 1kg/mu less than tillage cultivation. But non-tillage cultivation pattern decreased the cost of labour, and it increased soil fertility and soil entironment. The quality of broad bean was increased too. The effects of winter broad bean .cultivation pattern of multiple cropping system in non-tillage rice fields on increasing yield and efficiency were great.
(1)通过调查、搜集安顺市冬季稻田栽培蚕豆的种植方式、种植面积、产量等情况,得出环境条件因素对免耕蚕豆具有符合增产增效作用。土壤肥力好的地块,施肥水平高的地块,能提高蚕豆的产量;相同的品种,不同的密度条件下进行免耕栽培,其蚕豆的产量差异比较大。
(2)在免耕栽培下,30.30万株/hm~2为最佳密度,其密度下的产量最高。免耕栽培能使蚕豆的开花初期、结荚初期提前,免耕栽培能提高蚕豆的百粒重。免耕栽培与耕作栽培相比,平均产量相差439 kg/hm~2,免耕栽培能提高蚕豆产量。
(3)免耕栽培方式与耕作栽培方式对土壤水分和土壤pH值的影响差异不大,但免耕栽培方式能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量。免耕栽培方式下蚕豆的品质有所改善。
(4)在现有生产水平下,冬季稻田种植蚕豆可比油菜增收318元/亩。免耕蚕豆与耕作蚕豆相比,其平均亩产仅差1公斤,但免耕栽培可减少劳力的投入,并且其栽培方式能提高土壤肥力,改善土壤生态环境,蚕豆的品质也得到了改善,因此,冬季稻田免耕蚕豆具有明显的增产增效作用。
In the present study, the effects of winter broad bean cultivation pattern of multiple cropping system in non-tillage rice fields, environmental conditions, soil fertility, crop varieties and planting density on increasing yield and efficiency were researched based on investigating the using status of winter rice fields, and collecting cultivation patterns, areas and field in the city of Anshun. One best broad bean variety and good living place were selected to study growth states of broad bean, maturity period, yield and quality, water content and soil fertility, microbial community and number under non-tillage cultivation pattern, compared to those of tillage cultivation. The influence of planting density on yield was studied under non-tillage cultivation manner too. The main results were as follows.
Increasing yield and efficiency effects of environmental conditions on winter broad bean cultivation patterns of multiple cropping systems in non-tillage rice field were researched through investigating the cultivation patterns, cultivation areas and yield. The results showed that the field of broad bean rose in the fertile fields. For the same cultivar, there lay large difference in broad bean yield under non-tillage cultivation pattern due to different planting densities.
The field was the highest with the planting density of 0.303 million plants / ha in non-tillage rice field. Non-tillage cultivation pattern could lead to early blossom and fruiting, and enhanced weight of 100 seeds of broad bean. The field under non-tillage cultivation manner was 439 kg/hm~2 higher than that of tillage cultivation.
Effects of non-tillage cultivation and tillage cultivation on soil water content and pH were little. Compared to tillage cultivation, non-tillage cultivation could increase the content of organic matters, alkali-hydro nitrogen, available phosphor and potassium. The quality of broad bean was improved under non-tillage cultivation pattern.
The pattern of planting broad bean in rice fields can increase 318 RMB/mu than the pattern of planting cole. The output of broad bean on non-tillage cultivation pattern was 1kg/mu less than tillage cultivation. But non-tillage cultivation pattern decreased the cost of labour, and it increased soil fertility and soil entironment. The quality of broad bean was increased too. The effects of winter broad bean .cultivation pattern of multiple cropping system in non-tillage rice fields on increasing yield and efficiency were great.
引文
[1]王清湖,敬岩,张慧,等.提高蚕豆共生固氮效应的研究[J].土壤,1997(6):307-310.
[2]王中利,黄正来,楚宁霞,等.播期、密度和追肥对黑豆产量及品质性状的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(07):128-129.
[3]卢明,屠乃美.南方多熟制稻田免耕研究现状与展望[J].中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会:134-140.
[4]江晓东,迟淑筠,李增嘉,等.不同土壤耕作模式对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007(07):54-56.
[5]宁堂原,焦念元,安艳艳,等.间套作资源集约利用及对产量品质影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2007(04).
[6]《安顺地区综合农业区划编写组》.安顺地区综合农业区划[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社.
[7]安顺地区行署计划委员会、农业区划委员会办公室编.安顺地区国土资源[M].安顺:安顺地区印刷厂,1986.
[8]巩杰,黄高宝,李延梅,等.少免耕耕作法的农田效应[J].耕作与栽培,2002(4):13-14.
[9]刘桂华.贵州耕作制度及种植模式新进展[J].耕作与栽培,2002(1):9-45.
[10]刘连全,张满堂.氮磷钾不同组配对蚕豆的效应研究[J].湖南农业科学,1991(4):42,47-48.
