斜坡结构冰载荷的有限元分析和试验研究
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摘要
斜坡结构已成为有冰海区海洋结构的优选结构,冰对斜坡结构作用力学机制的分析是近些年来到国际上研究的热点问题。本文通过采用非线性接触有限单元法进行数学分析与冰力模型试验相结合的方法,探索准确计算斜面冰荷载的数学分析方法。
本文首先概要地介绍了海冰的物理力学性质,列举了国际上常用的斜体静冰力计算模型和规范公式,阐述了有限元基本原理和非线性接触分析,使用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS建立斜坡与冰相互作用的数学计算模型,通过数学模型计算,分析作用于斜面结构物上冰荷载的组成成分,深入地解释冰与斜面结构物作用的机制,并对摩擦系数、坡角、冰弯曲强度及冰厚如何影响作用在斜坡结构上的水平冰力进行研究。同时进行斜坡冰力模型试验,通过数学模型计算结果与模型试验数据进行对比性分析,验证本文有限元数学模拟方法的正确性,并得到关于斜坡结构冰载荷的重要结论。
通过理论分析和试验研究相结合,证明此数学模型计算是一种简易、可行、经济的冰力计算方法,为海冰设计标准中冰力计算模型提供一种新途径,对工程设计冰载荷的计算有很大帮助。
The inclined structures are popular in defeating ice encounter. Many efforts have been made in the last twenty years to further study the interaction of sea ice with the various types of the inclined offshore structures. In this paper, the combination of the nonlinear contact patterns using finite element and ice model tests will be used to analyze the ice force on inclined structure.
The paper studies the mechanic characters of ice at first and discusses several mechanism models and the formula calculation in profession criterion of ice load on the inclined structure. According to the finite element and nonlinear contact theory, using the ANSYS, a mathematical pattern of ice-incline interaction can be created. The efferts of the principal parameters which include the friction coefficient, slope angle, ice strength and ice thickness act on the inclined structures were discussed. At the same time, the ice model tests are carried out. They come to the same results, which prove the theories in this paper are correct.
The combination of theory and experiment give the basis of choosing the ice force patterns in sea ice design criterion. It is very useful in practical ice load calculation.
本文首先概要地介绍了海冰的物理力学性质,列举了国际上常用的斜体静冰力计算模型和规范公式,阐述了有限元基本原理和非线性接触分析,使用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS建立斜坡与冰相互作用的数学计算模型,通过数学模型计算,分析作用于斜面结构物上冰荷载的组成成分,深入地解释冰与斜面结构物作用的机制,并对摩擦系数、坡角、冰弯曲强度及冰厚如何影响作用在斜坡结构上的水平冰力进行研究。同时进行斜坡冰力模型试验,通过数学模型计算结果与模型试验数据进行对比性分析,验证本文有限元数学模拟方法的正确性,并得到关于斜坡结构冰载荷的重要结论。
通过理论分析和试验研究相结合,证明此数学模型计算是一种简易、可行、经济的冰力计算方法,为海冰设计标准中冰力计算模型提供一种新途径,对工程设计冰载荷的计算有很大帮助。
The inclined structures are popular in defeating ice encounter. Many efforts have been made in the last twenty years to further study the interaction of sea ice with the various types of the inclined offshore structures. In this paper, the combination of the nonlinear contact patterns using finite element and ice model tests will be used to analyze the ice force on inclined structure.
The paper studies the mechanic characters of ice at first and discusses several mechanism models and the formula calculation in profession criterion of ice load on the inclined structure. According to the finite element and nonlinear contact theory, using the ANSYS, a mathematical pattern of ice-incline interaction can be created. The efferts of the principal parameters which include the friction coefficient, slope angle, ice strength and ice thickness act on the inclined structures were discussed. At the same time, the ice model tests are carried out. They come to the same results, which prove the theories in this paper are correct.
The combination of theory and experiment give the basis of choosing the ice force patterns in sea ice design criterion. It is very useful in practical ice load calculation.
