过去3000年南北极典型地区生态环境变化的沉积记录及对比
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摘要
全球变化研究一直是国际社会和科学研究关注的焦点。自国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)实施以来,对全球变化的研究已经成为当今地球科学的最前沿课题。其中,最近的一两千年被称为“晚全新世”,在这段时期,气候的一些重要边界条件(例如地球几何轨道和全球冰物质)保持稳定,因此这段时间内气候的变化可以被认为是没有人类活动影响的自然状态。辅以现代气候变化,包括全球尺度的变暖,就可以重建人类驱动对于过去和未来气候变化的重要性。目前在极地生态环境变化研究中,在现代观测资料积累的基础上,也非常强调通过长时间尺度的气候重建来研究气候演变机制及其对生态环境的影响。气候的变化通常会对淡水湖泊生态系统产生影响,在全球变暖的背景下,脆弱的南北极湖泊生态系统会产生怎样的响应?因为直接观测的数据资料有限,各国学者目前对该方面的研究报道还不多。另外,在近代人类活动的影响下,生态环境是否会发生改变,以及科学地评估气候变化和人类活动对湖泊生态各自的影响,也是预测未来湖泊变化的重要问题。本文在时间尺度上,立足于与人类活动有密切联系的晚全新世,在空间上选取南北极典型湖泊和泥炭层进行分析。通过收集多个典型湖泊沉积物中表层沉积物、湖藻及湖区周围泥炭层土壤等环境介质样品,区分南北极湖泊生态演化过程中的自然因素和近现代的人为因素；在此基础上,开展南北极空间范围上的生态环境演化记录的对比研究。涉及的主要内容和研究结果如下：
1.北极湖泊生态演变及其对气候环境的响应
运用多指标分析(包括沉积色素、磁化率、硅藻组成、碳和氮稳定同位素分析等),结合其它物化指标如碳酸钙含量、TOC等,从历史演化的角度重点探讨了新奥尔松地区最近3000多年以来湖泊初级生产力的演化过程。结果表明,在相对寒冷的小冰期,气候对湖泊中藻类的生长不利,湖泊生产力下降,沉积物中色素含量出现低值,生物硅含量降低；表层5cm(对应约1890AD)沉积物中有机质含量显著升高,色素和硅藻含量明显增加,表明进入20世纪后,气候的转暖以及湖冰的减少,导致湖泊藻类生长迅速,湖泊生产力大大提高。而此时较低的生物硅含量与藻类间的竞争生长有关。湖泊中蓝藻含量不断上升,暗示北极地区人类活动的增强导致了湖泊营养水平增加。通过对元素及比值、矿物组成变化、环境指标因子载荷得分和化学蚀变指数(CIA)等多指标综合分析发现,新奥尔松地区在距今550年前处于长时间的气候相对温暖期,湖泊流域基岩化学风化作用较强;在距今550-100年(即1450-1900年)期间,特别是在1700-1900年,沉积物中碳酸盐/硅酸盐矿物含量比值降低,石英等粗矿物增加,湖泊流域化学风化能力和湖区物理传输作用下降,对应气候寒冷期,与全球发生的小冰期(LIA)一致；20世纪初,各指标反映流域化学风化作用强度和对气候较为敏感的过程(如物理搬运作用、流域侵蚀、地表融水径流等)显著增强,超过了过去3000年的任何时期,这与最近100年北极地区气候显著变暖一致。本研究所揭示的新奥尔松地区气候变化过程与北极地区、北半球甚至全球古气候记录具有相似性,表明新奥尔松地区气候变化是在全球变化背景下发生的。对比的结果表明,北极地区近3000年来湖泊初级生产力对气候和湖区环境变化产生明显的响应。
2.重金属污染在北极新奥尔松地区的记录
利用湖泊和泥炭层沉积物的对比研究,探讨过去3000年以来重金属分布和来源,并利用四种评价指标进行重金属污染评价,初步判断了新奥尔松地区的重金属污染水平。结果表明,As、Hg和Pb的污染程度相对高
一些,可以表现为“轻度”或“中度”污染;而其它金属则处于“没有或非常低污染程度”。最近200年,汞沉积通量呈现3个明显峰值,分别对应于1800年、1880年和1970年左右。对比研究区煤炭生产量、全球Hg产量和S2剖面Hg沉积通量记录的变化,表明当地Hg的输入主要来源于远距离大气污染物的传输作用,本地煤矿的开采和关闭可能对当地汞沉积通量变化造成了一定的影响,但影响较小。总的来看,新奥尔松地区的汞污染程度与瑞典、加拿大等环北极地区相当,高于格陵兰地区,但仍明显低于美国等工业化较高的国家。结合生物地球化学指标(如色素、硅藻含量等)以及有机质类型的判别,并通过定量计算,我们得出：在1970年之前,沉积物中的Hg主要来自人类源的排放,而1970年之后Hg的持续高值主要归因于湖泊藻类的“挖掘”效应(占89.6-95.8%),人类源Hg的比例大大下降。同时,近表层样品中甲基汞的含量显著增加,高含量的Hg以及氧化还原环境是影响北极湖泊中Hg甲基化速率的重要因素。Pb同位素的结果表明该地区的Pb污染主要来自西欧和俄罗斯,新奥尔松当地煤矿开采不是引起Pb污染的主要因素。泥炭层沉积物真实的反映了人类源Hb的大气沉降历史,揭示出该地区人类源Pb含量在20世纪60-70年代达到峰值,之后Pb含量与同位素比值的结果都表明人类源Pb显著下降。然而,较长时间尺度的湖泊沉积记录表明,表层样品中的Pb含量仍然较高。对比分析结果表明一些对气候变化敏感的过程(如流域侵蚀作用、地表融水径流等)可能是引起高纬北极湖泊沉积物表层Pb污染的主要原因。
3.南极湖泊生态环境对气候变化的响应
对南北极湖泊沉积物中生物硅、有机质等环境指标进行了分析,并在对比研究的基础上,认为生物硅含量的变化能有效指示湖泊古初级生产力的大小,是研究南极湖泊沉积生态环境记录的理想替代性指标。我们运用多指标分析(包括干酪根中C、N、S、H含量、生物硅、氨基酸以及岩石热解分析中指示藻类生产力的指标S2)对东南极莫愁湖湖泊沉积物进行了分析,重建了最近3000年来莫愁湖湖泊初级生产力的变化；结果表明,莫愁湖湖泊初级生产力出现4段低值期,分别对应于距今2400-2200年、1800-1600年、1400-1200年以及800-150年。在这四段时期,莫愁湖藻类生产力显著降低,生物硅以及氨基酸含量减少,有机质积累量下降,湖泊生产力低下。并利用氢同位素、C/S比值和磁化率等指标,恢复了湖泊的水动力状况和湖区的气候变化(如新冰期和小冰期等气候事件),并与整个东南极地区进行了区域对比。将湖泊生产力与气候指标以及文献记录的对比发现,莫愁湖湖泊生态对气候和环境变化产生明显的响应。
4.环南极重金属沉积记录及对比研究
