筒形件颗粒或可压缩粉末软凹模拉深成形新工艺研究
|
摘要
板料软模成形工艺是近年来材料成形领域的研究热点之一。在传统软模工艺的基础上，提出了颗粒或可压缩粉末软凹模板材成形新工艺，对筒形件拉深成形进行了理论分析、对成形过程中颗粒的运动规律进行了探讨，在此基础上设计了成形模具并进行了试验研究。
论文制定了筒形件颗粒或可压缩粉末软凹模成形工艺，在对筒形件颗粒或可压缩粉末软凹模拉深成形提出基本假设的基础上，对该成形工艺进行了力学分析，并将其与刚性模具成形工艺进行对比，分析了筒形件成形过程中各变形区域的应力应变状态及数值大小，推导出了变形时与颗粒或可压缩粉末接触区域的应力和应变的计算公式，理论分析结果证明了颗粒或可压缩粉末软凹模成形工艺有利于防止成形零件缺陷的产生，提高板材的成形极限。
采用Marc有限元软件，对颗粒的运动规律进行了有限元数值模拟，并对筒形件颗粒软凹模拉深成形过程中颗粒的运动过程进行了物理模拟。在数值模拟与物理试验模拟研究的基础上，得到了颗粒软凹模成形过程中颗粒运动的基本规律，建立了板料颗粒软凹模成形颗粒运动的分区模型，为该工艺的实际应用提供理论依据。
对筒形件颗粒软凹模成形工艺进行了试验研究，并对试验结果与理论计算进行了对比分析，进一步验证了该工艺的可行性及理论分析的正确性。对筒形件颗粒软凹模成形以及刚性拉深成形工艺进行了有限元模拟，得到了底部区、圆角区、筒壁区的应力应变曲线，并将其与理论计算进行了对比分析，进一步验证了理论推导的正确性。
In recent years, flexible die forming for sheets is one of the lightspot in the materialforming field. Based on traditional flexible die forming technologies, the new granules orpowder felxbile cavity forming technology is presented by author in this paper. The theoryanalys was accomplished for deep drawing forming of cup shell, the motion law ofgranules was discussed in the forming process, and on the basis of these, forming die wasdesigned and experimental investigation was carried out.
The mechanics analysis is finished. The stress and strain state of forming parts isanalyzed and values are calculated compared with common rigid die forming based on thefundamental assumptions. The theory equations are obtained for calculating the value ofstress and strain. The theoretical analysis results prove that the forming limit can beimproved and defects can be prevented when parts are formed by granules or powderflexible cavity forming technology.
The motion law of granules was analyzed by the finite element simulation software,and the physical simulation of granule movement regularity was implied for granulescavity deep drawing technology of cup shell an example. In base of simulation andexperimental investigation, basic regularities of granules movement were acquired, andmovement zone model was established also. The analysis of granules movementregularities and the establishing of movement zone model can present theoretical supportfor application of granules or powder flexible cavity forming technology.
Experiment was carried out for deep drawing of cup shell by granules flexbile cavityforming technology. Experimental results were compared with that of theoretical analysis.The feasibility of technology and the correctness of the theory analysis were furthervalidated. By the finite element simulation，granules flexbile cavity forming and rigidityforming of cup shell were analyzed and stress and strain of bottom area, round area, andlateral area were got. The correctness of theoretical analysis was further validated bysimulate results.
论文制定了筒形件颗粒或可压缩粉末软凹模成形工艺，在对筒形件颗粒或可压缩粉末软凹模拉深成形提出基本假设的基础上，对该成形工艺进行了力学分析，并将其与刚性模具成形工艺进行对比，分析了筒形件成形过程中各变形区域的应力应变状态及数值大小，推导出了变形时与颗粒或可压缩粉末接触区域的应力和应变的计算公式，理论分析结果证明了颗粒或可压缩粉末软凹模成形工艺有利于防止成形零件缺陷的产生，提高板材的成形极限。
采用Marc有限元软件，对颗粒的运动规律进行了有限元数值模拟，并对筒形件颗粒软凹模拉深成形过程中颗粒的运动过程进行了物理模拟。在数值模拟与物理试验模拟研究的基础上，得到了颗粒软凹模成形过程中颗粒运动的基本规律，建立了板料颗粒软凹模成形颗粒运动的分区模型，为该工艺的实际应用提供理论依据。
对筒形件颗粒软凹模成形工艺进行了试验研究，并对试验结果与理论计算进行了对比分析，进一步验证了该工艺的可行性及理论分析的正确性。对筒形件颗粒软凹模成形以及刚性拉深成形工艺进行了有限元模拟，得到了底部区、圆角区、筒壁区的应力应变曲线，并将其与理论计算进行了对比分析，进一步验证了理论推导的正确性。
In recent years, flexible die forming for sheets is one of the lightspot in the materialforming field. Based on traditional flexible die forming technologies, the new granules orpowder felxbile cavity forming technology is presented by author in this paper. The theoryanalys was accomplished for deep drawing forming of cup shell, the motion law ofgranules was discussed in the forming process, and on the basis of these, forming die wasdesigned and experimental investigation was carried out.
