中国水制度的经济学分析
|
摘要
水已经成为制约中国国民经济发展的最大瓶颈,是威胁我国21世纪经济社会可持续发展的首要问题。中国水行业面临的水资源严重短缺与用水浪费严重、新的水工程投资巨大与已有工程利用效率低下并存的矛盾,使解决水短缺的传统工程和技术方法越来越受到资源和资金的“双重约束”,长期以来以开发为中心的供方管理模式已经无力解决日益严重的水短缺危机。水短缺表面上是资源短缺,实质上是制度短缺,解决中国水短缺问题的根本出路在于制度创新。
本文以新制度经济学作为研究的理论基础,从三个角度对中国水制度进行深入探讨和分析:(一)以制度变迁理论为分析工具,研究了全球和中国水制度变迁的动因、路径、方向和特征;(二)从水的混合物品属性分析入手,构建和应用了中国水制度分析的基本框架:多元机制共生水配置,水法、水政策、水行政三种水制度层次,水定价、水权与水市场、用水户组织三种市场扩张型支撑性水制度安排;(三)利用流域背景下的中国水制度分析的基本框架,对黑河流域张掖建设节水型社会试点案例、黄河断流、南水北调工程进行了实证分析。
本文研究显示:(一)全球正在经历由以开发为中心的供方管理模式向以配置为中心的需方管理模式的水制度变迁,中国水制度正处于这一转变的起始阶段;(二)水具有的自然、经济、社会多种复杂特性,要求水配置要采用政府、市场、用水户组织为主体的多元配置机制共生的机制,以克服政府失灵、市场失灵、技术失灵和外部性;(三)水法、水政策、水行政是中国水制度的三个有机组成部分,水权制度是水制度的核心;(四)水定价制度、水权与水市场制度、用水户组织制度是中国市场扩张型水制度的三个支撑性制度安排,对形成具有节水激励和约束的机制发挥着核心作用;(五)案例分析表明,中国市场扩张型水制度具有巨大的节水潜力和制度收益,解决了制度短缺问题,中国水短缺问题就可以解决。
本文认为,建立中国市场扩张型水制度,政府要发挥主导作用。一是努力降低水制度变迁的交易成本;二是重视水制度改革中水法、水政策、水行政的协调一致;三是率先在缺水严重的地区和流域实行严格的市场扩张型水制度。
As China is gaining paces in its economic development, water is rapidly becoming a bottleneck in the national economy, an issue that threatens to affect China’s sustainable social and economic development in 21st century. Water shortages as a result of wasteful practices in water use in China’s water industry is complicated by the fact that the existent water projects are of poor efficiency and new water projects require tremendous investment, with resources and funds becoming the “double constraint” on traditional technical and engineering approaches to water crisis. Over time the development-oriented supply-side management has failed to cope with escalating water shortage. Allegedly a deficiency of resource, water shortages is in essence an institutional deficiency. The only way out of water shortages is institutional innovation.
This thesis, based theoretically on new institutional economics, examines China’s water institutions in three aspects. First, on the basis of the institutional change theory, the change of both domestic and foreign water institutions is examined in terms of its driving forces, path, direction and traits. Second, beginning with an analysis of the property of water as a mix goods, a basic analytical framework is constructed and applied for China’s water institutions, namely, multi-mechanism water allocation, a triplet water institutions including water law, water policy and water administration, the three supportive market-expansion strategies of water pricing, water rights and water market, and water users’ organization as institutional arrangements. Third, with the basic analytic framework about water institutions under the river basin context, Zhangye case in the Heihe river basin, the yellow river turnoff and the south-to-north water transfer project are studied.
Five results are identified in this thesis. Firstly, the world is undergoing a transition from the development-oriented supply-side management to the allocation-oriented demand-side management. And China is still at the early stage of the transformation. Secondly, the very nature of water, with its natural, economic and social dimensions, requires a multidimensional allocation mechanism of government control, market regulation and water users’ organization so as to avoid government failure, market failure, technology failure and negative externality. Thirdly, water law, water policy and water administration constitute three interactive aspects of China’s water institutions, with water rights as the core. Fourthly, water pricing, water rights
and water market, and water user organization are three supportive market-expansion strategies for institutional arrangements in China’s water institutions. They play an essential role in creating mechanisms of incentives and constraints in water conservation. Finally, case study reveals huge water economy potential and benefits in China’s market-expansion water institutions. Adequate institutions are prerequisite for the settlement of water shortages.
The government plays a dominant role in establishing the market-expansion water institutions. Firstly, priority should be given to minimizing the high transaction costs of institutional transformation. Secondly, emphasis should be placed on the coordination between water law, water policy and water administration in water reform. Thirdly, the market-expansion water institutions should be executed first of all in the areas that face severe water shortages.
本文以新制度经济学作为研究的理论基础,从三个角度对中国水制度进行深入探讨和分析:(一)以制度变迁理论为分析工具,研究了全球和中国水制度变迁的动因、路径、方向和特征;(二)从水的混合物品属性分析入手,构建和应用了中国水制度分析的基本框架:多元机制共生水配置,水法、水政策、水行政三种水制度层次,水定价、水权与水市场、用水户组织三种市场扩张型支撑性水制度安排;(三)利用流域背景下的中国水制度分析的基本框架,对黑河流域张掖建设节水型社会试点案例、黄河断流、南水北调工程进行了实证分析。
本文研究显示:(一)全球正在经历由以开发为中心的供方管理模式向以配置为中心的需方管理模式的水制度变迁,中国水制度正处于这一转变的起始阶段;(二)水具有的自然、经济、社会多种复杂特性,要求水配置要采用政府、市场、用水户组织为主体的多元配置机制共生的机制,以克服政府失灵、市场失灵、技术失灵和外部性;(三)水法、水政策、水行政是中国水制度的三个有机组成部分,水权制度是水制度的核心;(四)水定价制度、水权与水市场制度、用水户组织制度是中国市场扩张型水制度的三个支撑性制度安排,对形成具有节水激励和约束的机制发挥着核心作用;(五)案例分析表明,中国市场扩张型水制度具有巨大的节水潜力和制度收益,解决了制度短缺问题,中国水短缺问题就可以解决。
本文认为,建立中国市场扩张型水制度,政府要发挥主导作用。一是努力降低水制度变迁的交易成本;二是重视水制度改革中水法、水政策、水行政的协调一致;三是率先在缺水严重的地区和流域实行严格的市场扩张型水制度。
As China is gaining paces in its economic development, water is rapidly becoming a bottleneck in the national economy, an issue that threatens to affect China’s sustainable social and economic development in 21st century. Water shortages as a result of wasteful practices in water use in China’s water industry is complicated by the fact that the existent water projects are of poor efficiency and new water projects require tremendous investment, with resources and funds becoming the “double constraint” on traditional technical and engineering approaches to water crisis. Over time the development-oriented supply-side management has failed to cope with escalating water shortage. Allegedly a deficiency of resource, water shortages is in essence an institutional deficiency. The only way out of water shortages is institutional innovation.
This thesis, based theoretically on new institutional economics, examines China’s water institutions in three aspects. First, on the basis of the institutional change theory, the change of both domestic and foreign water institutions is examined in terms of its driving forces, path, direction and traits. Second, beginning with an analysis of the property of water as a mix goods, a basic analytical framework is constructed and applied for China’s water institutions, namely, multi-mechanism water allocation, a triplet water institutions including water law, water policy and water administration, the three supportive market-expansion strategies of water pricing, water rights and water market, and water users’ organization as institutional arrangements. Third, with the basic analytic framework about water institutions under the river basin context, Zhangye case in the Heihe river basin, the yellow river turnoff and the south-to-north water transfer project are studied.