对环南极地区(包括西南极阿德雷岛、拜尔斯岛、东南极罗斯岛和拉斯曼丘陵地区)的8个沉积物剖面(包括湖泊、泥炭层和粪土沉积物)的重金属含量进行了初步的对比研究,并通过三种污染评价指标(富集系数EF、地质积累指数Igeo和校正污染程度mCd),计算了各剖面的重金属污染程度；与环境介质(如土壤、岩石、生物粪和苔藓)的对比分析,发现影响不同剖面重金属污染的因素包括基岩背景、生物粪输入和人类源大气沉降等。利用沉积物质量标准(SQG)初步评价了Ni、Zn、Cu、Cd、As、Pb、Hg和Cr元素的生态效应。结果表明典型生物粪土层中重金属污染较严重。Zn、Hg、Pb和As没有达到污染效应发生的最低范围,另外一些金属元素如Ni、Cu、Cd和Cr等在某些剖面中已经达到发生生态风险的水平,这与海鸟粪的大量输入和当地的地质背景值高有关。
5.晚全新世南北极生态环境演变对比研究
北极高纬度地区与中同等中纬度地区的气候变化趋势一致,即经历了“暖期-冷期-暖期”。其中“中世纪暖期”、“小冰期”和20世纪之后的气候变暖表现的尤为突出,虽然由于纬度以及所选用的替代性指标对气候变化响应的灵敏性不同,所恢复出的各个地区的气候变化在时间和变化程度上不完全一致,但它们总体上都反映了北半球相似的气候变化趋势。南极和北半球的气候变化趋势和持续的时间并不完全一致,南极各个地区全新世以来气候变化如放大效应和出现时间有显著的区域差异。我们对南北极湖泊沉积序列重建结果表明,南北极湖泊生态坏境(包括湖泊生产力、氧化还原环境等)和流域环境(如风化作用和水动力作用等)对气候变化产生了积极的响应。南北极多个地区重金属污染程度对比结果表明,不同载体对于重金属富集的程度不同,湖泊沉积物和泥炭层沉积物重金属污染程度较轻,所分析的沉积剖面中南极地区重金属污染程度明显高于北极,这主要是因为南极地区企鹅粪土沉积物明显富集部分重金属元素,南极企鹅粪的生物传输是造成南极环境污染的一种重要方式。
Global change research is the subject of global concern. Since the implementation of the In-ternational Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the research on global change has become the forefront of Earth Sciences. The more limited interval of the past two millennia, a period that can be referred to "late Holocene", is of particular significance. The principal boundary conditions on the climate (e.g., planetary orbital geometry and global ice mass) have not changed appreciably since then. The variations in climate observed over this time frame, therefore, are likely repre-sentative of the natural climate variability that can be expected in the present century if without any human influence. Investigating modern climate change, including global warming, in a long-er-term context thus can help establish the magnitude of anthropogenic forcing on the recent past and future changes. On basis of modern observation data accumulation, polar eco-environmental research emphasizes on long time scale climate reconstruction, to study the climate evolution mechanism and its impact on the eco-environment. Climate change has great impact on freshwater ecosystems. But how can the fragile polar lake ecosystem respond to the warming climate? The spatial and temporal changes in the poles are poorly documented and understood, because long-term monitoring data are scarce. In addition, whether the eco-environment is changing and how to differentiate the impact of climate change and human activities, are also key questions in order to predict the future changes in lake ecosystems. In this paper, we focus on the late Holocene which is closely associated with human activities, and on lake and peatland sediments from Ant-arctica and Arctic, respectively. A number of sediment sequences as well as environmental media including lake surface samples, algae and surrounding soils were collected, to probe the natural and anthropogenic factors in the lake ecological evolution. Main contents and results are given as follows:
1. History of ecosystem responses to environmental variations from a lake in Arctic
By employing the multi-proxy analyses (including sediment pigments, mineral magnetic susceptibility, diatom composition, carbon and nitrogen isotopes), combined with other physical and chemical proxies such as calcium carbonate, total organic carbon, we have reconstructed the historical changes of lacustrine primary productivity in Ny-Alesund over past3000years. Our data showed that during the period of Little Ice Age (LIA), the climate condition was unfavorable for the growth of lake algae, and thus the lacustrine productivity declined. This result was sup-ported by the relatively low contents of pigment and biogenic silica in the sediments. Correspond- ing to the warming climate after LIA, the contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and sediment pigments increased significantly in the upper5cm (～1890AD), which reflects the rapid growth of lake algae and thus the great increase of lacustrine primary productivity. However, the biogenic silica in the upper sediments remained relatively low, which might be related to the growth com-petition with other algae species. Over the past100years, the ratio of Osc/Myx in the sediments decreased continuously, indicative of durative increase of myxoxanthophyll in blue green algal pigments, and this might imply that the human activity had enhanced the nutrition level of the lakes in the Arctic region. Based on the comprehensive study from element ratios, mineral compo-sition and chemical altered index (CIA), we found that the Ny-Alesund region had a relatively warm climate and oxic condition prior to550cal. yr BP, and that the lake basin experienced stronger chemical weathering at this time. During the period～550-100cal. yr BP, the intensity of chemical weathering around the lake catchment had weakened, and the algae biomass produced in the lake declined, corresponding to the increased time of lake ice cover and closed sedimentary environment during LIA. At the beginning of the20th century, the chemical weathering and sur-face runoff remarkably increased, which is consistent with the rapidly warming climate and plenty of the precipitation during the last100years. The present study reveals that Ny-Alesund has a similar palaeoenvironmental record to Svalbard and the wider circum-Arctic region, suggesting that the environmental change in Ny-Alesund is closely linked to larger scale arctic change. The study also shows that the lake primary productivity has obvious response to climate and environ-mental change in arctic.