The mechanics analysis is finished. The stress and strain state of forming parts isanalyzed and values are calculated compared with common rigid die forming based on thefundamental assumptions. The theory equations are obtained for calculating the value ofstress and strain. The theoretical analysis results prove that the forming limit can beimproved and defects can be prevented when parts are formed by granules or powderflexible cavity forming technology.
The motion law of granules was analyzed by the finite element simulation software,and the physical simulation of granule movement regularity was implied for granulescavity deep drawing technology of cup shell an example. In base of simulation andexperimental investigation, basic regularities of granules movement were acquired, andmovement zone model was established also. The analysis of granules movementregularities and the establishing of movement zone model can present theoretical supportfor application of granules or powder flexible cavity forming technology.
Experiment was carried out for deep drawing of cup shell by granules flexbile cavityforming technology. Experimental results were compared with that of theoretical analysis.The feasibility of technology and the correctness of the theory analysis were furthervalidated. By the finite element simulation，granules flexbile cavity forming and rigidityforming of cup shell were analyzed and stress and strain of bottom area, round area, andlateral area were got. The correctness of theoretical analysis was further validated bysimulate results.
引文
[1]陈国亮.颗粒介质成形工艺研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文,2008:1-4.
[2]季廷炜.板料成形工艺智能设计关键技术研究[D].济南:山东大学材料加工工程学科博士学位论文,2008:1-2.
[3] Mingwang Fu, Siquang Lu, Maoheng Huang. New technology of sheet-metal flexible-die formingusing a viscoplastic pressure-carrying medium[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1995,52(2-4):359-367.
[4] M.W. Fu, M.H. Huang. Process parameters and products quality analysis of flexible-diedeep-drawing using a viscoplastic pressure-carrying medium[J]. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology,2001,115(3):384-390.
[5]赵长财,李晓丹,王银思,等.板材固体颗粒介质成形新工艺[J].塑性工程学报,2007,14(4):11-15.
[6] F. Wakai, S. Sakaguchi, K. Kanayama. Ceramic materials and components for engineering using.Proceedings of the Second International Symposium VDKG[J]. Luebeck-Travemuende,1986:315-318.
[7]赵长财.固体颗粒介质成形新工艺及其理论研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学材料加工工程学科博士学位论文,2005:1-12.
[8]王忠金,袁斌先,刘建光.板材弹性软模胀形过程应变分布的数值分析[C]//第十一届全国塑性工程学术年会论文集.长沙,2009:280-282.
[9]刘建光,王忠金.板材软模成形数值模拟研究现状[J].材料科学与工程,2008,16(3):430-434.
[10]李涛,郎利辉,周贤宾.先进板材液压成形技术及其进展[J].塑性工程学报,2006,13(3):30-34.
[11] Dachang Kang, Yu Chen, Yongchao Xu.Hydromechanical deep drawing of superalloy cups[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2005,166(2):243–246.
[12]朗利辉, Joachim Danckert, Karl Brian Nielsen,张士宏.板液压成形及无模充液拉深技术[J].塑性工程学报,2002,9(4):30-34.
[13]王金雷.板料液压拉深技术的研究[D].上海:上海交通大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文,2001:1-4.
[14] Joachim Danckert, Karl Brian Nielsen.Hydromechanical Deep Drawing with Uniform Pressure onthe Flange[J]. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology,2000,49(1):217-220.
[15] S.H. Zhang, L.H Lang, D.C. Kang. Hydromechanical deep-drawing of aluminum parabolicworkpieces - experiments and numerical simulation[J].International Journal of Machine Tools andManufacture,2000,40(10):1479-1492.
