英语歧义词歧义消解过程的研究
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摘要
歧义现象是语言的一种比较普遍现象,探讨词汇歧义消解的过程,有助于了解人类语言加工系统的一般机制。本研究选择第二语言为英语的中国大学生被试为实验对象,研究英语同形异义歧义词汇的消解过程,探讨歧义词汇消解理论的普遍性。
本研究共有四个实验,采用启动范式和词汇判断任务,在词语境中采用英语探测词和句子语境中分别采用汉语探测词和英语探测词,对英语专业和非英语专业被试进行实验,探讨英语歧义词歧义消解过程并比较第二语言者的歧义消解过程和第二语言水平的关系。本研究共有武汉三所大学176名英语专业和56名非英语专业的大三学生参加了实验。实验结果发现:
(1)在词语境中,当采用英语单词(或字母串)作为探测刺激,被试为英语专业大学生,研究发现在英语歧义词加工的早期(SOA为150ms),无论在合适语境中,还是在不合适语境中,同形歧义词的主要意义都得到激活;这说明歧义词的相对意义频率对歧义的消解首先起作用。经过一段时间的加工(SOA为350ms),只有与语境一致的意义得到激活,与语境不一致的意义没有激活,经过一段时间的加工,语境对歧义的消解起着决定的作用。
(2)在句子语境中,采用汉语词(或非词)作为探测刺激,当被试是英语专业大学生时,研究发现,在英语歧义词加工早期(SOA为160ms),与句子语境一致的意义没有明显地激活;经过更长时间的加工后(SOA为550ms),与句子语境一致的歧义词的主要意义和次要意义都得到显著的激活。在同样的实验条件下,当被试为非英语专业大学生时,研究发现,无论是在歧义加工的早期,还是晚期,与句子语境一致的歧义词的两个意义都没有显著地激活,但是,与语境不一致的歧义词的主要意义受到了抑制。
(3)在句子语境中,当采用英语单词(或字母串)作为探测刺激,被试为英语专业大学生时,研究发现,在两个探测时间点(SOA为350ms和550ms),与句子语境一致的歧义词的两个意义都没有显著地激活,但是,与句子语境不一致的歧义词的主要意义受到了抑制。
Ambiguity is a common language phenomenon for the research on the ambiguity resolution is beneficial for the understanding of the processing mechanism of human language. Chinese college students are chosen as the subjects whose second language is English, and four experiments are conducted to explore the access and resolution of semantic ambiguity.
Through the priming paradigm and lexical decision task, we designed Chinese and English probes experiments in the lexical and sentential contexts. And totally 176 English majors and 56 non-English majors from three universities in Wuhan have taken part in the experiments. The results show that:
(1) In the lexical context the resolution of English homograph ambiguous words. In the early processing the dominant meaning was activated no matter the context was appropriate. The relative meaning frequency played the leading role. And then context began to function in longer SOA while the meanings consistent with the context were activated.
(2) In the sentential context with Chinese probes the resolution of English homograph ambiguous words. English majors obtained slight priming in the early processing and the meanings were primed in the appropriate contexts after longer SOA, while non-English majors could not access the semantics in the early processing and they need longer SOA to integrate the meanings. It was found that the context consistency competed with the relative meaning frequency.
(3) In the sentential context with English probes the resolution of English homograph ambiguous words. English majors also need longer SOA to integrate the meanings where the context consistency competed with the relative meaning frequency so that they could not automatic process second language. The lexical representation of the second language could only access the conceptual representation via the corresponding lexical representation of its first language. Second language context and relative meaning frequency depend on the proficiency of the second language.