Five results are identified in this thesis. Firstly, the world is undergoing a transition from the development-oriented supply-side management to the allocation-oriented demand-side management. And China is still at the early stage of the transformation. Secondly, the very nature of water, with its natural, economic and social dimensions, requires a multidimensional allocation mechanism of government control, market regulation and water users’ organization so as to avoid government failure, market failure, technology failure and negative externality. Thirdly, water law, water policy and water administration constitute three interactive aspects of China’s water institutions, with water rights as the core. Fourthly, water pricing, water rights
and water market, and water user organization are three supportive market-expansion strategies for institutional arrangements in China’s water institutions. They play an essential role in creating mechanisms of incentives and constraints in water conservation. Finally, case study reveals huge water economy potential and benefits in China’s market-expansion water institutions. Adequate institutions are prerequisite for the settlement of water shortages.
The government plays a dominant role in establishing the market-expansion water institutions. Firstly, priority should be given to minimizing the high transaction costs of institutional transformation. Secondly, emphasis should be placed on the coordination between water law, water policy and water administration in water reform. Thirdly, the market-expansion water institutions should be executed first of all in the areas that face severe water shortages.
引文
奥斯特罗姆:《公共事物的治理之道》,上海三联书店,2000版。
奥斯特罗姆、施罗德、苏珊:《制度激励与可持续发展》,上海三联书店,2000年版。
巴泽尔:《产权的经济分析》,上海人民出版社、上海三联书店,1997年版(2002年重印)。
常云昆:《黄河断流与黄河水权制度研究》,中国社会科学出版社,2001年版。
陈军、葛贻华:《自主管理灌排区理论与实践》,中国水利水电出版社,2003年版。
陈梦玉、徐明:《水价格学》,中国水利水电出版社,2000版。
陈韶君、郑易生:《从伟大工程到社会协调》,载《中国环境与发展评论》(第
二卷),社会科学文献出版社,2004年版。
陈守煜、张道军:《中国水资源管理中水权制度的研究》,水利发展研究,2002
(3)。
陈志恺:《华北缺水形势日益严峻(抓紧实施南水北调工程)》,www.nsbd.mwr.gov.cn/,2002年12月18日。
戴维·菲尼:《制度安排的需求与供给》,载国际经济增长中心编《制度分析与发展的反思》,商务印书馆1993版。
道格拉斯·C·诺斯:《经济史中的结构与变迁》,上海三联书店、上海人民
出版社1999版。
德姆塞茨:《关于产权的理论》,载盛洪主编:现代制度经济学(上篇),北京大学出版社,2003年版。
董文虎:《水权、水价、水市场理论与实践》,黄河水利出版社,2002年版。
段毅才:《西方产权理论结构分析》,载盛洪主编:现代制度经济学(下),北京大学出版社,2003版。
段治平:《我国水价改革历程及改革趋向分析》,中国物价,2003年第4期。
樊胜根、张林秀、张晓波:《经济增长、地区差距与贫困:中国农村公共投
资研究》,中国农业出版社,2002年版。
冯尚友:《水资源持续利用与管理导论》,科学出版社,2000年版。
国家计委、水利部:《百家大中型水管单位水价调研报告》,www. Chinawater.
Gov. 2002。
郭培章、宋群:《中外流域综合治理开发案例分析》,中国计划出版社,2001
年版。
胡鞍钢、王亚华:《我国水权制度的变迁》,hepp//www.xzwater.gov.cn,2002。
胡鞍钢、王亚华:《转型期水资源配置的公共政策:准市场和政治民主协商》,hepp/www.cei.gov.com/50人论坛,2002。
胡润峰:《南水北调的水价如何》,www.nsbd.mwr.gov.cn/,2003年4月8日。
加雷斯·D·迈尔斯:《公共经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,2001年版。
姜文来:《水权基本理论研究》,hepp//www.waterinfo.net.cn,2001。
姜文来:《水资源价值论》,科学出版社,1998年版。
康芒斯:《制度经济学》,商务印书馆1997版。
科斯:《社会成本问题》,载盛洪主编:现代制度经济学(上篇),北京大学出版社,2003年版。
柯武刚、史漫飞:《制度经济学:社会秩序与公共政策》,商务印书馆,2002年版。
V.W.拉坦:《诱致性制度变迁理论》,载《财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1994版。
林洪孝:《水资源管理理论与实践》,中国水利水电出版社,2003年版。
林毅夫:《制度、技术与中国农业发展》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1994年版。
林毅夫:《关于制度变迁的经济学理论:诱致性变迁与强制性变迁》,载《财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1994版。
刘昌明、陈志恺:《中国水资源现状评价和供需发展趋势分析》,中国水利水电出版社,2001年版。
平乔维奇:《产权经济学:一种关于比较体制的理论》,经济科学出版社,1999年版。
彭德琳:《新制度经济学》,河北人民出版社2002版。
钱正英、张光斗主编:《中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告及各专题报告》,中国水利水电出版社2001年版。
青木昌彦:《比较制度分析》,上海远东出版社,2001年版。
青木昌彦:《市场的作用,国家的作用》,中国发展出版社,2002年版。
任俊生:《中国公用产品价格管制》,经济管理出版社,2002年版。
盛洪:《局部均衡、一般均衡与制度分析》,载《经济研究》1997年第2期。
盛洪主编:《中国的过渡经济学》,上海三联书店1994版。
世界银行:《2003年世界发展报告》, www. worldbank. org/,2003。
世界银行:《农民用水者协会在中国:世界银行项目支持的参与式管理模式及其发展》,世界银行社会发展评述报告,83号,2003年。
史卓顿、奥查德:《公共物品、公共企业和公共选择》,经济科学出版社,2000年版。
T.W.舒尔茨:《制度与人的经济价值的不断提高》,载《财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1994版。
水利部:《2000年中澳灌溉水价研讨会论文集》,中国水利水电出版社,2002年版。
水利部:《黄河干旱缺水形势严峻》,载《水利简报》,第86期,2003年5月。
水利部:《水利辉煌50年》,中国水利水电出版社,1999年版。
水利部国际合作与科技司:《国外水利水电学习考察报告选编1998-2000》,中国水利水电出版社,2003年版。
宋国君、冒小飞:《荷兰的基层水管理机构——水理事会》,世界环境,1994,4:29-31。
速水佑次郎、弗农·拉坦:《农业发展的国际分析》,中国社会科学出版社2000版。
田圃德、张春玲:《我国农业用水水价分析》,河海大学学报(自然科学版),2003年第5期。
王铮、冯皓洁、许世远:《中国经济发展中的水资源安全分析》,载《中国管理科学》2001年第4期,第47～56页。
肖国兴:《论中国自然资源产权制度的经济理性》,环境科学,1998(2)。
许德智:《水管理与水价的国际比较》,世界经济与政治论坛,2001年第5期。
于素花:《农村社区水价变化对农业节水技术推广的影响》,农业技术经济,2001年第6期。
张德震、陈西庆:《我国水价的变化过程及其区域特征的研究》,地理科学,2002年第4期。
张五常:《经济解释》,商务印书馆,2002年版。
张宇燕:《经济发展与制度选择》,中国人民大学出版社1992版。
张云昌:《水市场和水价形成机制浅析》,中国水利,2003年?第6期。
中华人民共和国国家统计局:《2002年中国统计年鉴》,中国统计出版社2002版。
《中华人民共和国水法》,中国民主法制出版社,2002年版。
Abu-Zeid, M. A. 1998. “Water and Sustainable Development: the Vision for World Water, Life and the Environment.” Water Policy. 1: 9-19.