[16] Thiruvarudchelvan, S. Travis, F.W. Hydraulic-pressure-enhanced cup-drawing processes anappraisal[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,140(1-3):70-75.
[17]赵军,马瑞.板材成形新技术及其发展趋势(I) [J].金属成形工艺,2002,20(6):1-5.
[18]邹强,彭成允,田平,等.固体颗粒介质成形技术[J].四川兵工学报,2010,31(4):64-68.
[19]刘林强.田福祥.聚氨酯橡胶在板料拉深中的应用[J].五金科技,2004,32(2):25-27.
[20]高允,翁雪梅.半球形零件的拉深[J].航天工艺,2001,(1):50-53.
[21]陈承智.聚氨酯橡胶冲压技术在新品研制中的应用[J].航空制造技术,1992,(4):22-25.
[22]王忠金.粘性介质压力成形技术(VPF)研究[J].塑性工程学报,2004,11(2)41-52.
[23] J.Liu, B.Westhoff, M.Ahmetogla. Application of viscous pressure forming (VPF) to low volumestamping of difficult-to-forming alloys—results of preliminary FEM simulations[J]. Journal ofMaterials Processing Technology, 1996,53 (1):49–58.
[24] J. Liu, A. Tuz, M.A. Ahmetoglu. Viscous pressure forming(VPF) technology of plasticity[J].Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, Columbus,USA,1996: 671–674.
[25] Z.J. Wang, J.G. Liu, X.Y. Wang. Viscous pressure forming (VPF): State-of-the-art and futuretrends[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2004,151(1):80-87.
[26]袁海环.固体颗粒介质板料拉深成形工艺研究[D].沈阳:沈阳航空工业学院航空宇航制造工程学科硕士学位论文,2010:5-6.
[27]王仲仁.粘性介质压力成形技术（VPF）研究[J].塑性工程学报,2004,11(2):41-53.
[28]杨海峰,王忠金,王仲仁.粘性介质压力成形新工艺[J].机械工程师,1996,(6):15-16.
[29]王新云,夏巨谌,胡国安.粘性介质压力成形研究进展(上) [J].锻压技术,2003,28(4):40-43.
[30]王新云,夏巨谌,胡国安.板件粘性介质压力成形新工艺[J].新技术新工艺,2004,(1):37-38.
[31] Shulkin, Leonid B. Posteraro, Ronald A., Ahmetoglu, Mustafa A. Blank holder force (BHF)control in viscous pressure forming (VPF) of sheet metal[J]. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology, 2000,98(1):7-16.
[32]张凯锋,骆俊廷,陈国清,等.纳米陶瓷超塑加工成形的研究进展[J].塑性工程学.2003,10(1):1-3.
[33]王国峰,张凯锋,陈锋.纳米3Y-TZP陶瓷薄板超塑性成形研究[J].锻压技术,2002,27(3):31-33.
[34]赵长财,董国疆,肖宏.管材固体颗粒介质成形新工艺[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(8):255-260.
[35]赵长财,王银思,李晓丹.固体颗粒介质的传压性能实验研究[J].塑性工程学报,2006,13(2):85-88.
[36]赵长财,李晓丹,王银思.固体颗粒介质的管材成形新工艺试验研究[J].塑性工程学报,2006,13(3):56-59.
[37]董国疆,赵长财,曹秒艳.圆筒件固体颗粒介质成形壁厚及变形规律研究[J].中国机械工程,2010,21(16):1992-1998.
[38] Thiruvarudchelvan S, Travis F.W., Poh T.K..On the deep drawing of cups with punch andblank-holding forces proportional to a hydraulic pressure[J]. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology,1999, 92-93:375-380.
[39]路大涛.板材液压成形的数值模拟及实验研究[D].武汉市:华中科技大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文.2004:1-11
[40]李新均,万敏.粘性介质成形工艺特点与应用分析[J].锻压机术,1999,24(6):28-30.
[41] ZhongJin Wang, XinYun Wang, Zhong-Ren Wang.Viscous pressure forming (VPF) of corrugatedthin-walled sheet part with small radius[J]. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology,2004,145(3):345-351.
[42]赵长财,王银思,李晓丹.固体颗粒介质成形工艺变形模型研究[J].中国机械工程,2007,18(1):75-80.
[43]肖景容,姜奎华.冲压工艺学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2008:73-75.
