汉英广告语篇中的预设研究
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摘要
广告,作为传播商业信息的有效手段,已逐渐深入到人们日常生活的各个领域,成为现代社会生活不可或缺的组成部分。鉴于广告的重要作用,语言学家们也从不同的角度对其语言进行了研究和探讨。西方一些语言学家们从文体学、符号学、社会语言学、修辞学和语用学等角度对广告语言特征进行研究和分析。国内的广告语言研究起步较晚,跟西方发达国家和港台地区相比还存在着不小的差距,特别是对广告语言背后的理论探讨相对薄弱,深度不够。由于预设同实际应用中的广告语言在表意方面具备一些相同特点,即通过隐晦或不直接的方式,向听话者传递隐含的信息,因此它就逐渐成为人们构建和解读广告语篇可资依赖的理论框架之一。
     我们认为广告语言的产生和理解与广告商和受众对预设的分析和理解是密不可分的。因此,本研究首先致力于提供一个分析广告语篇的预设理论背景和分析方法,其次利用预设理论对汉英广告文本进行话语分析,目的在于考察广告语篇如何通过使用预设来实现其目的和功能。
     本研究根据广告语言特征和预设理论的前期研究成果将蕴涵于广告语篇中的预设现象分为语义预设、语用预设、文化预设和认知预设四个层次分别加以讨论。语义预设所表达的是语言体系中句子构成成分之间或两个语义命题之间的关系,是预设研究的基础。语用预设指言语交际中话语与语境的关系。文化预设指那些由一定的民族或社会文化决定的“社会意识”或“群体意识”,即思维定型和行为模式。它是预设在文化视域中的延伸,表现为文化现实与语句文化背景之间的联系。而认知预设则表现为言语交际过程中对话语的信息处理方式,是对话语的动态反应。几种层次的预设相互联系、相互补充,使得人们对于广告这自然语言的认识和理解更加全面和深刻。
     本论文在对广告语言和预设理论研究综述的基础上,指出了过去研究存在的不足,确立了本研究的立足点。然后对汉英广告语篇中的语义预设、语用预社、文化预设和认知预设进行细致分析,目的在于充分揭示预设在广告语言表义和理解中的作用和功能对两种广告语言中的预设使用进行对比以便发现它们的相同点和不同点。最后针对汉语广告语篇中的预设有效利用进行分析和归纳,包括对汉语广告语篇中不恰当预设的批判性思考,汉语广告语篇中的预设功能分析和预设确立原则,以及汉英广告语篇中的预设互译等。
     本研究的启示包括分析范式及层次的更新,尤其是对汉英广告语篇中文化预设的系统研究深化了人们对广告语言文化内涵的理解;认知预设的创新研究为广告语篇创作和理解打开了一扇崭新窗口。汉英广告语篇中的预设对比则有利于人们对跨语言广告的准确理解和翻译。因此,本研究的最终目的在于帮助受众正确理解汉英广告语篇所表达的深刻含义,并从语言层面为提升中文广告的质量及其宣传效果提供理论和实践指导。
As an effective means for transmitting commercial information, advertisements have gradually infiltrated people's daily life and become an integral part of our modern society. Linguists have done some researches and explorations into the advertising language from different points of view due to the important functions that advertisements perform. Some linguists in the western countries carried out the research on the characteristics of advertising language from the perspectives of stylistics, semeiology, sociolinguistics, rhetoric and pragmatics, etc. In China, people started the research on the language of advertisements much later and a certain gap between that and the one carried out in the western developed countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan is to be bridged. What is more insufficient is the exploration of the theories underlying the advertisements. The common characteristics shared by presupposition and advertising language in conveying meaning, that is, transmitting the implied information in a veiled and indirect way, have turned presupposition to be one of the theoretical frameworks for constructing and interpreting advertising texts.
     It is reckoned that the production and interpretation of advertisements can not be separated from both the advertiser's and its receivers'analysis and understanding of presupposition. Therefore, a theoretical background of presupposition and methods are presented first, with which both English and Chinese advertising texts are analyzed. The final goal is to explore how the advertising texts could achieve their purposes and perform their functions by using presuppositions.
     In this research, the presuppositions hidden in the advertising texts are classified into four categories to be discussed, that is, semantic presupposition, pragmatic presupposition, cultural presupposition and cognitive presupposition due to the special characteristics of advertising languages and based on the previous researches on the Presupposition Theory. Semantic presupposition is the initial stage in the research of the Theory, which shows the relations between components of sentences within the language system, or the relations between two semantic propositions. Pragmatic presupposition reveals the relations between utterances and contexts in communication. Cultural presupposition refers to the Social Awareness or the Group Awareness formed with the culture in a certain nation or society, that is, the fixed thinking and behaving patterns. It can be considered as extension of the research on presupposition into the cultural area, which manifests the relation between realistic culture and cultural background of the sentences. Cognitive presupposition shows how people process the information during communication, which is a dynamic reaction to a given speech. The four kinds of presupposition contact and compensate for one another, which are utilized to help people understand the natural language of advertisements more completely and deeply.
     This dissertation points out the deficiencies existing in the study of the presuppositions in advertising texts in the past and sets its target for research based on the literature review of the research on both the advertising languages and the Presupposition Theory. Then the author analyses the4different kinds of presuppositions in Chinese and English advertising texts in order to discover the functions of presupposition in helping people convey and interpret advertising languages. The contrastive analysis of presuppositions in advertising languages aims at helping people identify the similarities and differences when they are used in the two languages. Finally the author analyses and summarizes how presuppositions can effectively be made use of in Chinese advertising texts, including the critical thinking of the inappropriate use of them, analysis of their functions, the applying principles and the transfer of the presupposition information in the advertising texts from one language to the other through translation.
     To sum up, this study has updated the research paradigm, especially the systematic research on the cultural presupposition has deepened people's understanding of the cultural connotation, while the innovative research of pragmatic presupposition has opened a new window for people's producing and interpreting the advertising texts. The contrastive analysis of the presuppositions will benefit people with understanding and translating the cross-language advertisements. Therefore, the ultimate goal of the research lies in helping potential consumers interpret the profound meaning of the advertising texts, in the meanwhile, providing some theoretical and practical guidance in improving the quality and effectiveness of Chinese advertisements from the perspective of language use.
引文
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    ①该电视广告是这样设计的:一头牛与一颗豆子结婚了,一年后,新郎豆子由衷地赞叹新娘:你真牛!新娘也娇羞地回应了一句:你真逗!参见姚燕萍,李瑞.广告创意预设不足的关联理论研究.《和田师范专科学校学报》(汉文综合版),2007年第3期,第157页。
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