Ahmed and Sampath. 1988. “Welfare Implications of Tubewell Irrigation in Bangladesh.” Water Resources Bulletin. 24(5): 1057-1063.
Anderson. 1983. “Water Rights: Scarce Resources Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment.” Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco.
Anderson. 1994. “Contiental Water Marketing.” Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, San Francisco.
Anderson and Synder. 1997. “Water Markets: Priming the Invisible Pump.” Cato Institute, Washington, D.C.
Archibald and Renwick. 1998. “Expected Trabsaction Costs and Incentives for Water Market Development.” In Dinar(Ed), Markets for Water: Potential and Performance.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Bandaragoda, D.J. 2000. “a Framework for Institutional Analysis for Water Resources Management in a River Basin Context.” Working Paper 5, IWMI, Sri Lanka.
Bardhan,1993. “Analytics of the Institutions of Informal Cooperation in Rural Development.” World Development. 21(4):633-39.
Bardhan,1993. “Symposium on Management of Local Commons.” Journal of Economic Perspectives. 7(4):87-92.
Becker. 1997. “Employing Market Mechnisms to Encourage Efficient Use of Water in the Middle East.” In Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Bilen. 1995. “Setting Up a National Water Policy Through an Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy: the Turkish Case.” Methodology for Water Policy Review and Reform, FAO, Rome.
Brill,Hockman and Zilberman. 1997. “Allocating and Pricing at the Water District Level.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 79: 952-963.
Bos and Walter. 1990. “Water Charges and Irrigation Efficiencies.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 4: 267-278.
Bouhia, H. 2001. “Water in the Macro Economy: Integrating Economics and Engineering into an Analytical Model.” Ashgate Publishing Limited. Hampshire, England.
Browder and Ortolano. 1999. “an Analysis of the Negotiations for the 1995 Mekong Agreement.” Paper Presentation, 6th Conference of International Water and Resource Economics Consortium, Hawaii.
Bryan Lohmar, Jinxia Wang, Scott Rozelle. 2001. “Investment, Conflicts and Incentives in China’s Water Crisis: the Role of Institutions and Policies.” Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC.
Byrnes,1992. “Water User Associations in World Bank Assisted Irrigation Projects in Pakistan.” World Bank Technical Paper No. 173.
Cernea, 1993. “Culture and Organization: the Social Sustainablility of Indued Development.” Sustainable Development. 1(2):18-29.
Cernea and Meinzen-Dick,1992. “Design for Water User Associations: Organizational Characteristics.” In World Bank Technical Paper No.178.
Chambers,1988. “Managing Canal Irrigayion.” Oxford and IBH Publishing Company. New Delhi.
Conseuelo Varela-Ortega. 1998. “Water Pricing Policies, Public Decision Making and Farmer’s Response: Implications for Water Policy”. Agricultural Economics. 19:191-202.
Coward. 1980. “Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the Social Sciences.” Cornell University Press.
Coward, 1986. “Direct or Indirect Alternatives for Irrigation Investment and the Creation of Property.” In Easter(ed): Irrigation Investment, Technology and Management Strategies for Development. Westview Press.
FAO. 1996. “Production Yearbook.” VOL.50.
Dinar. 1993. “Water Quantity/Quality Management and Conflict Resolution: Institutions, Processes and Economic Analysis.” Praeger, London.
Dinar, A. 2000. “the Political Economy of Water Pricing Reform.” Oxford University Press, New York.
Dinar, Rosegrant and Meinzen-Dick. 1997. “Water Allocation Mechanisms.” World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No.1779.
Dinar and Subramanian. 1997. “Water Pricing Experience.” World Bank Technical Paper No.386.
Easter. 1998. “the Future of Water Market: a Realistic Perspective.” In Easter, Rosegrant, and Dinar(Ed), Markets for Water: Potential and Performance. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Easter. 1999. “the Transition of Irrigation Management in Asia: Have We Tuened the Corner Yet?” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Easter. 2000. “Asia’s Irrigation Management in Transition: a Paradigm Shift Faces High Transaction Costs.” Review of Agricultural Economics. 22(2): 370-388.
Easter, Becker, and Tsur.1997. “Economic Mechanisms for Managing Water Resources: Pricing, Permits and Markets.” In A. K. Biswas(Ed), Water Resources: Environmental Planning, Management and Development. Mcgraw-Hill, New York.
Easter and Welsch. 1986. “Implementing Irrigation Projects: Operational and Institutional Problems.” In K.W. Easter(Ed), Irrgation Investment, Technology and Management Strategies for Development. Westview Press, Boston.
Frederikson. 1992. “Water Resources Institutions: Some Principles and Practices.” Technical Paper No.191, World Bank.
Frederiksen. 1997. “Institutional Prnciples for Sound Management of Water and Related Environmental Resources.” In Biswas(Ed), Water Resources: Environmental planning, Management and Development. Mcgraw-Hill, New York.
Frisvold and Caswell. 1997. “Transboundary Water Agreements and Development Assistance.” In Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Gazmuri and Rosegrant,1994. “Chilean Water Policy: the Role of Water Rights, Institutions and Markets.” International Food Policy Research Insitute, Washington, DC.
Gisser and Johnson. 1983. “Institutional Restrictions on the Transfer of Water Rights and the Survival of an Agency.”in T. Anderson(Ed), Water Rights: Scarce Resources Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco.
Goldensohn,1994. “Participayion and Empowerment: an Assessment of Water User Associayions in Asia and Egypt.” World Bank.
Gonzalez and Salman. 2003. “Institutional Reform for Irrigation and Drainage.” World Bank Technical Paper No. 524.
Grimble, R. J. 1999. “Economic instruments for improving water use efficiency: theory and practice.” Agricutural Water Management. 40, pp.77-82.
Hardin,G.. 1968. “the Tragedy of the Commons.” Science. 162:1243-8.
Hearne, 1998. “Institutional and Organisational Arrangements for Water Markets in Chile.” In Easter(ed):1998.
Hearne and Easter, 1997. “the Economic and Financial Gains from Water Markets in Chile.” Agricultural Economics, 15:187-199.
Holden, P. and Thobani, M. 1996.“Tradable Water Rights: A Property Rights Approach to Resolving Water Shortages and Promoting Investment.” Policy Research Working Paper, No.1627, World Bank.
Howitt. 1998. “Spot Prices, Option Prices and Water Markets: an Analysis of Emerging Markets in California.” In Dinar(Ed), Markets for Water: Potential and Performance.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Huffman. 1983. “Instream Water Use: Public and Private Alternatives.” in T. Anderson(Ed), Water Rights: Scarce Resources Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco.
Hunt,1990. “Organizational Control over Water: the Positive Identification of a Social Constraint on Farmer Participation. In Sampath(ed): Social, Economic and Institutional Issues in Third World Irrigation Management. Westview Press.
Hurwicz. 1998. “Issues in the Design of Mechanisms and Institutions.” In Loehman and Kilgour(Ed), Designing Institutions for Environmental and Resource Management. Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA.
Jackson,1991. “Development of Water User Association on the Maduta Groundwater Irrigation Project.” ODI Irrigations Management Network. 2:3-30.
Johansson, R.C. 1999. “Pricing Irrigation Water: a Literature Survey.” Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank.