[44] R.A.C.Slater. Engineering Plasticty Theory and Application to Metal Forming Processes[J].Macmillan Press Ltd. Macmillan,1977:404-409.
[45]骆俊廷,黄倩影,顾勇飞.筒形件颗粒或粉末介质软凹模拉深工艺的力学分析[J].中国机械工程.2011, 22(14):1745-1747.
[46] W. Layton,. H.K. Lee. Peterson. numerical solution of the stationary navier-stokes equations usinga multilevel finite element method[J]. SIAM Journal of Scientific Computing, 1998, 20(1):1-12.
[47]陈火红,杨剑,薛小香. Marc有限元实例教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007:1-10.
[48]黄倩影,骆俊廷,张春祥.板料颗粒介质软凹模成形颗粒运动规律研究[J].中国机械工程.2011,01(25):113-116.
[49]王孝培.冲压手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:77-208.
[50]李和金.拉深过程摩擦与润滑规律研究[D].上海:上海交通大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文.1999:2-9.
[51]官英平,赵军,郭宝强.筒形件拉深起皱临界厚度的计算[J].锻压技术,2004,29(6):3-5.
[52]何大钧,王孝培,米昱.薄板拉深筒形件起皱失稳分析[J].锻压机械,2001,36(6):26-27.
[53] Junxiang Lei. Prediction and control of both wrinkle limit and fracture limit on cylindrical cupdeep-drawing[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing: Mineral MetallurgyMaterials,1998,5(4):237-240.
[54] Ko, Dae Lim, Dong Won Jung. A study on the behavior of wrinkling in the square cup deepdrawing of Al alloy[J]. Transactions of the Korean Society of MechanicalEngineers,2009,33(3):276-281.
[55] Junxiang Lei, Yonglin Kang. Prediction and control of both wrinkle limit and fracture limit oncylindrical cup deep-drawing (II)[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing:Mineral Metallurgy Materials,1999,6,(3):201-204.
[56]苏素芹.圆筒形拉深件的拉裂分析[J].广西轻工业,2008,10(10):49-88.
[57] McDougall, J.L., Stevenson, M.E., McKeever, K.. Analysis of sheet steel fracture during deepdrawing[J]. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention,2005,5(5):20-25.
[58] Junxiang Lei, Yonglin Kang. Prediction and control of both wrinkle and fracture limits oncylindrical cup multi-deep-drawing[J]. Chinese Journal of MechanicalEngineering,1999,12(4):288-296.
[59]肖华,石磊,仝广.热轧深冲钢板冲压成形凸耳不均匀的产生及影响因素[C]//第九届全国冲压学术年会论文集.长沙,2008:72-76.
[60] Davies, G.J, Goodwill, D.J., Kallend, J.S. Earing in deep-drawing steels[J].Texture,1974,1(3):173-182.
[61] K.C. Chan. Earing in cup drawing of textured materials[J]. Scripta metallurgica etmaterialia,1995,32(2):229-234.
[62]冯少宏.板料成形有限元模拟软件后置处理系统设计与研究[D].武汉市:华中科技大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文,2006:1-2.
[63]陆璐,王辅忠,王照旭.板料成形数值模拟有限元求解算法[J].材料导报,2011,(3):111-115.
[2]季廷炜.板料成形工艺智能设计关键技术研究[D].济南:山东大学材料加工工程学科博士学位论文,2008:1-2.
[3] Mingwang Fu, Siquang Lu, Maoheng Huang. New technology of sheet-metal flexible-die formingusing a viscoplastic pressure-carrying medium[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1995,52(2-4):359-367.
[4] M.W. Fu, M.H. Huang. Process parameters and products quality analysis of flexible-diedeep-drawing using a viscoplastic pressure-carrying medium[J]. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology,2001,115(3):384-390.
[5]赵长财,李晓丹,王银思,等.板材固体颗粒介质成形新工艺[J].塑性工程学报,2007,14(4):11-15.
[6] F. Wakai, S. Sakaguchi, K. Kanayama. Ceramic materials and components for engineering using.Proceedings of the Second International Symposium VDKG[J]. Luebeck-Travemuende,1986:315-318.
[7]赵长财.固体颗粒介质成形新工艺及其理论研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学材料加工工程学科博士学位论文,2005:1-12.
[8]王忠金,袁斌先,刘建光.板材弹性软模胀形过程应变分布的数值分析[C]//第十一届全国塑性工程学术年会论文集.长沙,2009:280-282.