引文
[1] 丁德文等，工程海冰学概论：[M]，北京：海洋出版社，1999，1～83
[2] 张方俭，我国的海冰，北京：海洋出版社，1986，47～61
[3] 王剑青等，关于海冰与结构作用的研究进展，第四届全国冰工程学术会议论文集，1999
[4] Matlock H,，Analytical model for ice-structure interaction,，Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 1971
[5] 史庆增，徐继祖，宋安，海冰作用力的模型实验[J],海洋工程，1991，9（1）：16～22
[6] Sodhi.s.d. and H.E.Hamza, Buckling Analysis of a Semi-Infinite Ice Sheet, Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, St.Johns, Newfoundland, Canada,1977
[7] Wang.Y.S., Buckling Analysis of a Semi-Infinite Ice Sheet Moving Against Cylindrical Structures, Procedings, IAHR Symposium on Ice Problems, Lucea, Sweden, pp.7-9,August,1978
[8] Kry, Ice Forces on Wide Structures, P.R. Third Canadian Geotechical Colloqium, Canadian Geotechnical Journal,Vol.17,Feb 1980
[9] Takahiro T, Bekker，Ice Load Equation by Medium Scale Field Indentation Test Data，Proceedings of the Eleventh(2001) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol,Ⅰ
[10] K,Kato，DESIGN ICE FORCE ESTIMATING SYSTEM，Proceedings of the Second(1992) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅱ
[11] Alexander T, Bekker，Olga A, Komarova and Sergey L, Vasiljev，Method of Ridge Ice Analysis on Offshore Structures，Proceedings of the Seventh(1997) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅱ
[12] Alexander T, Bekker，Olga A, Komarova and Aleksey V, Venkov，The etermination of Extreme Ice Loads on Offshore Structures，Proceedings of the Eighth(1998) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅱ
[13] 隋吉学,作用于斜坡结构物上海冰荷载的二维计算[J],海洋环境科学，1996年，15（2）：70～73
[14] 隋吉学,作用于斜坡结构物上海冰荷载的三维计算[J],海洋环境科学，1997年，16（2）：15～19
[15] 李志军，卡艾·瑞斯卡．斜面结构物上冰作用力三维理论试验检验[J], 大连理工大学学报，2001年，41（1）：100～103
[16] 港口工程荷载规范，中华人民共和国交通部，JTJ 215～98
[17] 宋安，史庆增，黄焱, 作用于结构物上冰荷载理论公式的评估与比较[R], 天津：天津大学建筑工程学院，2004
[18] 陆钦年，段忠东，欧进平，等,河冰对桥墩作用的冰荷载计算方法 （Ⅱ）[J],自然灾害学报，2002，11（4）：112～118
[19] Mohamed Sayed, Robert Frederking and Anne Barker，Numerical Simulation of Broken Ice Cover Forces on Structures: a Parametric Study，Proceedings of the Tenth(2000) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅰ
[20] Kazuyuki Kato，Trial Calculation of Design Ice Loads on an Arctic Structure for Offshore Sakhalin，Proceedings of the Eighth(1998) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅱ
[21] Yoshishige Itoh, Yoshihiro Tanaka and Alberto Delgado，Abrasion Depth Distribution of a Cylindrical Concrete Structure Due to Sea Ice Movement， International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，1996, Vol，6
[22]黄焱，史庆增，宋安，冰力模型实验中的模型律[C]，冰川冻土，25卷，增刊2，北京：科学出版社，2003,352-355
[23] 宋安，汪震宇，史庆增等，冰模拟试验和水利工程，水利水电技术，2005, Vol,7,100～105
[24]王安，史庆增，王义安等，作用在水工建筑物冰荷载的试验研究[R]，天津：天津大学建筑工程学院，2004
[25] G, W, Timco, The mechanical properties of saline-doped and carbamide (UREA) doped model ice[J], Cold Region Science and Technology, 1980, (3): 46-56 [26]G,W,Timco,EG/AD/S:A new type of model ice for refrigerated towing tank[J],Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1986, (12): 175-195