2. Heavy metal records in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard
Using lake and peat sediments, we discussed the distribution of heavy metals in past3000years, and employed the four kinds of evaluation index to preliminarily assess the heavy metal pollution in Ny-Alesund. The results showed that the pollution degrees of As, Hg and Pb were relatively high, which can represented as "mild" or "moderate" pollutions, while the other heavy metals belong to "no or very low pollution" degrees. The three distinct peaks of Hg deposition flux recorded in past200years were corresponding to1800s,1880s and1970s. By comparing the historical Hg deposition flux with the records of local coal combustion and globe Hg production, we suggest that anthropogenic Hg is mainly derived from the long-range atmosphere Hg transport, whereas the influence of local coal mining is likely minor. Ny-Alesund has similar Hg pollution degree with Sweden. Canada and other circum-arctic areas, but its pollution degree is obviously higher than Greenland and significantly lower than America as well as other industrialized coun-tries. Quantitative calculation on the biogeochemical proxies (e.g., pigments and diatom biomass) and Rock-Eval analyses showed that89.6-95.8%of the Hg in post-1950could be explained by scavenging. The distribution of MeHg has a close relationship with total Hg and organic matter. The redox condition is one of the possible factors affecting the methylation rates in lake sediments. Higher algal productivity and organic matter actually led to the increase of methylation in the up-permost sediment. The anthropogenic Pb in Ny-Alesund largely originated from W. European and Russia, and the local coal mining is not the main Pb contributor. The peat profile clearly reflected the historical changes of atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Pb into Ny-Alesund. The result showed that anthropogenic Pb peaked at1960-1970s, and a significant recovery was observed thereafter by a rapid increase of206Pb/207Pb ratios and a remarkable decrease in anthropogenic Pb contents. In contrast, the recovery signal of Pb pollution in the last decades is not present in the surface lacustrine sediments, and this might result from the increased occurrence of the cli-mate-sensitive processes (e.g., surface erosion; precipitation and meltwater runoff, etc.) caused by the recent rapid warming in Arctic.
3. Lake eco-environment in response to climate changes in Antarctica
We collected two lake sediment cores from the East Antarctic region and analyzed biogenic silica and other biogeochemical parameters (e.g., organic matter, C, N, S, H). Based on syntheti-cally comparative research, we found that the contents of biogenic silica in the lacustrine sedi-ments can sensitively indicate the evolutionary history of paleo-primary productivity, and thus BSi is an ideal proxy for reconstructing eco-environmental change recorded in the lacustrine sediments in East Antarctica. Multi-proxies including C, N, S and H in the kerogen, TOC, biogenic silica, total amino acid, Rock-Eval parameters in the bulk MC sediments were used to reconstruct the changes in lake paleoproductivity, and some geochemical parameters such as δD, C/S and mag-netic susceptibility (χlf) revealed the historical climatic fluctuation in the study area during the past3000years. According to the paleoproductivity and paleoclimate reconstructions, we found that the historical primary productivity recorded in the Mochou Lake displayed distinct changes over the past3000years, with four low stages corresponding to～2500-2200,1900-1650,1400-1200, and900-300cal. yr BP. Comparison of paleoclimatic data from some other regions in East Antarc-tica showed that our study area experienced similar climate conditions with those areas historically, such as Neoglacial period and Little Ice Age, although their onset and duration times might vary in the different regions. Our comparative study suggested that the Antarctic lake ecosystem has been closely linking with climate change, where cold climate is unfavorable for the growth of algae and therefore reduces the lake primary productivity.
4. Heavy metal records and comparative study in circum-Antarctic areas
Eight sediment profiles (including lake, peat and ornithogenic sediments) were collected from circum-Antarctic areas (including Ardley Island and Byers Island in west Antarctic, Ross Sea regions and Larsemann Hills in East Antarctica). We compared the heavy metal contents, and em-ployed the three index (i.e., enrichment factors-EF, Geoaccumulation index-Igeo and Modified de-gree of contamination-mCd) to assess the pollution degree in each profile. By comparison with the concentrations of heavy metals in environment medium (e.g., soil, rock, dropping and moss), we discussed the pollution factors including bedrock background, seabird dung input and atmospheric deposition from human activities. We also used the sediment quality standard (SQG) to evaluate the ecological effect of eight metal elements (Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, Pb, Hg and Cr). The results show that the heavy metal pollution is more severe in ornithogenic sediments. The contents of Zn, Hg, Pb and As were low and no pollution effect happened, while other metals such as Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr reached the level of ecological risk in some sediments, which are related to the guano input and local geologic background.