[9]刘建光,王忠金.板材软模成形数值模拟研究现状[J].材料科学与工程,2008,16(3):430-434.
[10]李涛,郎利辉,周贤宾.先进板材液压成形技术及其进展[J].塑性工程学报,2006,13(3):30-34.
[11] Dachang Kang, Yu Chen, Yongchao Xu.Hydromechanical deep drawing of superalloy cups[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2005,166(2):243–246.
[12]朗利辉, Joachim Danckert, Karl Brian Nielsen,张士宏.板液压成形及无模充液拉深技术[J].塑性工程学报,2002,9(4):30-34.
[13]王金雷.板料液压拉深技术的研究[D].上海:上海交通大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文,2001:1-4.
[14] Joachim Danckert, Karl Brian Nielsen.Hydromechanical Deep Drawing with Uniform Pressure onthe Flange[J]. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology,2000,49(1):217-220.
[15] S.H. Zhang, L.H Lang, D.C. Kang. Hydromechanical deep-drawing of aluminum parabolicworkpieces - experiments and numerical simulation[J].International Journal of Machine Tools andManufacture,2000,40(10):1479-1492.
[16] Thiruvarudchelvan, S. Travis, F.W. Hydraulic-pressure-enhanced cup-drawing processes anappraisal[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,140(1-3):70-75.
[17]赵军,马瑞.板材成形新技术及其发展趋势(I) [J].金属成形工艺,2002,20(6):1-5.
[18]邹强,彭成允,田平,等.固体颗粒介质成形技术[J].四川兵工学报,2010,31(4):64-68.
[19]刘林强.田福祥.聚氨酯橡胶在板料拉深中的应用[J].五金科技,2004,32(2):25-27.
[20]高允,翁雪梅.半球形零件的拉深[J].航天工艺,2001,(1):50-53.
[21]陈承智.聚氨酯橡胶冲压技术在新品研制中的应用[J].航空制造技术,1992,(4):22-25.
[22]王忠金.粘性介质压力成形技术(VPF)研究[J].塑性工程学报,2004,11(2)41-52.
[23] J.Liu, B.Westhoff, M.Ahmetogla. Application of viscous pressure forming (VPF) to low volumestamping of difficult-to-forming alloys—results of preliminary FEM simulations[J]. Journal ofMaterials Processing Technology, 1996,53 (1):49–58.
[24] J. Liu, A. Tuz, M.A. Ahmetoglu. Viscous pressure forming(VPF) technology of plasticity[J].Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, Columbus,USA,1996: 671–674.
[25] Z.J. Wang, J.G. Liu, X.Y. Wang. Viscous pressure forming (VPF): State-of-the-art and futuretrends[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2004,151(1):80-87.
[26]袁海环.固体颗粒介质板料拉深成形工艺研究[D].沈阳:沈阳航空工业学院航空宇航制造工程学科硕士学位论文,2010:5-6.
[27]王仲仁.粘性介质压力成形技术（VPF）研究[J].塑性工程学报,2004,11(2):41-53.
[28]杨海峰,王忠金,王仲仁.粘性介质压力成形新工艺[J].机械工程师,1996,(6):15-16.
[29]王新云,夏巨谌,胡国安.粘性介质压力成形研究进展(上) [J].锻压技术,2003,28(4):40-43.
[30]王新云,夏巨谌,胡国安.板件粘性介质压力成形新工艺[J].新技术新工艺,2004,(1):37-38.
[31] Shulkin, Leonid B. Posteraro, Ronald A., Ahmetoglu, Mustafa A. Blank holder force (BHF)control in viscous pressure forming (VPF) of sheet metal[J]. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology, 2000,98(1):7-16.
[32]张凯锋,骆俊廷,陈国清,等.纳米陶瓷超塑加工成形的研究进展[J].塑性工程学.2003,10(1):1-3.
[33]王国峰,张凯锋,陈锋.纳米3Y-TZP陶瓷薄板超塑性成形研究[J].锻压技术,2002,27(3):31-33.
[34]赵长财,董国疆,肖宏.管材固体颗粒介质成形新工艺[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(8):255-260.
[35]赵长财,王银思,李晓丹.固体颗粒介质的传压性能实验研究[J].塑性工程学报,2006,13(2):85-88.
[36]赵长财,李晓丹,王银思.固体颗粒介质的管材成形新工艺试验研究[J].塑性工程学报,2006,13(3):56-59.