Johnson, 1993. “Can Farmers Afford to Use the Wells after Yurnover?” Short Report Series on Irrigation Management, No.1. IIMI.
Johnson. 1997. “Irrigation Management Transfer: Decentralizing Public Irrigation in Mexico.” Water International. 22(3): 159-167.
Just,Netanyahu,and Horowitz. 1997. “the Political Economy of Domestic Water Allocation: the Case of Israel and Jordan.” In Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Kanbur,1992. “Heterogeneity, Distribution and Cooperation in Common Property Resource Management.” World Bank Working Paper.
Kemper and Simpson, 1995. “a Water Market in Practice: the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District.” Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, Sweden.
Kliot. 1997. “Institutional Frameworks for Management of Transboundary Water
Resources. Vol.1:Institutional Frameworks as Reflected in Thirteen River Basins.” Water Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Livingston, M.L. 1993. “Designing Water Institutions: Market Failure and Institutional Response.” Policy Research Working Paper, No.1227, World Bank.
Koehler. 1995. “Water Rights and the Public Trust Doctrine: Resolution of the Mono Lake Controversy.” Ecological Law Quarterly. 22(3):541-590.
Kolm, S. C. 1977. “Modern Theories of Justice.” MIT Press, Cambridge.
Lele and Patil,1994. “Farmer Participation in Irrigation: a Case Study of Maharashtra.” Horizon India Books. New Delhi.
Leshan, J and Warren, Y. 2001. “Water use in agriculture in China: importance, challenges and implications for policy.” Water Policy. 3: 215-228.
Maas and Anderson, 1978. “And the Deserts Shall Rejoice: Conflict, Growth and Justice in Arid Environments.” MIT Press, Cambridge.
MacDonnell. 1994. “Water Banks in the West.” Natural Resources Law Center,
University of Colorado, USGS Report No. 1434-92-G-2253.
Marino, M. and Kemper, K. E. 1999. “Institutional Frameworks in Successful
Water Markets.” Technical Paper, No.427. World Bank.
Marre. 1998. “Irrigation Water Rates in Mendoza’s Decentralized Irrigation Administration.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 12: 67-83.
McCaffrey. 1993. “Water, Politics and International Law.” In P. Gleick(Ed), Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources. Oxford University Press, New York.
Meinzen-Dick. 1997. “Sustainable Water User Associations: Lessons from a Literature Review.”in Subrumanian(Ed), User Organization for Sustainable Water Services, World Bank Technical Paper No.354. World Bank.
Meinzen-Dick. 1997. “Farmer Participation in Irrigation: 20 Years of Experience and Lessons for the Future.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 11:103-118.
Meinzen-Dick and Mendoza. 1996. “Alternative Water Allocation Mechanisms India and International Experience.” Economic and Political Weekly, 31A:25-30.
Meinzen-Dick and Rosegrant. 1997. “Water as an Economic Good: Incentives, Institutions and Infrastructure.” In M.Kay, T.Franks and L.Smith(Ed), Water: Economics, Management and Demand. E and FN Spon., London.
Merrey, D. J. 2000. “Creating Institutional Arrangements for Managing Water-Scarce River Basins: Emerging Research Results.” IWMI.
Moench. 1995. “Allocating the Common Heritage: Debates over Water Rights and Governance Structures in India.” National Heritage Institute, San Francisco.
Mohanty, N. and Gupta, S. 2002.”Breaking the Gridlock in Water Reforms through Water Markets: International Experience and Implementation Issues for India.” Working Paper Series.Julian L. Simon Centre for Policy Research.
Ostrom. 1992. “the Rudiments of a Thoery of the Origins, Survival and Performance of Common-property Institutions.” In Bromley(ed):Making the Commons Work. Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco.
Ostrom and Gargner, 1993. “Coping with Asymmetries in the Commons: Self-governing Irrigation Systems Can Work.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 7(4):93-112.
Parker and Tsur. 1997. “Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Patil,1987. “Economics of Farmer Participation in Irrigation Management.” ODI Irrigation Managet Network. 87:3-17.
Peltzman. 1976.“Towards a More General Theory of Regulation.” Journal of Law and Economics. Vol. 19(2): 211-40.
Perry, C.J., Rock, M. and D. Seckler. 1997. “Water as an Economic Good: A Solution, or a Problem?” Research Report 14, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
Picciotto,1995. “Putting Institutinal Economics to Work: From Participation to Governance.” Discussion Paper No.304, World Bank.
Plusquellec,1989. “Two Irrigation Systems in Colombia: Their Performance and Transfer of Management to Users’ Associations.” Working Paper No. WPS264. World Bank.
Radif, A.A. 1999.“Integrated water resources management (IWRM): an approach to face the challenges of the next century and to avert future crises.” Desalination. 124, pp.145-153.
Randall. 1981.”Property Entitlements and Pricing Policies for a Matureing Water Economy.” Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 25:195-212.
Renzetti and Dupont. 1999. “an Assessment of the Impact of Charging for Provincial Water Use Permits.” Paper Presentation, 6th Conference of International Water and Resource Economics Consortium, Hawaii.
Rios and Quiroz, 1995. “the Marketfor Water Rights in Chile: Major Issues.”
Cuadernos de Economica. 97:291-315.
Roger Bate. 2002. “Water: Can Property Rights and Markets Replace Conflict?” J. Morris(ed): Sustainable Development: Promoting Progress or Perpetuating Poverty? Profile Books, London.
Rosegrant and Binswanger. 1994. “Markets in Tradable Water Rights: Potential for Efficiency Gains in Developing-country Water Resource Allocation.” World Development. 22(11):1613-1625.
Rosegrant and Gazmuri. 1994. “Tradable Water Rights: Experiences in Reforming Water Allocation Policy.” UN Agency for International Development.
Rosegrant and Schleyer. 1996. “Establishing Tradable Water Rights: Implementation of the Mexican Water Law.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 10: 263-279.
Roth, E. 2001. “Water Pricing in the EU: a Review.” The European Environmental Bureau (EEB). Publication No.2001/002.
Roumasset. 1997. “Designing Institutions for Water Management.” In Paker and Tsur(Ed), Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Saleth,1996. “Water Institutions in India: Economics, Law, and Policy.” Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi.
Saleth, 1998. “Water Markets in India: Economic and Institutional Aspects.” In Easter(ed): 1998.
Saleth and Dinar. 1999. “Evaluating Institutions and Water Sector Performance.” Technical Report, No.447. World Bank.
Saleth, R. M., & Dinar, A. 2000. “Institutional change in global water secter: trends, patterns, and implications.” Water Policy 2 : 175-199.
Saliba and Bush. 1987. “Water Markets in Theory and Practice.” Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Samad and Vermillion, 1999. “an assessment of the Impact of Participatory Irrigation Management in Sri Lanka.” International Journal of Water Resources Development. 15:219-240.
Sandler and Tschirhart,1980. “the Economic Theory of Clubs: an Evaluative Survey.” Journal of Economic Literature. XVIII:1481-1521.
Saunders et. Al. 1977. “Alternative Concepts of Marginal Cost of Public Utility Pricing: Problems of Application in Water Supply Sector.” World Bank Working
Paper No. 259. Washington, DC.
Savenije, H.H.G. 2002. “Why water is not an ordinary economic good, or why the girl is special.” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 27, pp.741-744.
Seagraves and Easter. 1983. “Pricing Irrigation Water in Developing Countries.” Water Resources Bulletin. 27: 745-751.