5. Comparative study on the ecological record and environment evolution in late Holocene in Antarctic and Arctic area
The climate trend in High Arctic was similar to that in China and other mid-latitude regions, namely experienced "warm-cold-warm" period in the late Holocene, during which the "medieval warming period" and "Little Ice Age" as well as the recent warming after20th century are the most evident. Although the reconstruction of time and magnitude of climate change were not all consistent because different latitudes and proxies were chosen, they all reflect the overall similar trend in Northern Hemisphere. The climate change trend in Antarctic has some differences from that in Arctic, and the changes such as the amplification effect and duration time has significant regional variations. Our reconstruction from lake sediments in Antarctica and Arctic suggest that the lake eco-environment (e.g., lake primary productivity, redox condition) and the catchment ge-ochemical environment (e.g., weathering and hydrodynamic processes) have active response to climate change. The results of heavy metal pollution in Polar Regions show that different materi-als enrich different levels of heavy metals, and pollution of the lake and peat sediment were lower than that of ornithogenic sediments. The heavy metal pollution in Antarctic was significantly higher than that in Arctic, which was caused mainly by the guano input.
1.北极湖泊生态演变及其对气候环境的响应
运用多指标分析(包括沉积色素、磁化率、硅藻组成、碳和氮稳定同位素分析等),结合其它物化指标如碳酸钙含量、TOC等,从历史演化的角度重点探讨了新奥尔松地区最近3000多年以来湖泊初级生产力的演化过程。结果表明,在相对寒冷的小冰期,气候对湖泊中藻类的生长不利,湖泊生产力下降,沉积物中色素含量出现低值,生物硅含量降低；表层5cm(对应约1890AD)沉积物中有机质含量显著升高,色素和硅藻含量明显增加,表明进入20世纪后,气候的转暖以及湖冰的减少,导致湖泊藻类生长迅速,湖泊生产力大大提高。而此时较低的生物硅含量与藻类间的竞争生长有关。湖泊中蓝藻含量不断上升,暗示北极地区人类活动的增强导致了湖泊营养水平增加。通过对元素及比值、矿物组成变化、环境指标因子载荷得分和化学蚀变指数(CIA)等多指标综合分析发现,新奥尔松地区在距今550年前处于长时间的气候相对温暖期,湖泊流域基岩化学风化作用较强;在距今550-100年(即1450-1900年)期间,特别是在1700-1900年,沉积物中碳酸盐/硅酸盐矿物含量比值降低,石英等粗矿物增加,湖泊流域化学风化能力和湖区物理传输作用下降,对应气候寒冷期,与全球发生的小冰期(LIA)一致；20世纪初,各指标反映流域化学风化作用强度和对气候较为敏感的过程(如物理搬运作用、流域侵蚀、地表融水径流等)显著增强,超过了过去3000年的任何时期,这与最近100年北极地区气候显著变暖一致。本研究所揭示的新奥尔松地区气候变化过程与北极地区、北半球甚至全球古气候记录具有相似性,表明新奥尔松地区气候变化是在全球变化背景下发生的。对比的结果表明,北极地区近3000年来湖泊初级生产力对气候和湖区环境变化产生明显的响应。
2.重金属污染在北极新奥尔松地区的记录
利用湖泊和泥炭层沉积物的对比研究,探讨过去3000年以来重金属分布和来源,并利用四种评价指标进行重金属污染评价,初步判断了新奥尔松地区的重金属污染水平。结果表明,As、Hg和Pb的污染程度相对高
一些,可以表现为“轻度”或“中度”污染;而其它金属则处于“没有或非常低污染程度”。最近200年,汞沉积通量呈现3个明显峰值,分别对应于1800年、1880年和1970年左右。对比研究区煤炭生产量、全球Hg产量和S2剖面Hg沉积通量记录的变化,表明当地Hg的输入主要来源于远距离大气污染物的传输作用,本地煤矿的开采和关闭可能对当地汞沉积通量变化造成了一定的影响,但影响较小。总的来看,新奥尔松地区的汞污染程度与瑞典、加拿大等环北极地区相当,高于格陵兰地区,但仍明显低于美国等工业化较高的国家。结合生物地球化学指标(如色素、硅藻含量等)以及有机质类型的判别,并通过定量计算,我们得出：在1970年之前,沉积物中的Hg主要来自人类源的排放,而1970年之后Hg的持续高值主要归因于湖泊藻类的“挖掘”效应(占89.6-95.8%),人类源Hg的比例大大下降。同时,近表层样品中甲基汞的含量显著增加,高含量的Hg以及氧化还原环境是影响北极湖泊中Hg甲基化速率的重要因素。Pb同位素的结果表明该地区的Pb污染主要来自西欧和俄罗斯,新奥尔松当地煤矿开采不是引起Pb污染的主要因素。泥炭层沉积物真实的反映了人类源Hb的大气沉降历史,揭示出该地区人类源Pb含量在20世纪60-70年代达到峰值,之后Pb含量与同位素比值的结果都表明人类源Pb显著下降。然而,较长时间尺度的湖泊沉积记录表明,表层样品中的Pb含量仍然较高。对比分析结果表明一些对气候变化敏感的过程(如流域侵蚀作用、地表融水径流等)可能是引起高纬北极湖泊沉积物表层Pb污染的主要原因。
3.南极湖泊生态环境对气候变化的响应
对南北极湖泊沉积物中生物硅、有机质等环境指标进行了分析,并在对比研究的基础上,认为生物硅含量的变化能有效指示湖泊古初级生产力的大小,是研究南极湖泊沉积生态环境记录的理想替代性指标。我们运用多指标分析(包括干酪根中C、N、S、H含量、生物硅、氨基酸以及岩石热解分析中指示藻类生产力的指标S2)对东南极莫愁湖湖泊沉积物进行了分析,重建了最近3000年来莫愁湖湖泊初级生产力的变化；结果表明,莫愁湖湖泊初级生产力出现4段低值期,分别对应于距今2400-2200年、1800-1600年、1400-1200年以及800-150年。在这四段时期,莫愁湖藻类生产力显著降低,生物硅以及氨基酸含量减少,有机质积累量下降,湖泊生产力低下。并利用氢同位素、C/S比值和磁化率等指标,恢复了湖泊的水动力状况和湖区的气候变化(如新冰期和小冰期等气候事件),并与整个东南极地区进行了区域对比。将湖泊生产力与气候指标以及文献记录的对比发现,莫愁湖湖泊生态对气候和环境变化产生明显的响应。
4.环南极重金属沉积记录及对比研究
对环南极地区(包括西南极阿德雷岛、拜尔斯岛、东南极罗斯岛和拉斯曼丘陵地区)的8个沉积物剖面(包括湖泊、泥炭层和粪土沉积物)的重金属含量进行了初步的对比研究,并通过三种污染评价指标(富集系数EF、地质积累指数Igeo和校正污染程度mCd),计算了各剖面的重金属污染程度；与环境介质(如土壤、岩石、生物粪和苔藓)的对比分析,发现影响不同剖面重金属污染的因素包括基岩背景、生物粪输入和人类源大气沉降等。利用沉积物质量标准(SQG)初步评价了Ni、Zn、Cu、Cd、As、Pb、Hg和Cr元素的生态效应。结果表明典型生物粪土层中重金属污染较严重。Zn、Hg、Pb和As没有达到污染效应发生的最低范围,另外一些金属元素如Ni、Cu、Cd和Cr等在某些剖面中已经达到发生生态风险的水平,这与海鸟粪的大量输入和当地的地质背景值高有关。