[27] Song An, A Primary study of confined compressive test and relevant failure envelope of model ice[R], Prepared for Institute for Marine Dynamics, Canada, 1990
[28] Song An, Shi Qing-zeng, Xu Ji-zu, An ice model tank and its data acquisition on system [C], International Symposium on Cold Region Development 1988, Vol,4, 311～323
[29]宋安，史庆增，黄焱等，《松花江大顶子山航运框枢纽通航技术研究》之冰冻地区冰对水式建筑物的破坏及防冰措施调研分析[R]，天津大学建筑工程学院，交通部天津运工程科学研究所，2004，6，1-62
[30] A,M,Cornett, G,W,Timco, Ice Loads on an Elastic Model of Molikpaq, Applied Ocean Research， 1998，Vol 20,Issues 1～2， 105～118
[31]Palmer,A,C.,1991,Ice forces and ice crushing,Proceddings, Eleventh International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, St, John's Newfoundland, 1,11-24
[32] T,G,Brown, Modelling of continuous crushing of ice in front of offshore structures, Can,J,Civ,Eng,22 1995
[33]王元汉，李丽娟等，有限元基础与程序设计，华南理工大学出版社
[34] 王勖成，邵敏，有限单元法基本原理和数值方法[M],清华大学出版社
[35] 龚曙光，ANSYS工程应用实例解析，机械工业出版社[M],2003.4
[36] ANSYS Theory Reference, 9th Edition, SAS IP, Inc
[37] 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处，ANSYS非线性分析指南，2000.1
[38] 美国ANSYS公司，ANSYS技术报告，2000.1
[39] SAS IP，Inc, ANSYS Elements Reference, 10th Edition
[40] Matlock H,Analytical model for ice-structure interaction,，Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 1971
[41] 王国强，实用工程数值模拟技术在ANSYS上的实践，西北工业大学出版社
[42]宋勇，艾宴清，梁波等，精通ANSYS7，0有限元分析[D].北京：清华大学出版社，2004，51-63
[43] 于永海，隋吉学, 冰对斜体结构作用的二维和三维力学模型分析[J],海洋环境科学，1999年，18（3）：43～47
[44]J, Xiao, I,J,Jordaan, Application of damage mechanics to ice failure in compression, cold regions science and technology, 24(1996):305-322
[2] 张方俭，我国的海冰，北京：海洋出版社，1986，47～61
[3] 王剑青等，关于海冰与结构作用的研究进展，第四届全国冰工程学术会议论文集，1999
[4] Matlock H,，Analytical model for ice-structure interaction,，Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 1971
[5] 史庆增，徐继祖，宋安，海冰作用力的模型实验[J],海洋工程，1991，9（1）：16～22
[6] Sodhi.s.d. and H.E.Hamza, Buckling Analysis of a Semi-Infinite Ice Sheet, Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, St.Johns, Newfoundland, Canada,1977
[7] Wang.Y.S., Buckling Analysis of a Semi-Infinite Ice Sheet Moving Against Cylindrical Structures, Procedings, IAHR Symposium on Ice Problems, Lucea, Sweden, pp.7-9,August,1978
[8] Kry, Ice Forces on Wide Structures, P.R. Third Canadian Geotechical Colloqium, Canadian Geotechnical Journal,Vol.17,Feb 1980
[9] Takahiro T, Bekker，Ice Load Equation by Medium Scale Field Indentation Test Data，Proceedings of the Eleventh(2001) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol,Ⅰ
[10] K,Kato，DESIGN ICE FORCE ESTIMATING SYSTEM，Proceedings of the Second(1992) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅱ
[11] Alexander T, Bekker，Olga A, Komarova and Sergey L, Vasiljev，Method of Ridge Ice Analysis on Offshore Structures，Proceedings of the Seventh(1997) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅱ
[12] Alexander T, Bekker，Olga A, Komarova and Aleksey V, Venkov，The etermination of Extreme Ice Loads on Offshore Structures，Proceedings of the Eighth(1998) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅱ
[13] 隋吉学,作用于斜坡结构物上海冰荷载的二维计算[J],海洋环境科学，1996年，15（2）：70～73