Shah and Zilberman. 1995. “Political Economy of the Transition from Water Rights to Water Markets.” In Water Quantity/Quality Management and Conflict Resolution: Institutions, Processes and Economic Analysis. Praeger, London.
Small. 1990. “Irrigation Service Fees in Asia.” ODI Irrigation Management Network. 90:3-15.
Small and Carruthers,1991. “Farmer-financed Irrigation: the Economics of Reform.” Cambridge University Press.
Smith and Tsur. 1997. “Asymmetric Information and the Pricing of Natural Resources: Understanding the Case of Unmetered Water.” Land Economics. 73(3): 392-403.
Spulber and Sabbaghi. 1998. “Economics of Water Resources: from Regulation to Privations.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Stigler. 1971. “the Theory of Economic Regulation.” Bell Journal of Economics. Vol. 2(1): 137-146.
Strosser, 1997. “Analyzing Alternative Policy Instruments for the Irrigation Sector.” Wageningen Agricultural University, Netherland.
Sturgess and Wright,1993. “Water Rights in Rural New South Wales: the Evolution of a Property Rights System.” St. Leonards, Aystrilia: the Centre for Independent Studies.
Sunding. 1994. “Modeling the Impacts of Reducing Agricultural Water Supplies: Lessons from California’s Bay/Delta Problem.” UC Berkeley, Working Paper.
Tang,1994. “Institutions and Performance in Irrigation Systems.” In Ostrom(ed):Rules, Games and Common-pool Resource. University of Michigan Press.
Thobani, M.1995. “Tradable Property Rights to Water: How to Improve Water Use and Resolve Water Conflicts.” FPD Note No.34. World Bank.
Tregarthen. 1983. “Water in Colorado: Fear and Lothing in the Marketplace.” in T. Anderson(Ed), Water Rights: Scarce Resources Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco.
Tuser and Dinar. 1995.”Efficiency and Equity Considerations in Pricing and Allocating Irrigation Water.” World Bank Policy Research Paper No.1460.
Vaux,1984. “Managing Water Scarcity: an evalution of Inter-regional Transfer.” Water Resources Research. 20: 785-792.
Vermillion. 1997. “Impacts of Irrigation Management Teansfer: a Review of the Evidence.” IIMI, Research Report, No.11. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Vincent,1990. “the Politics of Water Scarity: Irrigation and Water Supply in the Mountains of the Yemen Republic.” ODI Irrigation Management Network. 90:4-28.
Wade. 1987. “the Management of Common Property Resources: Collective Action as an Alternative to Privatization or State Regulation.” Cambridge Journal of Economics. 11:95-106.
Willis. 1998. “the Effects of Water Rights and Irrigation Technology on Streamflow Augmentation Cost in the Snake River Basin.” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 23(1): 225-243.
Wallis, J. and Dollery, B.1999. “Market Failure, Government Failure, Leadership and Public Policy.” St. Martin’s Press, Inc.
Watson. 1994. “Water and Sanitation Associations: Review and Best Practice.” World Bank Water Resources Seminar.
Wichelns. 1996. “Economic Incentives Reduce Irrigation Deliveries and Drain Water Volume.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 10: 131-141.
Wichelns. 1998. “Economic Issues Regarging Tertiary Canal Improvement Programs: an Example from Egypt.” Irrigation and Drainage System. 10:131-141.
Wilson. 1997. “Economic Discovery in Federally Supported Irrigation Districts: a Tribute to William E. Martin and Friend.” Journal of Agicultural and Resource Enconomics. 22(1): 61-77.
William, K. and Feder, G. 1996. “Water Institutions and Economic Incentives to Ameliorate Market and Government Failures.” Food and Environmental Science University of Minnesota. Stuff Paper Series.
World Bank, 1993. “Water Resources Management.” World Bank Policy Paper. Washington DC.
World Bank, 1994. “World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development.” Oxford University Press. New york.
Yoder. 1981.”Non-Agricultural Uses of Irrigation Systems: Past Experience and Implications for Planning and Design.” Paper Prepared for Agricultural Development
Council. Cornell University.
Yoder. 1994. “Locally Managed Irrigation Systems: Essential Tasks and Implications for Assistance, Management Transfer and Turnover Programs”. IIMI.
Zilberman. 1992. “Individual and Institutional Responses to the Drought: the Case of California Agriculture.” UC Berkeley, Working Paper.
Zilberman. 1997. “Incentives and Economics in Water Resources Management.” 2nd Toulouse Conference on Environment and Resources Economics. Toulouse, France(May 14-16).
奥斯特罗姆、施罗德、苏珊:《制度激励与可持续发展》,上海三联书店,2000年版。
巴泽尔:《产权的经济分析》,上海人民出版社、上海三联书店,1997年版(2002年重印)。
常云昆:《黄河断流与黄河水权制度研究》,中国社会科学出版社,2001年版。
陈军、葛贻华:《自主管理灌排区理论与实践》,中国水利水电出版社,2003年版。
陈梦玉、徐明:《水价格学》,中国水利水电出版社,2000版。
陈韶君、郑易生:《从伟大工程到社会协调》,载《中国环境与发展评论》(第
二卷),社会科学文献出版社,2004年版。
陈守煜、张道军:《中国水资源管理中水权制度的研究》,水利发展研究,2002
(3)。
陈志恺:《华北缺水形势日益严峻(抓紧实施南水北调工程)》,www.nsbd.mwr.gov.cn/,2002年12月18日。
戴维·菲尼:《制度安排的需求与供给》,载国际经济增长中心编《制度分析与发展的反思》,商务印书馆1993版。
道格拉斯·C·诺斯:《经济史中的结构与变迁》,上海三联书店、上海人民
出版社1999版。
德姆塞茨:《关于产权的理论》,载盛洪主编:现代制度经济学(上篇),北京大学出版社,2003年版。
董文虎:《水权、水价、水市场理论与实践》,黄河水利出版社,2002年版。
段毅才:《西方产权理论结构分析》,载盛洪主编:现代制度经济学(下),北京大学出版社,2003版。
段治平:《我国水价改革历程及改革趋向分析》,中国物价,2003年第4期。
樊胜根、张林秀、张晓波:《经济增长、地区差距与贫困:中国农村公共投
资研究》,中国农业出版社,2002年版。
冯尚友:《水资源持续利用与管理导论》,科学出版社,2000年版。
国家计委、水利部:《百家大中型水管单位水价调研报告》,www. Chinawater.