5.晚全新世南北极生态环境演变对比研究
北极高纬度地区与中同等中纬度地区的气候变化趋势一致,即经历了“暖期-冷期-暖期”。其中“中世纪暖期”、“小冰期”和20世纪之后的气候变暖表现的尤为突出,虽然由于纬度以及所选用的替代性指标对气候变化响应的灵敏性不同,所恢复出的各个地区的气候变化在时间和变化程度上不完全一致,但它们总体上都反映了北半球相似的气候变化趋势。南极和北半球的气候变化趋势和持续的时间并不完全一致,南极各个地区全新世以来气候变化如放大效应和出现时间有显著的区域差异。我们对南北极湖泊沉积序列重建结果表明,南北极湖泊生态坏境(包括湖泊生产力、氧化还原环境等)和流域环境(如风化作用和水动力作用等)对气候变化产生了积极的响应。南北极多个地区重金属污染程度对比结果表明,不同载体对于重金属富集的程度不同,湖泊沉积物和泥炭层沉积物重金属污染程度较轻,所分析的沉积剖面中南极地区重金属污染程度明显高于北极,这主要是因为南极地区企鹅粪土沉积物明显富集部分重金属元素,南极企鹅粪的生物传输是造成南极环境污染的一种重要方式。
Global change research is the subject of global concern. Since the implementation of the In-ternational Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the research on global change has become the forefront of Earth Sciences. The more limited interval of the past two millennia, a period that can be referred to "late Holocene", is of particular significance. The principal boundary conditions on the climate (e.g., planetary orbital geometry and global ice mass) have not changed appreciably since then. The variations in climate observed over this time frame, therefore, are likely repre-sentative of the natural climate variability that can be expected in the present century if without any human influence. Investigating modern climate change, including global warming, in a long-er-term context thus can help establish the magnitude of anthropogenic forcing on the recent past and future changes. On basis of modern observation data accumulation, polar eco-environmental research emphasizes on long time scale climate reconstruction, to study the climate evolution mechanism and its impact on the eco-environment. Climate change has great impact on freshwater ecosystems. But how can the fragile polar lake ecosystem respond to the warming climate? The spatial and temporal changes in the poles are poorly documented and understood, because long-term monitoring data are scarce. In addition, whether the eco-environment is changing and how to differentiate the impact of climate change and human activities, are also key questions in order to predict the future changes in lake ecosystems. In this paper, we focus on the late Holocene which is closely associated with human activities, and on lake and peatland sediments from Ant-arctica and Arctic, respectively. A number of sediment sequences as well as environmental media including lake surface samples, algae and surrounding soils were collected, to probe the natural and anthropogenic factors in the lake ecological evolution. Main contents and results are given as follows:
1. History of ecosystem responses to environmental variations from a lake in Arctic
By employing the multi-proxy analyses (including sediment pigments, mineral magnetic susceptibility, diatom composition, carbon and nitrogen isotopes), combined with other physical and chemical proxies such as calcium carbonate, total organic carbon, we have reconstructed the historical changes of lacustrine primary productivity in Ny-Alesund over past3000years. Our data showed that during the period of Little Ice Age (LIA), the climate condition was unfavorable for the growth of lake algae, and thus the lacustrine productivity declined. This result was sup-ported by the relatively low contents of pigment and biogenic silica in the sediments. Correspond- ing to the warming climate after LIA, the contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and sediment pigments increased significantly in the upper5cm (～1890AD), which reflects the rapid growth of lake algae and thus the great increase of lacustrine primary productivity. However, the biogenic silica in the upper sediments remained relatively low, which might be related to the growth com-petition with other algae species. Over the past100years, the ratio of Osc/Myx in the sediments decreased