[14] 隋吉学,作用于斜坡结构物上海冰荷载的三维计算[J],海洋环境科学，1997年，16（2）：15～19
[15] 李志军，卡艾·瑞斯卡．斜面结构物上冰作用力三维理论试验检验[J], 大连理工大学学报，2001年，41（1）：100～103
[16] 港口工程荷载规范，中华人民共和国交通部，JTJ 215～98
[17] 宋安，史庆增，黄焱, 作用于结构物上冰荷载理论公式的评估与比较[R], 天津：天津大学建筑工程学院，2004
[18] 陆钦年，段忠东，欧进平，等,河冰对桥墩作用的冰荷载计算方法 （Ⅱ）[J],自然灾害学报，2002，11（4）：112～118
[19] Mohamed Sayed, Robert Frederking and Anne Barker，Numerical Simulation of Broken Ice Cover Forces on Structures: a Parametric Study，Proceedings of the Tenth(2000) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅰ
[20] Kazuyuki Kato，Trial Calculation of Design Ice Loads on an Arctic Structure for Offshore Sakhalin，Proceedings of the Eighth(1998) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，Vol，Ⅱ
[21] Yoshishige Itoh, Yoshihiro Tanaka and Alberto Delgado，Abrasion Depth Distribution of a Cylindrical Concrete Structure Due to Sea Ice Movement， International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference，1996, Vol，6
[22]黄焱，史庆增，宋安，冰力模型实验中的模型律[C]，冰川冻土，25卷，增刊2，北京：科学出版社，2003,352-355
[23] 宋安，汪震宇，史庆增等，冰模拟试验和水利工程，水利水电技术，2005, Vol,7,100～105
[24]王安，史庆增，王义安等，作用在水工建筑物冰荷载的试验研究[R]，天津：天津大学建筑工程学院，2004
[25] G, W, Timco, The mechanical properties of saline-doped and carbamide (UREA) doped model ice[J], Cold Region Science and Technology, 1980, (3): 46-56 [26]G,W,Timco,EG/AD/S:A new type of model ice for refrigerated towing tank[J],Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1986, (12): 175-195
[27] Song An, A Primary study of confined compressive test and relevant failure envelope of model ice[R], Prepared for Institute for Marine Dynamics, Canada, 1990
[28] Song An, Shi Qing-zeng, Xu Ji-zu, An ice model tank and its data acquisition on system [C], International Symposium on Cold Region Development 1988, Vol,4, 311～323
[29]宋安，史庆增，黄焱等，《松花江大顶子山航运框枢纽通航技术研究》之冰冻地区冰对水式建筑物的破坏及防冰措施调研分析[R]，天津大学建筑工程学院，交通部天津运工程科学研究所，2004，6，1-62
[30] A,M,Cornett, G,W,Timco, Ice Loads on an Elastic Model of Molikpaq, Applied Ocean Research， 1998，Vol 20,Issues 1～2， 105～118
[31]Palmer,A,C.,1991,Ice forces and ice crushing,Proceddings, Eleventh International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, St, John's Newfoundland, 1,11-24
[32] T,G,Brown, Modelling of continuous crushing of ice in front of offshore structures, Can,J,Civ,Eng,22 1995
[33]王元汉，李丽娟等，有限元基础与程序设计，华南理工大学出版社
[34] 王勖成，邵敏，有限单元法基本原理和数值方法[M],清华大学出版社
[35] 龚曙光，ANSYS工程应用实例解析，机械工业出版社[M],2003.4
[36] ANSYS Theory Reference, 9th Edition, SAS IP, Inc
[37] 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处，ANSYS非线性分析指南，2000.1
[38] 美国ANSYS公司，ANSYS技术报告，2000.1
[39] SAS IP，Inc, ANSYS Elements Reference, 10th Edition
[40] Matlock H,Analytical model for ice-structure interaction,，Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 1971
[41] 王国强，实用工程数值模拟技术在ANSYS上的实践，西北工业大学出版社
[42]宋勇，艾宴清，梁波等，精通ANSYS7，0有限元分析[D].北京：清华大学出版社，2004，51-63
[43] 于永海，隋吉学, 冰对斜体结构作用的二维和三维力学模型分析[J],海洋环境科学，1999年，18（3）：43～47
[44]J, Xiao, I,J,Jordaan, Application of damage mechanics to ice failure in compression, cold regions science and technology, 24(1996):305-322