本研究共有四个实验,采用启动范式和词汇判断任务,在词语境中采用英语探测词和句子语境中分别采用汉语探测词和英语探测词,对英语专业和非英语专业被试进行实验,探讨英语歧义词歧义消解过程并比较第二语言者的歧义消解过程和第二语言水平的关系。本研究共有武汉三所大学176名英语专业和56名非英语专业的大三学生参加了实验。实验结果发现:
(1)在词语境中,当采用英语单词(或字母串)作为探测刺激,被试为英语专业大学生,研究发现在英语歧义词加工的早期(SOA为150ms),无论在合适语境中,还是在不合适语境中,同形歧义词的主要意义都得到激活;这说明歧义词的相对意义频率对歧义的消解首先起作用。经过一段时间的加工(SOA为350ms),只有与语境一致的意义得到激活,与语境不一致的意义没有激活,经过一段时间的加工,语境对歧义的消解起着决定的作用。
(2)在句子语境中,采用汉语词(或非词)作为探测刺激,当被试是英语专业大学生时,研究发现,在英语歧义词加工早期(SOA为160ms),与句子语境一致的意义没有明显地激活;经过更长时间的加工后(SOA为550ms),与句子语境一致的歧义词的主要意义和次要意义都得到显著的激活。在同样的实验条件下,当被试为非英语专业大学生时,研究发现,无论是在歧义加工的早期,还是晚期,与句子语境一致的歧义词的两个意义都没有显著地激活,但是,与语境不一致的歧义词的主要意义受到了抑制。
(3)在句子语境中,当采用英语单词(或字母串)作为探测刺激,被试为英语专业大学生时,研究发现,在两个探测时间点(SOA为350ms和550ms),与句子语境一致的歧义词的两个意义都没有显著地激活,但是,与句子语境不一致的歧义词的主要意义受到了抑制。
Ambiguity is a common language phenomenon for the research on the ambiguity resolution is beneficial for the understanding of the processing mechanism of human language. Chinese college students are chosen as the subjects whose second language is English, and four experiments are conducted to explore the access and resolution of semantic ambiguity.
Through the priming paradigm and lexical decision task, we designed Chinese and English probes experiments in the lexical and sentential contexts. And totally 176 English majors and 56 non-English majors from three universities in Wuhan have taken part in the experiments. The results show that:
(1) In the lexical context the resolution of English homograph ambiguous words. In the early processing the dominant meaning was activated no matter the context was appropriate. The relative meaning frequency played the leading role. And then context began to function in longer SOA while the meanings consistent with the context were activated.
(2) In the sentential context with Chinese probes the resolution of English homograph ambiguous words. English majors obtained slight priming in the early processing and the meanings were primed in the appropriate contexts after longer SOA, while non-English majors could not access the semantics in the early processing and they need longer SOA to integrate the meanings. It was found that the context consistency competed with the relative meaning frequency.
(3) In the sentential context with English probes the resolution of English homograph ambiguous words. English majors also need longer SOA to integrate the meanings where the context consistency competed with the relative meaning frequency so that they could not automatic process second language. The lexical representation of the second language could only access the conceptual representation via the corresponding lexical representation of its first language. Second language context and relative meaning frequency depend on the proficiency of the second language.
引文
1 Fross, D. J. Some effects of ambiguity on sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1970, 9: 699-706
2 Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659
3周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
1 Paul, S. T., Kellas, G., Martin, M., Clark, M. B. The influence of contextual features on the activation of ambiguous word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1992, 18: 703-717.
1 Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659
2 Onifer, W., Swinney. D.A. Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension: Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Memory and Cognition, 1981, 15: 225-236
3 Kintsch,W., Mross. Context effects in word identification. Journal of Memory and Language, 1985, 24: 336-349
4 Till, R.E., Mross, E. F., Kintsch, W. Time course of priming for associate and inference words in discourse context. Memory and Cognition, 1988, 16: 283-298
5 Glucksberg, S., Kreuz, R. J., Rho, S. H. Context can constrain lexical access: Implications for models of language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1986, 12(3): 323-335
6 Simpson, G. B. Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20: 120-136
7 Van Petten. C., Kutas, M. Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language, 1987, 26: 188-208
8 McClelland, J. L. The case for interaction in language processing. In M Coltheart (ed.), Attention and Performance XII: The Psychology of Reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1987
9 Hogaboam, T. W., Perfetti, C. A. Lexical ambiguity and sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1975, 14: 265-274
10 Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446
1 Tabossi, P. Acessing lexical ambiguity in different type of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 324-340
2 Tabossi, P., Zardon, F. Processing ambiguous words in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32: 359-372
3 Dopskins, S., Morris, R. K., Rayer, K. Lexical ambiguity and eye fixation in reading: A test of competing models of lexical ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 1992, 31: 461-476
4 Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446
5 Sereno, S. C. Resolution of lexical ambiguity: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1995, 21: 582-595
1 Rayner, K., Frazier, L. Selection mechanisms in reading lexically ambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1989, 15: 779-790
1 Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659
2 Hogaboam, T. W., Perfetti, C. A. Lexical ambiguity and sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1975, 14: 265-274
1 Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659