continuously, indicative of durative increase of myxoxanthophyll in blue green algal pigments, and this might imply that the human activity had enhanced the nutrition level of the lakes in the Arctic region. Based on the comprehensive study from element ratios, mineral compo-sition and chemical altered index (CIA), we found that the Ny-Alesund region had a relatively warm climate and oxic condition prior to550cal. yr BP, and that the lake basin experienced stronger chemical weathering at this time. During the period～550-100cal. yr BP, the intensity of chemical weathering around the lake catchment had weakened, and the algae biomass produced in the lake declined, corresponding to the increased time of lake ice cover and closed sedimentary environment during LIA. At the beginning of the20th century, the chemical weathering and sur-face runoff remarkably increased, which is consistent with the rapidly warming climate and plenty of the precipitation during the last100years. The present study reveals that Ny-Alesund has a similar palaeoenvironmental record to Svalbard and the wider circum-Arctic region, suggesting that the environmental change in Ny-Alesund is closely linked to larger scale arctic change. The study also shows that the lake primary productivity has obvious response to climate and environ-mental change in arctic.
2. Heavy metal records in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard
Using lake and peat sediments, we discussed the distribution of heavy metals in past3000years, and employed the four kinds of evaluation index to preliminarily assess the heavy metal pollution in Ny-Alesund. The results showed that the pollution degrees of As, Hg and Pb were relatively high, which can represented as "mild" or "moderate" pollutions, while the other heavy metals belong to "no or very low pollution" degrees. The three distinct peaks of Hg deposition flux recorded in past200years were corresponding to1800s,1880s and1970s. By comparing the historical Hg deposition flux with the records of local coal combustion and globe Hg production, we suggest that anthropogenic Hg is mainly derived from the long-range atmosphere Hg transport, whereas the influence of local coal mining is likely minor. Ny-Alesund has similar Hg pollution degree with Sweden. Canada and other circum-arctic areas, but its pollution degree is obviously higher than Greenland and significantly lower than America as well as other industrialized coun-tries. Quantitative calculation on the biogeochemical proxies (e.g., pigments and diatom biomass) and Rock-Eval analyses showed that89.6-95.8%of the Hg in post-1950could be explained by scavenging. The distribution of MeHg has a close relationship with total Hg and organic matter. The redox condition is one of the possible factors affecting the methylation rates in lake sediments. Higher algal productivity and organic matter actually led to the increase of methylation in the up-permost sediment. The anthropogenic Pb in Ny-Alesund largely originated from W. European and Russia, and the local coal mining is not the main Pb contributor. The peat profile clearly reflected the historical changes of atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Pb into Ny-Alesund. The result showed that anthropogenic Pb peaked at1960-1970s, and a significant recovery was observed thereafter by a rapid increase of206Pb/207Pb ratios and a remarkable decrease in anthropogenic Pb contents. In contrast, the recovery signal of Pb pollution in the last decades is not present in the surface lacustrine sediments, and this might result from the increased occurrence of the cli-mate-sensitive processes (e.g., surface erosion; precipitation and meltwater runoff, etc.) caused by the recent rapid warming in Arctic.
