山西省煤炭价格形成机制研究
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摘要
我国从上世纪70年代末开始逐步提高煤炭价格,到1985年开始实施“价格双轨制”,再到1993年放开除电煤以外的煤炭价格,一直到2007年全部放开电煤价格,经过近30年的不断探索,煤炭价格改革取得了实质性进展,整个煤炭行业基本实现了市场化,但仍然存在价格扭曲现象,主要表现在:价格不能反映煤炭资源的稀缺程度;不能反映煤炭生产消费的外部成本;煤炭价格(包括收费和税收)没有充分体现煤炭行业的特点;供求矛盾突出,价格大起大落、稳定性差。
     煤炭价格扭曲根源于其形成机制的不完善。所谓价格形成机制,一般理解为价格形成各要素的性质、结构及相互关系。研究煤炭价格形成机制,必须回答三个实际问题:哪些成本应该纳入煤炭成本核算?确定进入煤炭全成本的每项成本在现有基础上提高多少,具体达到什么水平?如何分阶段、有步骤地完善煤炭成本核算?为此,本文立足于我国最大的产煤省份——山西省,提出基于可持续发展的全成本煤炭价格构成框架,具体包括煤炭生产成本、煤炭资源成本(资源税、资源补偿费、矿业权价款)、煤炭安全成本、煤炭环境成本、煤炭转产成本、煤炭可持续发展成本、煤炭价格稳定成本以及税金和利润等。鉴于煤炭价格形成还受到煤炭供求关系、下游行业承受能力、煤炭进出口状况、煤炭政策与管理体制等因素的制约,本文运用系统动力学方法构建动态经济系统的煤炭价格形成模型,并引入“电价对煤价的约束因子”及“煤炭成本紧迫系数”,借助系统动力学模拟软件VENSIM反复模拟和优化,确定山西省电煤单项成本的优先顺序及取值范围,并预测未来煤炭价格水平。最后,提出了完善煤炭价格形成机制“三步走”的战略,并分别从完善煤炭资源税费、提高煤矿安全、改善矿区环境、促进煤炭可持续发展、稳定煤炭市场价格等方面,提出了切实可行的政策建议。
Coal price appeared huff from late 1970s, and it worked with a dual price system from 1985. The price of coal except for electrical coal was open from 1993, and that of electrical coal was not open until 2007. After about 30 years' efforts, the coal price reformation has acquired material developments, and the whole coal market is nearly marketization. However there are still some problems with the coal price system at present:the coal price cannot reflect the coal resource rarity; it doesn't include the external costs generated by coal production and consumption; it doesn't match the characteristic of coal industry; and the contradiction between supply and demand is serious, which leads to the frequent fluctuation of coal price.
     The abnormity of the coal price stems from defective price forming mechanism. In general, the price forming mechanism is the character and structure of each integrant of price and the relations among them. Three practical problems should be solved to study the price forming mechanism of coal market: which costs should be brought into full-cost accounting; what level will each cost reach; and how to perfect the coal cost accounting step by step. Therefore, taken Shanxi province, the biggest coal producer as an example, the full-cost coal price constitution frame based on sustainable development is put forward, which includes production cost, resource cost (including resource tax, resource compensation fee and mineral title), safety cost, environmental cost, cost of coal enterprise transformation, sustainable development cost of coal, stabilization cost of coal price, taxes and profits. As the coal price is influenced by some other factors, such as demand and supply,correlative industry, import and export, governmental policy and management system and so on, the coal price model under dynamic economy system is presented with systematic dynamic method, and "electrovalence restraint factor" and "urgent coefficients of coal cost" are introduced into this model. Simulated and optimized with VENSIM repeatedly, both the priorities and value zones of each integrant are decided, and the future coal cost is forecast. Finally,the "three-step development strategy" to perfect the price forming mechanism of coal market is put forward, and several feasible propositions are put forward including perfecting taxes and fees of coal resource, improving coal mine safety and environment, promoting sustainable development of coal resources, and stabilizing coal price.
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