2 Onifer, W., Swinney. D.A. Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension: Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Memory and Cognition, 1981, 15: 225-236
3 Simpson, G. B., Krueger, M. A. Selective access of homograph meaning in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991,30: 627-643
4 Sereno, S. C. Resolution of lexical ambiguity: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1995, 21: 582-595
1 Seidenberg, M. S., Tanenhaus, M. K., Leiman, J. M., Bienkowski, M. Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context: Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14: 489-537
2张亚旭,舒华,张厚粲,汉语句子理解中同形异义词意义通达的时间进程,清华大学出版社,1991,81-88
3周治金,陈永明,杨丽霞等.汉语同形歧义词歧义消解的过程,心理学报,2003,2
1 Fodor J A. On modularity in syntactic processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1988,17: 125-168
1 Van Petten. C., Kutas, M. Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language, 1987, 26: 188-208
2 Seidenberg, M. S., Tanenhaus, M. K., Leiman, J. M., Bienkowski, M. Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context: Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14: 489-537
3 Simpson, G. B. Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20: 120-136
1 Tabossi, P. Acessing lexical ambiguity in different type of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 324-340
2 Tabossi, P., Zardon, F. Processing ambiguous words in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32: 359-372
3 Van Petten. C., Kutas, M. Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language, 1987, 26: 188-208
4 Simpson, G. B. Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20: 120-136
5 Tabossi, P. Acessing lexical ambiguity in different type of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 324-340
6 Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446
7 Vu, H., Kellas, G., Paul, S. T. Source of sentence constraint on lexical ambiguity resolution. Memory and Cognition, 1998, 26: 979-1001
8 Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446
1周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
2 Simpson, G. B., Krueger, M. A. Selective access of homograph meaning in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991,30: 627-643
3 Kintsch,W., Mross. Context effects in word identification. Journal of Memory and Language, 1985, 24: 336-349
4 Till, R.E., Mross, E. F., Kintsch, W. Time course of priming for associate and inference words in discourse context. Memory and Cognition, 1988, 16: 283-298
5 Paul, S. T., Kellas, G., Martin, M., Clark, M. B. The influence of contextual features on the activation of ambiguous word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1992, 18: 703-717
1 Potter M C , So K F , von Eckhardt B , et al1 Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and more proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1984 , 23 , 23 - 38
1 Kroll J F, Stewart E. Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33, 149-147
1 De Groot, Nas. Lexical representation of cognates and non-cognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30, 90 - 123
2 Keatley,C. W, Spinks J A, De Gelder J A. Asymmetrical cross language priming effects. Memory and Cognition, 1994, 22, 70 - 84
3 Fox E. Cross2language priming from ignored words: Evidence for common representational systemin bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1996, 35, 353 - 370
4 Gollan T H, Forster K I, Frost R. Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and non-cognates in Hebrew English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, 23 (5), 1122 - 1139
1郭桃梅,彭聃龄.非熟练中-英双语者的第二语言的语义通达机制,2002,1
2郭桃梅,彭聃龄.初中和高中生英语语义通达机制的比较,2003,2
3 Collins, A. M, Loftus E P. A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 1975, 82, 407 - 428.17
4李荣宝,郭桃梅,彭聃龄.汉英语义通达过程的事件相关电位研究,2003,3
1 Simpson, G. B., Burgess, C. Activation and selection processes in the recognition of ambiguous words. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1985, 11: 28-39
2周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
1周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
[1]. McClelland, J. L. The case for interaction in language processing. In M Coltheart (ed.), Attention and Performance XII: The Psychology of Reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1987
[2]. Simpson, G. B. Context and the processing of ambiguity words, 1994. M. A. Handbook of Psycholinguistics. London: Academic Press.
[3].周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
[1] Collins, A. M, Loftus E P. A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 1975, 82, 407 - 428.17
[2] De Groot, Nas. Lexical representation of cognates and non-cognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30, 90 - 123.
[3] Dopskins, S., Morris, R. K., Rayer, K. Lexical ambiguity and eye fixation in reading: A test of competing models of lexical ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 1992, 31: 461-476.
[4] Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446.
[5] Fodor J A. On modularity in syntactic processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1988,17: 125-168
[6] Fox E. Cross-language priming from ignored words: Evidence for common representational systemin bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1996, 35, 353 - 370.
[7] Fross, D. J. Some effects of ambiguity on sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1970, 9: 699-706.