3. Lake eco-environment in response to climate changes in Antarctica
We collected two lake sediment cores from the East Antarctic region and analyzed biogenic silica and other biogeochemical parameters (e.g., organic matter, C, N, S, H). Based on syntheti-cally comparative research, we found that the contents of biogenic silica in the lacustrine sedi-ments can sensitively indicate the evolutionary history of paleo-primary productivity, and thus BSi is an ideal proxy for reconstructing eco-environmental change recorded in the lacustrine sediments in East Antarctica. Multi-proxies including C, N, S and H in the kerogen, TOC, biogenic silica, total amino acid, Rock-Eval parameters in the bulk MC sediments were used to reconstruct the changes in lake paleoproductivity, and some geochemical parameters such as δD, C/S and mag-netic susceptibility (χlf) revealed the historical climatic fluctuation in the study area during the past3000years. According to the paleoproductivity and paleoclimate reconstructions, we found that the historical primary productivity recorded in the Mochou Lake displayed distinct changes over the past3000years, with four low stages corresponding to～2500-2200,1900-1650,1400-1200, and900-300cal. yr BP. Comparison of paleoclimatic data from some other regions in East Antarc-tica showed that our study area experienced similar climate conditions with those areas historically, such as Neoglacial period and Little Ice Age, although their onset and duration times might vary in the different regions. Our comparative study suggested that the Antarctic lake ecosystem has been closely linking with climate change, where cold climate is unfavorable for the growth of algae and therefore reduces the lake primary productivity.
4. Heavy metal records and comparative study in circum-Antarctic areas
Eight sediment profiles (including lake, peat and ornithogenic sediments) were collected from circum-Antarctic areas (including Ardley Island and Byers Island in west Antarctic, Ross Sea regions and Larsemann Hills in East Antarctica). We compared the heavy metal contents, and em-ployed the three index (i.e., enrichment factors-EF, Geoaccumulation index-Igeo and Modified de-gree of contamination-mCd) to assess the pollution degree in each profile. By comparison with the concentrations of heavy metals in environment medium (e.g., soil, rock, dropping and moss), we discussed the pollution factors including bedrock background, seabird dung input and atmospheric deposition from human activities. We also used the sediment quality standard (SQG) to evaluate the ecological effect of eight metal elements (Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, Pb, Hg and Cr). The results show that the heavy metal pollution is more severe in ornithogenic sediments. The contents of Zn, Hg, Pb and As were low and no pollution effect happened, while other metals such as Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr reached the level of ecological risk in some sediments, which are related to the guano input and local geologic background.
5. Comparative study on the ecological record and environment evolution in late Holocene in Antarctic and Arctic area
The climate trend in High Arctic was similar to that in China and other mid-latitude regions, namely experienced "warm-cold-warm" period in the late Holocene, during which the "medieval warming period" and "Little Ice Age" as well as the recent warming after20th century are the most evident. Although the reconstruction of time and magnitude of climate change were not all consistent because different latitudes and proxies were chosen, they all reflect the overall similar trend in Northern Hemisphere. The climate change trend in Antarctic has some differences from that in Arctic, and the changes such as the amplification effect and duration time has significant regional variations. Our reconstruction from lake sediments in Antarctica and Arctic suggest that the lake eco-environment (e.g., lake primary productivity, redox condition) and the catchment ge-ochemical environment (e.g., weathering and hydrodynamic processes) have active response to climate change. The results of heavy metal pollution in Polar Regions show that different materi-als enrich different levels of heavy metals, and pollution of the lake and peat sediment were lower than that of ornithogenic sediments. The heavy metal pollution in Antarctic was significantly higher than that in Arctic, which was caused mainly by the guano input.
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