[37]董国疆,赵长财,曹秒艳.圆筒件固体颗粒介质成形壁厚及变形规律研究[J].中国机械工程,2010,21(16):1992-1998.
[38] Thiruvarudchelvan S, Travis F.W., Poh T.K..On the deep drawing of cups with punch andblank-holding forces proportional to a hydraulic pressure[J]. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology,1999, 92-93:375-380.
[39]路大涛.板材液压成形的数值模拟及实验研究[D].武汉市:华中科技大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文.2004:1-11
[40]李新均,万敏.粘性介质成形工艺特点与应用分析[J].锻压机术,1999,24(6):28-30.
[41] ZhongJin Wang, XinYun Wang, Zhong-Ren Wang.Viscous pressure forming (VPF) of corrugatedthin-walled sheet part with small radius[J]. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology,2004,145(3):345-351.
[42]赵长财,王银思,李晓丹.固体颗粒介质成形工艺变形模型研究[J].中国机械工程,2007,18(1):75-80.
[43]肖景容,姜奎华.冲压工艺学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2008:73-75.
[44] R.A.C.Slater. Engineering Plasticty Theory and Application to Metal Forming Processes[J].Macmillan Press Ltd. Macmillan,1977:404-409.
[45]骆俊廷,黄倩影,顾勇飞.筒形件颗粒或粉末介质软凹模拉深工艺的力学分析[J].中国机械工程.2011, 22(14):1745-1747.
[46] W. Layton,. H.K. Lee. Peterson. numerical solution of the stationary navier-stokes equations usinga multilevel finite element method[J]. SIAM Journal of Scientific Computing, 1998, 20(1):1-12.
[47]陈火红,杨剑,薛小香. Marc有限元实例教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007:1-10.
[48]黄倩影,骆俊廷,张春祥.板料颗粒介质软凹模成形颗粒运动规律研究[J].中国机械工程.2011,01(25):113-116.
[49]王孝培.冲压手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:77-208.
[50]李和金.拉深过程摩擦与润滑规律研究[D].上海:上海交通大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文.1999:2-9.
[51]官英平,赵军,郭宝强.筒形件拉深起皱临界厚度的计算[J].锻压技术,2004,29(6):3-5.
[52]何大钧,王孝培,米昱.薄板拉深筒形件起皱失稳分析[J].锻压机械,2001,36(6):26-27.
[53] Junxiang Lei. Prediction and control of both wrinkle limit and fracture limit on cylindrical cupdeep-drawing[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing: Mineral MetallurgyMaterials,1998,5(4):237-240.
[54] Ko, Dae Lim, Dong Won Jung. A study on the behavior of wrinkling in the square cup deepdrawing of Al alloy[J]. Transactions of the Korean Society of MechanicalEngineers,2009,33(3):276-281.
[55] Junxiang Lei, Yonglin Kang. Prediction and control of both wrinkle limit and fracture limit oncylindrical cup deep-drawing (II)[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing:Mineral Metallurgy Materials,1999,6,(3):201-204.
[56]苏素芹.圆筒形拉深件的拉裂分析[J].广西轻工业,2008,10(10):49-88.
[57] McDougall, J.L., Stevenson, M.E., McKeever, K.. Analysis of sheet steel fracture during deepdrawing[J]. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention,2005,5(5):20-25.
[58] Junxiang Lei, Yonglin Kang. Prediction and control of both wrinkle and fracture limits oncylindrical cup multi-deep-drawing[J]. Chinese Journal of MechanicalEngineering,1999,12(4):288-296.
[59]肖华,石磊,仝广.热轧深冲钢板冲压成形凸耳不均匀的产生及影响因素[C]//第九届全国冲压学术年会论文集.长沙,2008:72-76.
[60] Davies, G.J, Goodwill, D.J., Kallend, J.S. Earing in deep-drawing steels[J].Texture,1974,1(3):173-182.
[61] K.C. Chan. Earing in cup drawing of textured materials[J]. Scripta metallurgica etmaterialia,1995,32(2):229-234.
[62]冯少宏.板料成形有限元模拟软件后置处理系统设计与研究[D].武汉市:华中科技大学材料加工工程学科硕士学位论文,2006:1-2.
[63]陆璐,王辅忠,王照旭.板料成形数值模拟有限元求解算法[J].材料导报,2011,(3):111-115.