[8] Glucksberg, S., Kreuz, R. J., Rho, S. H. Context can constrain lexical access: Implications for models of language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1986, 12(3): 323-335.
[9] Gollan T H, Forster K I, Frost R. Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and non-cognates in Hebrew English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, 23 (5), 1122 -1139.
[10] Hogaboam, T. W., Perfetti, C. A. Lexical ambiguity and sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1975, 14: 265-274.
[11] Keatley,C. W, Spinks J A, De Gelder J A. Asymmetrical cross language priming effects. Memory and Cognition, 1994, 22, 70 - 84.
[12] Kintsch,W., Mross. Context effects in word identification. Journal of Memory and Language, 1985, 24: 336-349.
[13] Kroll J F, Stewart E. Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33, 149-147.
[14] Onifer, W., Swinney. D.A. Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension: Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Memory and Cognition, 1981, 15: 225-236.
[15] Paul, S. T., Kellas, G., Martin, M., Clark, M. B. The influence of contextual features on the activation of ambiguous word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1992, 18: 703-717.
[16] Potter M C , So K F , von Eckhardt B , et al1 Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and more proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1984 , 23 , 23 - 38.
[17] Rayner, K., Frazier, L. Selection mechanisms in reading lexically ambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1989, 15: 779-790.
[18] Seidenberg, M. S., Tanenhaus, M. K., Leiman, J. M., Bienkowski, M. Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context: Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14: 489-537.
[19] Sereno, S. C. Resolution of lexical ambiguity: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1995, 21: 582-595.
[20] Simpson, G. B. Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20: 120-136.
[21] Simpson, G. B., Burgess, C. Activation and selection processes in the recognition of ambiguous words. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Human Perception andPerformance, 1985, 11: 28-39.
[22] Simpson, G. B., Krueger, M. A. Selective access of homograph meaning in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991,30: 627-643.
[23] Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659.
[24] Tabossi, P. Acessing lexical ambiguity in different type of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 324-340.
[25] Tabossi, P., Zardon, F. Processing ambiguous words in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32: 359-372.
[26] Till, R.E., Mross, E. F., Kintsch, W. Time course of priming for associate and inference words in discourse context. Memory and Cognition, 1988, 16: 283-298.
[27] Van Petten. C., Kutas, M. Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language, 1987, 26: 188-208.
[28] Vu, H., Kellas, G., Paul, S. T. Source of sentence constraint on lexical ambiguity resolution. Memory and Cognition, 1998, 26: 979-1001.
[29]陈永明,杨丽霞.当代心理语言学研究的若干重要问题.心理科学,1999,5
[30]郭桃梅,彭聃龄.初中和高中生英语语义通达机制的比较,2003,2
[31]郭桃梅,彭聃龄.非熟练中-英双语者的第二语言的语义通达机制,2002,1
[32]李荣宝,郭桃梅,彭聃龄.汉英语义通达过程的事件相关电位研究,2003,3
[33]张亚旭,舒华,张厚粲,汉语句子理解中同形异义词意义通达的时间进程,清华大学出版社,1991,81-88
[34]张亚旭,舒华.词汇歧义消解的认知研究:理论,方法与现状.北京师范大学学报,2000,5
[35]周治金,陈永明,杨丽霞.词汇歧义消解的研究概况.心理科学,2002,2
[36]周治金,陈永明,杨丽霞等.汉语同形歧义词歧义消解的过程,心理学报,2003,2
2 Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659
3周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
1 Paul, S. T., Kellas, G., Martin, M., Clark, M. B. The influence of contextual features on the activation of ambiguous word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1992, 18: 703-717.