Gov. 2002。
郭培章、宋群:《中外流域综合治理开发案例分析》,中国计划出版社,2001
年版。
胡鞍钢、王亚华:《我国水权制度的变迁》,hepp//www.xzwater.gov.cn,2002。
胡鞍钢、王亚华:《转型期水资源配置的公共政策:准市场和政治民主协商》,hepp/www.cei.gov.com/50人论坛,2002。
胡润峰:《南水北调的水价如何》,www.nsbd.mwr.gov.cn/,2003年4月8日。
加雷斯·D·迈尔斯:《公共经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,2001年版。
姜文来:《水权基本理论研究》,hepp//www.waterinfo.net.cn,2001。
姜文来:《水资源价值论》,科学出版社,1998年版。
康芒斯:《制度经济学》,商务印书馆1997版。
科斯:《社会成本问题》,载盛洪主编:现代制度经济学(上篇),北京大学出版社,2003年版。
柯武刚、史漫飞:《制度经济学:社会秩序与公共政策》,商务印书馆,2002年版。
V.W.拉坦:《诱致性制度变迁理论》,载《财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1994版。
林洪孝:《水资源管理理论与实践》,中国水利水电出版社,2003年版。
林毅夫:《制度、技术与中国农业发展》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1994年版。
林毅夫:《关于制度变迁的经济学理论:诱致性变迁与强制性变迁》,载《财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1994版。
刘昌明、陈志恺:《中国水资源现状评价和供需发展趋势分析》,中国水利水电出版社,2001年版。
平乔维奇:《产权经济学:一种关于比较体制的理论》,经济科学出版社,1999年版。
彭德琳:《新制度经济学》,河北人民出版社2002版。
钱正英、张光斗主编:《中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告及各专题报告》,中国水利水电出版社2001年版。
青木昌彦:《比较制度分析》,上海远东出版社,2001年版。
青木昌彦:《市场的作用,国家的作用》,中国发展出版社,2002年版。
任俊生:《中国公用产品价格管制》,经济管理出版社,2002年版。
盛洪:《局部均衡、一般均衡与制度分析》,载《经济研究》1997年第2期。
盛洪主编:《中国的过渡经济学》,上海三联书店1994版。
世界银行:《2003年世界发展报告》, www. worldbank. org/,2003。
世界银行:《农民用水者协会在中国:世界银行项目支持的参与式管理模式及其发展》,世界银行社会发展评述报告,83号,2003年。
史卓顿、奥查德:《公共物品、公共企业和公共选择》,经济科学出版社,2000年版。
T.W.舒尔茨:《制度与人的经济价值的不断提高》,载《财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1994版。
水利部:《2000年中澳灌溉水价研讨会论文集》,中国水利水电出版社,2002年版。
水利部:《黄河干旱缺水形势严峻》,载《水利简报》,第86期,2003年5月。
水利部:《水利辉煌50年》,中国水利水电出版社,1999年版。
水利部国际合作与科技司:《国外水利水电学习考察报告选编1998-2000》,中国水利水电出版社,2003年版。
宋国君、冒小飞:《荷兰的基层水管理机构——水理事会》,世界环境,1994,4:29-31。
速水佑次郎、弗农·拉坦:《农业发展的国际分析》,中国社会科学出版社2000版。
田圃德、张春玲:《我国农业用水水价分析》,河海大学学报(自然科学版),2003年第5期。
王铮、冯皓洁、许世远:《中国经济发展中的水资源安全分析》,载《中国管理科学》2001年第4期,第47～56页。
肖国兴:《论中国自然资源产权制度的经济理性》,环境科学,1998(2)。
许德智:《水管理与水价的国际比较》,世界经济与政治论坛,2001年第5期。
于素花:《农村社区水价变化对农业节水技术推广的影响》,农业技术经济,2001年第6期。
张德震、陈西庆:《我国水价的变化过程及其区域特征的研究》,地理科学,2002年第4期。
张五常:《经济解释》,商务印书馆,2002年版。
张宇燕:《经济发展与制度选择》,中国人民大学出版社1992版。
张云昌:《水市场和水价形成机制浅析》,中国水利,2003年?第6期。
中华人民共和国国家统计局:《2002年中国统计年鉴》,中国统计出版社2002版。
《中华人民共和国水法》,中国民主法制出版社,2002年版。
Abu-Zeid, M. A. 1998. “Water and Sustainable Development: the Vision for World Water, Life and the Environment.” Water Policy. 1: 9-19.
Ahmed and Sampath. 1988. “Welfare Implications of Tubewell Irrigation in Bangladesh.” Water Resources Bulletin. 24(5): 1057-1063.
Anderson. 1983. “Water Rights: Scarce Resources Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment.” Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco.
Anderson. 1994. “Contiental Water Marketing.” Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, San Francisco.
Anderson and Synder. 1997. “Water Markets: Priming the Invisible Pump.” Cato Institute, Washington, D.C.
Archibald and Renwick. 1998. “Expected Trabsaction Costs and Incentives for Water Market Development.” In Dinar(Ed), Markets for Water: Potential and Performance.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Bandaragoda, D.J. 2000. “a Framework for Institutional Analysis for Water Resources Management in a River Basin Context.” Working Paper 5, IWMI, Sri Lanka.
Bardhan,1993. “Analytics of the Institutions of Informal Cooperation in Rural Development.” World Development. 21(4):633-39.
Bardhan,1993. “Symposium on Management of Local Commons.” Journal of Economic Perspectives. 7(4):87-92.
Becker. 1997. “Employing Market Mechnisms to Encourage Efficient Use of Water in the Middle East.” In Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Bilen. 1995. “Setting Up a National Water Policy Through an Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy: the Turkish Case.” Methodology for Water Policy Review and Reform, FAO, Rome.
Brill,Hockman and Zilberman. 1997. “Allocating and Pricing at the Water District Level.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 79: 952-963.
Bos and Walter. 1990. “Water Charges and Irrigation Efficiencies.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 4: 267-278.
Bouhia, H. 2001. “Water in the Macro Economy: Integrating Economics and Engineering into an Analytical Model.” Ashgate Publishing Limited. Hampshire, England.
Browder and Ortolano. 1999. “an Analysis of the Negotiations for the 1995 Mekong Agreement.” Paper Presentation, 6th Conference of International Water and Resource Economics Consortium, Hawaii.
Bryan Lohmar, Jinxia Wang, Scott Rozelle. 2001. “Investment, Conflicts and Incentives in China’s Water Crisis: the Role of Institutions and Policies.” Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC.
Byrnes,1992. “Water User Associations in World Bank Assisted Irrigation Projects in Pakistan.” World Bank Technical Paper No. 173.
Cernea, 1993. “Culture and Organization: the Social Sustainablility of Indued Development.” Sustainable Development. 1(2):18-29.
Cernea and Meinzen-Dick,1992. “Design for Water User Associations: Organizational Characteristics.” In World Bank Technical Paper No.178.
Chambers,1988. “Managing Canal Irrigayion.” Oxford and IBH Publishing Company. New Delhi.
Conseuelo Varela-Ortega. 1998. “Water Pricing Policies, Public Decision Making and Farmer’s Response: Implications for Water Policy”. Agricultural Economics. 19:191-202.
Coward. 1980. “Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the Social Sciences.” Cornell University Press.
Coward, 1986. “Direct or Indirect Alternatives for Irrigation Investment and the Creation of Property.” In Easter(ed): Irrigation Investment, Technology and Management Strategies for Development. Westview Press.
FAO. 1996. “Production Yearbook.” VOL.50.
Dinar. 1993. “Water Quantity/Quality Management and Conflict Resolution: Institutions, Processes and Economic Analysis.” Praeger, London.
Dinar, A. 2000. “the Political Economy of Water Pricing Reform.” Oxford University Press, New York.
Dinar, Rosegrant and Meinzen-Dick. 1997. “Water Allocation Mechanisms.” World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No.1779.
Dinar and Subramanian. 1997. “Water Pricing Experience.” World Bank Technical Paper No.386.
Easter. 1998. “the Future of Water Market: a Realistic Perspective.” In Easter, Rosegrant, and Dinar(Ed), Markets for Water: Potential and Performance. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Easter. 1999. “the Transition of Irrigation Management in Asia: Have We Tuened the Corner Yet?” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Easter. 2000. “Asia’s Irrigation Management in Transition: a Paradigm Shift Faces High Transaction Costs.” Review of Agricultural Economics. 22(2): 370-388.