[11]刘世平,陈后庆,陈文林,等.稻麦两熟制不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对小麦产量和品质的影响[D].2007.
[12]孙应来,许自艳.稻田复种蚕豆免耕栽培技术[J].云南农业,2004(8):9.
[13]李立军,褚庆全,王宏广.中国21世纪耕作制度发展基本趋势探讨[J].中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会:174-178.
[14]汪汝祥,徐国余.安徽省耕作制度改革40年[M].安徽:安徽作物学杂志,1990.
[15]邹应斌.国外作物免耕栽培的研究与应用[J].作物研究,2004(3):127-132.
[16]邹超亚,陈颖,朱志强.贵州耕作制度改革的思路与优化模式的选择[J].耕作与栽培,1997(2):1-4.
[17]肖剑英,张磊,谢德体,等.长期免耕稻田的土壤微生物与肥力关系研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(1):82-85.
[18]何庆才,何鼎蓉.稻茬免耕蚕豆高产稳产的气象因素分析[J].耕作与栽培,1998(2):63-65.
[19]李永清,邓玉芳,马进华,等.高寒阴湿地区蚕豆复合种植栽培技术[J].作物杂志,2006(1):46-47.
[20]邱江,黄秀芳,戚存扣,等.《移栽密度和施氮量对宁油14号油菜产量及品质的影响》[J].江苏农业科学,2006(04):22-24,45.
[21]武兰芳等.种植模式演变与研究进展[J].耕作与栽培,2002,(3):1-5.
[22]杨京平.国内外作物种植制度的计算机模型与系统分析的研究动态与现状[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(6):57-62.
[23]贵州省地方志编纂委员会.《贵州农业志》[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2001.
[24]孟有儒,肖占文.蚕豆高产栽培农艺组合措施研究初报[J].甘肃科技,1999(4):12-12.
[25]易卫平,万贤国,张焕裕.湖南蚕豆生产的现状与发展设想[J].作物研究,1991 5(1):48.
[26]罗文杰,罗文忠.海南稻田耕作制度的改革[J].海南大学学报自然科学版,2001(1):71-75.
[27]袁祖培,谢甫绨.不同类型蚕豆品种地膜覆盖效应[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1996(4):274-277.
[28]胡朝凤,袁雨晴,杨进.稻田免耕油菜不同行距对比试验初报[J].耕作与栽培,2003(2):8-9.
[29]赵秉强,张福锁.黄淮海农区集约种植制度的超高产特性研究[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(6):649-655.
[30]赵强基.我国南方耕作制度的发展与展望[J].中国农业科学,1990(5):33-38.
[31]张儒普,孙繁松.耕作制度改革与农地可持续利用[J].国土资源,2003(10):29-31.
[32]段红平.中国南方耕作制度面临的主要问题与研究现状[J].耕作与栽培,2000(6):1-4.
[33]高菊生,刘更另,秦道珠,等.长期不同耕作制度对水稻生长发育的影响[J].中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会:297-299.
[34]高明,周保同,魏朝富,等.不同耕作方式对稻田土壤动物、微生物及酶活性的影响研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(7):1177-1181.
[35]钱素文.高沙十地区几种值得推广的多熟制立体种植模式[J].土壤肥料,2000,(4):30-32.
[36]黄小洋,黄国勤,余冬晖,等.我国免耕农作制研究进展[J].中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会:189-193.
[37]黄国勤,张桃林,赵其国.中国南方农田养地制度的演变与发展[J].热带亚热带土壤学,1997,6(4):277-283.
[38]湛时霖,吴恕先,刘先蕙.蚕豆不同部位的种子在后代经济性状的表现[J].作物学报,1966(1):112-114.
[39]《镇宁布依族苗族自治县综合农业区划》编写组.《镇宁布依族苗族自治县综合农业区划》[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1988.
[40]戴治平,龚述明,杨科祥.改革稻田耕作制度,提高农业生产效益[J].作物研究,2002(2):81-82.
[41]Dersch R,Moriya K.Implications of no-tillage versus soil prepartion on sustainability of agricultural production[J].Advances in Geoecology,1998,31:1179-1186.
[42]Ekboir J M.Research and technology policies in innovation systems:zero tillage in Brazil[J].Research Policy,2003,32:573-586.
[43]S.H.菲利普 H.M.杨著 陈士平译.《免耕农作制》[M].北京:农业出版社,1983.
[2]王中利,黄正来,楚宁霞,等.播期、密度和追肥对黑豆产量及品质性状的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(07):128-129.
[3]卢明,屠乃美.南方多熟制稻田免耕研究现状与展望[J].中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会:134-140.
[4]江晓东,迟淑筠,李增嘉,等.不同土壤耕作模式对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007(07):54-56.
[5]宁堂原,焦念元,安艳艳,等.间套作资源集约利用及对产量品质影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2007(04).
[6]《安顺地区综合农业区划编写组》.安顺地区综合农业区划[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社.