1 Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659
2 Onifer, W., Swinney. D.A. Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension: Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Memory and Cognition, 1981, 15: 225-236
3 Kintsch,W., Mross. Context effects in word identification. Journal of Memory and Language, 1985, 24: 336-349
4 Till, R.E., Mross, E. F., Kintsch, W. Time course of priming for associate and inference words in discourse context. Memory and Cognition, 1988, 16: 283-298
5 Glucksberg, S., Kreuz, R. J., Rho, S. H. Context can constrain lexical access: Implications for models of language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1986, 12(3): 323-335
6 Simpson, G. B. Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20: 120-136
7 Van Petten. C., Kutas, M. Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language, 1987, 26: 188-208
8 McClelland, J. L. The case for interaction in language processing. In M Coltheart (ed.), Attention and Performance XII: The Psychology of Reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1987
9 Hogaboam, T. W., Perfetti, C. A. Lexical ambiguity and sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1975, 14: 265-274
10 Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446
1 Tabossi, P. Acessing lexical ambiguity in different type of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 324-340
2 Tabossi, P., Zardon, F. Processing ambiguous words in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32: 359-372
3 Dopskins, S., Morris, R. K., Rayer, K. Lexical ambiguity and eye fixation in reading: A test of competing models of lexical ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 1992, 31: 461-476
4 Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446
5 Sereno, S. C. Resolution of lexical ambiguity: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1995, 21: 582-595
1 Rayner, K., Frazier, L. Selection mechanisms in reading lexically ambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1989, 15: 779-790
1 Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659
2 Hogaboam, T. W., Perfetti, C. A. Lexical ambiguity and sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1975, 14: 265-274
1 Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659
2 Onifer, W., Swinney. D.A. Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension: Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Memory and Cognition, 1981, 15: 225-236
3 Simpson, G. B., Krueger, M. A. Selective access of homograph meaning in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991,30: 627-643
4 Sereno, S. C. Resolution of lexical ambiguity: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1995, 21: 582-595
1 Seidenberg, M. S., Tanenhaus, M. K., Leiman, J. M., Bienkowski, M. Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context: Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14: 489-537
2张亚旭,舒华,张厚粲,汉语句子理解中同形异义词意义通达的时间进程,清华大学出版社,1991,81-88
3周治金,陈永明,杨丽霞等.汉语同形歧义词歧义消解的过程,心理学报,2003,2
1 Fodor J A. On modularity in syntactic processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1988,17: 125-168
1 Van Petten. C., Kutas, M. Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language, 1987, 26: 188-208
2 Seidenberg, M. S., Tanenhaus, M. K., Leiman, J. M., Bienkowski, M. Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context: Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14: 489-537
3 Simpson, G. B. Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20: 120-136
1 Tabossi, P. Acessing lexical ambiguity in different type of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 324-340
2 Tabossi, P., Zardon, F. Processing ambiguous words in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32: 359-372
3 Van Petten. C., Kutas, M. Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language, 1987, 26: 188-208
4 Simpson, G. B. Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20: 120-136
5 Tabossi, P. Acessing lexical ambiguity in different type of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 324-340
6 Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446
7 Vu, H., Kellas, G., Paul, S. T. Source of sentence constraint on lexical ambiguity resolution. Memory and Cognition, 1998, 26: 979-1001
8 Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446
1周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
2 Simpson, G. B., Krueger, M. A. Selective access of homograph meaning in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991,30: 627-643
3 Kintsch,W., Mross. Context effects in word identification. Journal of Memory and Language, 1985, 24: 336-349
4 Till, R.E., Mross, E. F., Kintsch, W. Time course of priming for associate and inference words in discourse context. Memory and Cognition, 1988, 16: 283-298
5 Paul, S. T., Kellas, G., Martin, M., Clark, M. B. The influence of contextual features on the activation of ambiguous word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1992, 18: 703-717
1 Potter M C , So K F , von Eckhardt B , et al1 Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and more proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1984 , 23 , 23 - 38
1 Kroll J F, Stewart E. Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33, 149-147
1 De Groot, Nas. Lexical representation of cognates and non-cognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30, 90 - 123
2 Keatley,C. W, Spinks J A, De Gelder J A. Asymmetrical cross language priming effects. Memory and Cognition, 1994, 22, 70 - 84
3 Fox E. Cross2language priming from ignored words: Evidence for common representational systemin bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1996, 35, 353 - 370
4 Gollan T H, Forster K I, Frost R. Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and non-cognates in Hebrew English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, 23 (5), 1122 - 1139
1郭桃梅,彭聃龄.非熟练中-英双语者的第二语言的语义通达机制,2002,1
2郭桃梅,彭聃龄.初中和高中生英语语义通达机制的比较,2003,2
3 Collins, A. M, Loftus E P. A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 1975, 82, 407 - 428.17
4李荣宝,郭桃梅,彭聃龄.汉英语义通达过程的事件相关电位研究,2003,3
1 Simpson, G. B., Burgess, C. Activation and selection processes in the recognition of ambiguous words. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1985, 11: 28-39
2周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
1周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
[1]. McClelland, J. L. The case for interaction in language processing. In M Coltheart (ed.), Attention and Performance XII: The Psychology of Reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1987
[2]. Simpson, G. B. Context and the processing of ambiguity words, 1994. M. A. Handbook of Psycholinguistics. London: Academic Press.