Easter, Becker, and Tsur.1997. “Economic Mechanisms for Managing Water Resources: Pricing, Permits and Markets.” In A. K. Biswas(Ed), Water Resources: Environmental Planning, Management and Development. Mcgraw-Hill, New York.
Easter and Welsch. 1986. “Implementing Irrigation Projects: Operational and Institutional Problems.” In K.W. Easter(Ed), Irrgation Investment, Technology and Management Strategies for Development. Westview Press, Boston.
Frederikson. 1992. “Water Resources Institutions: Some Principles and Practices.” Technical Paper No.191, World Bank.
Frederiksen. 1997. “Institutional Prnciples for Sound Management of Water and Related Environmental Resources.” In Biswas(Ed), Water Resources: Environmental planning, Management and Development. Mcgraw-Hill, New York.
Frisvold and Caswell. 1997. “Transboundary Water Agreements and Development Assistance.” In Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Gazmuri and Rosegrant,1994. “Chilean Water Policy: the Role of Water Rights, Institutions and Markets.” International Food Policy Research Insitute, Washington, DC.
Gisser and Johnson. 1983. “Institutional Restrictions on the Transfer of Water Rights and the Survival of an Agency.”in T. Anderson(Ed), Water Rights: Scarce Resources Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco.
Goldensohn,1994. “Participayion and Empowerment: an Assessment of Water User Associayions in Asia and Egypt.” World Bank.
Gonzalez and Salman. 2003. “Institutional Reform for Irrigation and Drainage.” World Bank Technical Paper No. 524.
Grimble, R. J. 1999. “Economic instruments for improving water use efficiency: theory and practice.” Agricutural Water Management. 40, pp.77-82.
Hardin,G.. 1968. “the Tragedy of the Commons.” Science. 162:1243-8.
Hearne, 1998. “Institutional and Organisational Arrangements for Water Markets in Chile.” In Easter(ed):1998.
Hearne and Easter, 1997. “the Economic and Financial Gains from Water Markets in Chile.” Agricultural Economics, 15:187-199.
Holden, P. and Thobani, M. 1996.“Tradable Water Rights: A Property Rights Approach to Resolving Water Shortages and Promoting Investment.” Policy Research Working Paper, No.1627, World Bank.
Howitt. 1998. “Spot Prices, Option Prices and Water Markets: an Analysis of Emerging Markets in California.” In Dinar(Ed), Markets for Water: Potential and Performance.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Huffman. 1983. “Instream Water Use: Public and Private Alternatives.” in T. Anderson(Ed), Water Rights: Scarce Resources Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco.
Hunt,1990. “Organizational Control over Water: the Positive Identification of a Social Constraint on Farmer Participation. In Sampath(ed): Social, Economic and Institutional Issues in Third World Irrigation Management. Westview Press.
Hurwicz. 1998. “Issues in the Design of Mechanisms and Institutions.” In Loehman and Kilgour(Ed), Designing Institutions for Environmental and Resource Management. Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA.
Jackson,1991. “Development of Water User Association on the Maduta Groundwater Irrigation Project.” ODI Irrigations Management Network. 2:3-30.
Johansson, R.C. 1999. “Pricing Irrigation Water: a Literature Survey.” Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank.
Johnson, 1993. “Can Farmers Afford to Use the Wells after Yurnover?” Short Report Series on Irrigation Management, No.1. IIMI.
Johnson. 1997. “Irrigation Management Transfer: Decentralizing Public Irrigation in Mexico.” Water International. 22(3): 159-167.
Just,Netanyahu,and Horowitz. 1997. “the Political Economy of Domestic Water Allocation: the Case of Israel and Jordan.” In Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Kanbur,1992. “Heterogeneity, Distribution and Cooperation in Common Property Resource Management.” World Bank Working Paper.
Kemper and Simpson, 1995. “a Water Market in Practice: the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District.” Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, Sweden.
Kliot. 1997. “Institutional Frameworks for Management of Transboundary Water
Resources. Vol.1:Institutional Frameworks as Reflected in Thirteen River Basins.” Water Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Livingston, M.L. 1993. “Designing Water Institutions: Market Failure and Institutional Response.” Policy Research Working Paper, No.1227, World Bank.
Koehler. 1995. “Water Rights and the Public Trust Doctrine: Resolution of the Mono Lake Controversy.” Ecological Law Quarterly. 22(3):541-590.
Kolm, S. C. 1977. “Modern Theories of Justice.” MIT Press, Cambridge.
Lele and Patil,1994. “Farmer Participation in Irrigation: a Case Study of Maharashtra.” Horizon India Books. New Delhi.
Leshan, J and Warren, Y. 2001. “Water use in agriculture in China: importance, challenges and implications for policy.” Water Policy. 3: 215-228.
Maas and Anderson, 1978. “And the Deserts Shall Rejoice: Conflict, Growth and Justice in Arid Environments.” MIT Press, Cambridge.
MacDonnell. 1994. “Water Banks in the West.” Natural Resources Law Center,
University of Colorado, USGS Report No. 1434-92-G-2253.
Marino, M. and Kemper, K. E. 1999. “Institutional Frameworks in Successful
Water Markets.” Technical Paper, No.427. World Bank.
Marre. 1998. “Irrigation Water Rates in Mendoza’s Decentralized Irrigation Administration.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 12: 67-83.
McCaffrey. 1993. “Water, Politics and International Law.” In P. Gleick(Ed), Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources. Oxford University Press, New York.
Meinzen-Dick. 1997. “Sustainable Water User Associations: Lessons from a Literature Review.”in Subrumanian(Ed), User Organization for Sustainable Water Services, World Bank Technical Paper No.354. World Bank.
Meinzen-Dick. 1997. “Farmer Participation in Irrigation: 20 Years of Experience and Lessons for the Future.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 11:103-118.
Meinzen-Dick and Mendoza. 1996. “Alternative Water Allocation Mechanisms India and International Experience.” Economic and Political Weekly, 31A:25-30.
Meinzen-Dick and Rosegrant. 1997. “Water as an Economic Good: Incentives, Institutions and Infrastructure.” In M.Kay, T.Franks and L.Smith(Ed), Water: Economics, Management and Demand. E and FN Spon., London.
Merrey, D. J. 2000. “Creating Institutional Arrangements for Managing Water-Scarce River Basins: Emerging Research Results.” IWMI.
Moench. 1995. “Allocating the Common Heritage: Debates over Water Rights and Governance Structures in India.” National Heritage Institute, San Francisco.
Mohanty, N. and Gupta, S. 2002.”Breaking the Gridlock in Water Reforms through Water Markets: International Experience and Implementation Issues for India.” Working Paper Series.Julian L. Simon Centre for Policy Research.
Ostrom. 1992. “the Rudiments of a Thoery of the Origins, Survival and Performance of Common-property Institutions.” In Bromley(ed):Making the Commons Work. Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco.
Ostrom and Gargner, 1993. “Coping with Asymmetries in the Commons: Self-governing Irrigation Systems Can Work.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 7(4):93-112.
Parker and Tsur. 1997. “Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Patil,1987. “Economics of Farmer Participation in Irrigation Management.” ODI Irrigation Managet Network. 87:3-17.
Peltzman. 1976.“Towards a More General Theory of Regulation.” Journal of Law and Economics. Vol. 19(2): 211-40.
Perry, C.J., Rock, M. and D. Seckler. 1997. “Water as an Economic Good: A Solution, or a Problem?” Research Report 14, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
Picciotto,1995. “Putting Institutinal Economics to Work: From Participation to Governance.” Discussion Paper No.304, World Bank.