[7]安顺地区行署计划委员会、农业区划委员会办公室编.安顺地区国土资源[M].安顺:安顺地区印刷厂,1986.
[8]巩杰,黄高宝,李延梅,等.少免耕耕作法的农田效应[J].耕作与栽培,2002(4):13-14.
[9]刘桂华.贵州耕作制度及种植模式新进展[J].耕作与栽培,2002(1):9-45.
[10]刘连全,张满堂.氮磷钾不同组配对蚕豆的效应研究[J].湖南农业科学,1991(4):42,47-48.
[11]刘世平,陈后庆,陈文林,等.稻麦两熟制不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对小麦产量和品质的影响[D].2007.
[12]孙应来,许自艳.稻田复种蚕豆免耕栽培技术[J].云南农业,2004(8):9.
[13]李立军,褚庆全,王宏广.中国21世纪耕作制度发展基本趋势探讨[J].中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会:174-178.
[14]汪汝祥,徐国余.安徽省耕作制度改革40年[M].安徽:安徽作物学杂志,1990.
[15]邹应斌.国外作物免耕栽培的研究与应用[J].作物研究,2004(3):127-132.
[16]邹超亚,陈颖,朱志强.贵州耕作制度改革的思路与优化模式的选择[J].耕作与栽培,1997(2):1-4.
[17]肖剑英,张磊,谢德体,等.长期免耕稻田的土壤微生物与肥力关系研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(1):82-85.
[18]何庆才,何鼎蓉.稻茬免耕蚕豆高产稳产的气象因素分析[J].耕作与栽培,1998(2):63-65.
[19]李永清,邓玉芳,马进华,等.高寒阴湿地区蚕豆复合种植栽培技术[J].作物杂志,2006(1):46-47.
[20]邱江,黄秀芳,戚存扣,等.《移栽密度和施氮量对宁油14号油菜产量及品质的影响》[J].江苏农业科学,2006(04):22-24,45.
[21]武兰芳等.种植模式演变与研究进展[J].耕作与栽培,2002,(3):1-5.
[22]杨京平.国内外作物种植制度的计算机模型与系统分析的研究动态与现状[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(6):57-62.
[23]贵州省地方志编纂委员会.《贵州农业志》[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2001.
[24]孟有儒,肖占文.蚕豆高产栽培农艺组合措施研究初报[J].甘肃科技,1999(4):12-12.
[25]易卫平,万贤国,张焕裕.湖南蚕豆生产的现状与发展设想[J].作物研究,1991 5(1):48.
[26]罗文杰,罗文忠.海南稻田耕作制度的改革[J].海南大学学报自然科学版,2001(1):71-75.
[27]袁祖培,谢甫绨.不同类型蚕豆品种地膜覆盖效应[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1996(4):274-277.
[28]胡朝凤,袁雨晴,杨进.稻田免耕油菜不同行距对比试验初报[J].耕作与栽培,2003(2):8-9.
[29]赵秉强,张福锁.黄淮海农区集约种植制度的超高产特性研究[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(6):649-655.
[30]赵强基.我国南方耕作制度的发展与展望[J].中国农业科学,1990(5):33-38.
[31]张儒普,孙繁松.耕作制度改革与农地可持续利用[J].国土资源,2003(10):29-31.
[32]段红平.中国南方耕作制度面临的主要问题与研究现状[J].耕作与栽培,2000(6):1-4.
[33]高菊生,刘更另,秦道珠,等.长期不同耕作制度对水稻生长发育的影响[J].中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会:297-299.
[34]高明,周保同,魏朝富,等.不同耕作方式对稻田土壤动物、微生物及酶活性的影响研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(7):1177-1181.
[35]钱素文.高沙十地区几种值得推广的多熟制立体种植模式[J].土壤肥料,2000,(4):30-32.
[36]黄小洋,黄国勤,余冬晖,等.我国免耕农作制研究进展[J].中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会:189-193.
[37]黄国勤,张桃林,赵其国.中国南方农田养地制度的演变与发展[J].热带亚热带土壤学,1997,6(4):277-283.
[38]湛时霖,吴恕先,刘先蕙.蚕豆不同部位的种子在后代经济性状的表现[J].作物学报,1966(1):112-114.
[39]《镇宁布依族苗族自治县综合农业区划》编写组.《镇宁布依族苗族自治县综合农业区划》[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1988.
[40]戴治平,龚述明,杨科祥.改革稻田耕作制度,提高农业生产效益[J].作物研究,2002(2):81-82.
[41]Dersch R,Moriya K.Implications of no-tillage versus soil prepartion on sustainability of agricultural production[J].Advances in Geoecology,1998,31:1179-1186.
[42]Ekboir J M.Research and technology policies in innovation systems:zero tillage in Brazil[J].Research Policy,2003,32:573-586.
[43]S.H.菲利普 H.M.杨著 陈士平译.《免耕农作制》[M].北京:农业出版社,1983.