[3].周治金,汉语歧义消解过程的研究,华中师范大学出版社, 2002
[1] Collins, A. M, Loftus E P. A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 1975, 82, 407 - 428.17
[2] De Groot, Nas. Lexical representation of cognates and non-cognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30, 90 - 123.
[3] Dopskins, S., Morris, R. K., Rayer, K. Lexical ambiguity and eye fixation in reading: A test of competing models of lexical ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 1992, 31: 461-476.
[4] Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., Rayer. K. Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 429-446.
[5] Fodor J A. On modularity in syntactic processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1988,17: 125-168
[6] Fox E. Cross-language priming from ignored words: Evidence for common representational systemin bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1996, 35, 353 - 370.
[7] Fross, D. J. Some effects of ambiguity on sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1970, 9: 699-706.
[8] Glucksberg, S., Kreuz, R. J., Rho, S. H. Context can constrain lexical access: Implications for models of language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1986, 12(3): 323-335.
[9] Gollan T H, Forster K I, Frost R. Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and non-cognates in Hebrew English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, 23 (5), 1122 -1139.
[10] Hogaboam, T. W., Perfetti, C. A. Lexical ambiguity and sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1975, 14: 265-274.
[11] Keatley,C. W, Spinks J A, De Gelder J A. Asymmetrical cross language priming effects. Memory and Cognition, 1994, 22, 70 - 84.
[12] Kintsch,W., Mross. Context effects in word identification. Journal of Memory and Language, 1985, 24: 336-349.
[13] Kroll J F, Stewart E. Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33, 149-147.
[14] Onifer, W., Swinney. D.A. Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension: Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Memory and Cognition, 1981, 15: 225-236.
[15] Paul, S. T., Kellas, G., Martin, M., Clark, M. B. The influence of contextual features on the activation of ambiguous word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1992, 18: 703-717.
[16] Potter M C , So K F , von Eckhardt B , et al1 Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and more proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1984 , 23 , 23 - 38.
[17] Rayner, K., Frazier, L. Selection mechanisms in reading lexically ambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1989, 15: 779-790.
[18] Seidenberg, M. S., Tanenhaus, M. K., Leiman, J. M., Bienkowski, M. Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context: Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14: 489-537.
[19] Sereno, S. C. Resolution of lexical ambiguity: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1995, 21: 582-595.
[20] Simpson, G. B. Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20: 120-136.
[21] Simpson, G. B., Burgess, C. Activation and selection processes in the recognition of ambiguous words. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Human Perception andPerformance, 1985, 11: 28-39.
[22] Simpson, G. B., Krueger, M. A. Selective access of homograph meaning in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991,30: 627-643.
[23] Swinney, D. A. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1979, 18:645-659.
[24] Tabossi, P. Acessing lexical ambiguity in different type of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 324-340.
[25] Tabossi, P., Zardon, F. Processing ambiguous words in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32: 359-372.
[26] Till, R.E., Mross, E. F., Kintsch, W. Time course of priming for associate and inference words in discourse context. Memory and Cognition, 1988, 16: 283-298.
[27] Van Petten. C., Kutas, M. Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation. Journal of Memory and Language, 1987, 26: 188-208.
[28] Vu, H., Kellas, G., Paul, S. T. Source of sentence constraint on lexical ambiguity resolution. Memory and Cognition, 1998, 26: 979-1001.
[29]陈永明,杨丽霞.当代心理语言学研究的若干重要问题.心理科学,1999,5
[30]郭桃梅,彭聃龄.初中和高中生英语语义通达机制的比较,2003,2
[31]郭桃梅,彭聃龄.非熟练中-英双语者的第二语言的语义通达机制,2002,1
[32]李荣宝,郭桃梅,彭聃龄.汉英语义通达过程的事件相关电位研究,2003,3
[33]张亚旭,舒华,张厚粲,汉语句子理解中同形异义词意义通达的时间进程,清华大学出版社,1991,81-88
[34]张亚旭,舒华.词汇歧义消解的认知研究:理论,方法与现状.北京师范大学学报,2000,5
[35]周治金,陈永明,杨丽霞.词汇歧义消解的研究概况.心理科学,2002,2
[36]周治金,陈永明,杨丽霞等.汉语同形歧义词歧义消解的过程,心理学报,2003,2