Plusquellec,1989. “Two Irrigation Systems in Colombia: Their Performance and Transfer of Management to Users’ Associations.” Working Paper No. WPS264. World Bank.
Radif, A.A. 1999.“Integrated water resources management (IWRM): an approach to face the challenges of the next century and to avert future crises.” Desalination. 124, pp.145-153.
Randall. 1981.”Property Entitlements and Pricing Policies for a Matureing Water Economy.” Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 25:195-212.
Renzetti and Dupont. 1999. “an Assessment of the Impact of Charging for Provincial Water Use Permits.” Paper Presentation, 6th Conference of International Water and Resource Economics Consortium, Hawaii.
Rios and Quiroz, 1995. “the Marketfor Water Rights in Chile: Major Issues.”
Cuadernos de Economica. 97:291-315.
Roger Bate. 2002. “Water: Can Property Rights and Markets Replace Conflict?” J. Morris(ed): Sustainable Development: Promoting Progress or Perpetuating Poverty? Profile Books, London.
Rosegrant and Binswanger. 1994. “Markets in Tradable Water Rights: Potential for Efficiency Gains in Developing-country Water Resource Allocation.” World Development. 22(11):1613-1625.
Rosegrant and Gazmuri. 1994. “Tradable Water Rights: Experiences in Reforming Water Allocation Policy.” UN Agency for International Development.
Rosegrant and Schleyer. 1996. “Establishing Tradable Water Rights: Implementation of the Mexican Water Law.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 10: 263-279.
Roth, E. 2001. “Water Pricing in the EU: a Review.” The European Environmental Bureau (EEB). Publication No.2001/002.
Roumasset. 1997. “Designing Institutions for Water Management.” In Paker and Tsur(Ed), Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Saleth,1996. “Water Institutions in India: Economics, Law, and Policy.” Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi.
Saleth, 1998. “Water Markets in India: Economic and Institutional Aspects.” In Easter(ed): 1998.
Saleth and Dinar. 1999. “Evaluating Institutions and Water Sector Performance.” Technical Report, No.447. World Bank.
Saleth, R. M., & Dinar, A. 2000. “Institutional change in global water secter: trends, patterns, and implications.” Water Policy 2 : 175-199.
Saliba and Bush. 1987. “Water Markets in Theory and Practice.” Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Samad and Vermillion, 1999. “an assessment of the Impact of Participatory Irrigation Management in Sri Lanka.” International Journal of Water Resources Development. 15:219-240.
Sandler and Tschirhart,1980. “the Economic Theory of Clubs: an Evaluative Survey.” Journal of Economic Literature. XVIII:1481-1521.
Saunders et. Al. 1977. “Alternative Concepts of Marginal Cost of Public Utility Pricing: Problems of Application in Water Supply Sector.” World Bank Working
Paper No. 259. Washington, DC.
Savenije, H.H.G. 2002. “Why water is not an ordinary economic good, or why the girl is special.” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 27, pp.741-744.
Seagraves and Easter. 1983. “Pricing Irrigation Water in Developing Countries.” Water Resources Bulletin. 27: 745-751.
Shah and Zilberman. 1995. “Political Economy of the Transition from Water Rights to Water Markets.” In Water Quantity/Quality Management and Conflict Resolution: Institutions, Processes and Economic Analysis. Praeger, London.
Small. 1990. “Irrigation Service Fees in Asia.” ODI Irrigation Management Network. 90:3-15.
Small and Carruthers,1991. “Farmer-financed Irrigation: the Economics of Reform.” Cambridge University Press.
Smith and Tsur. 1997. “Asymmetric Information and the Pricing of Natural Resources: Understanding the Case of Unmetered Water.” Land Economics. 73(3): 392-403.
Spulber and Sabbaghi. 1998. “Economics of Water Resources: from Regulation to Privations.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Stigler. 1971. “the Theory of Economic Regulation.” Bell Journal of Economics. Vol. 2(1): 137-146.
Strosser, 1997. “Analyzing Alternative Policy Instruments for the Irrigation Sector.” Wageningen Agricultural University, Netherland.
Sturgess and Wright,1993. “Water Rights in Rural New South Wales: the Evolution of a Property Rights System.” St. Leonards, Aystrilia: the Centre for Independent Studies.
Sunding. 1994. “Modeling the Impacts of Reducing Agricultural Water Supplies: Lessons from California’s Bay/Delta Problem.” UC Berkeley, Working Paper.
Tang,1994. “Institutions and Performance in Irrigation Systems.” In Ostrom(ed):Rules, Games and Common-pool Resource. University of Michigan Press.
Thobani, M.1995. “Tradable Property Rights to Water: How to Improve Water Use and Resolve Water Conflicts.” FPD Note No.34. World Bank.
Tregarthen. 1983. “Water in Colorado: Fear and Lothing in the Marketplace.” in T. Anderson(Ed), Water Rights: Scarce Resources Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco.
Tuser and Dinar. 1995.”Efficiency and Equity Considerations in Pricing and Allocating Irrigation Water.” World Bank Policy Research Paper No.1460.
Vaux,1984. “Managing Water Scarcity: an evalution of Inter-regional Transfer.” Water Resources Research. 20: 785-792.
Vermillion. 1997. “Impacts of Irrigation Management Teansfer: a Review of the Evidence.” IIMI, Research Report, No.11. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Vincent,1990. “the Politics of Water Scarity: Irrigation and Water Supply in the Mountains of the Yemen Republic.” ODI Irrigation Management Network. 90:4-28.
Wade. 1987. “the Management of Common Property Resources: Collective Action as an Alternative to Privatization or State Regulation.” Cambridge Journal of Economics. 11:95-106.
Willis. 1998. “the Effects of Water Rights and Irrigation Technology on Streamflow Augmentation Cost in the Snake River Basin.” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 23(1): 225-243.
Wallis, J. and Dollery, B.1999. “Market Failure, Government Failure, Leadership and Public Policy.” St. Martin’s Press, Inc.
Watson. 1994. “Water and Sanitation Associations: Review and Best Practice.” World Bank Water Resources Seminar.
Wichelns. 1996. “Economic Incentives Reduce Irrigation Deliveries and Drain Water Volume.” Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 10: 131-141.
Wichelns. 1998. “Economic Issues Regarging Tertiary Canal Improvement Programs: an Example from Egypt.” Irrigation and Drainage System. 10:131-141.
Wilson. 1997. “Economic Discovery in Federally Supported Irrigation Districts: a Tribute to William E. Martin and Friend.” Journal of Agicultural and Resource Enconomics. 22(1): 61-77.
William, K. and Feder, G. 1996. “Water Institutions and Economic Incentives to Ameliorate Market and Government Failures.” Food and Environmental Science University of Minnesota. Stuff Paper Series.
World Bank, 1993. “Water Resources Management.” World Bank Policy Paper. Washington DC.
World Bank, 1994. “World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development.” Oxford University Press. New york.
Yoder. 1981.”Non-Agricultural Uses of Irrigation Systems: Past Experience and Implications for Planning and Design.” Paper Prepared for Agricultural Development
Council. Cornell University.
Yoder. 1994. “Locally Managed Irrigation Systems: Essential Tasks and Implications for Assistance, Management Transfer and Turnover Programs”. IIMI.
Zilberman. 1992. “Individual and Institutional Responses to the Drought: the Case of California Agriculture.” UC Berkeley, Working Paper.
Zilberman. 1997. “Incentives and Economics in Water Resources Management.” 2nd Toulouse Conference on Environment and Resources Economics. Toulouse, France(May 14-16).