季节性冻土构筑物冻胀机理研究及应用
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摘要
季冻区由于寒季土体冻胀,在不同的温度、地质环境中构筑物受到冻害影响,轻重程度各异,深入研究冻胀机理,对季冻区构筑物建设及维护无疑具有重大意义。本文结合建设部基金资助项目“湖岸构筑物冻害分析及处理”(06-K1-10),结合现场实际测量和室内试验数据,对冻胀机理进行深入研究,结合理论对长春地区土体冻胀过程进行深入说明。
详细深入的对三大冻胀理论进行了全面系统地研究和总结,对该领域的研究状况有了较为清楚的认识。水分迁移和成冰作用是冻胀机理的主要研究内容,本文通过对含水量、地温、冻深、地下水监测,结合土的物理化学性质,对试验地区水分迁移、冻胀机理进行了详细的研究,得出了可靠的结论,重点解决了季冻区土体水分迁移特征、土体冻胀及防治问题。
论文通过现场试验和室内试验,丰富了季冻区冻胀机理的研究,为工程施工及冻害防治提供了新的思路和方法。
Frozen soil is special, which contains kinds of soil with ice below minus or zero Celsius degree. According to the existence time’s length, it is divided into two kinds which are permafrost and seasonal frozen soil. In China there is seasonal frozen soil occupying 5.137 million km2, 53.5% of total China areas at north latitude 30°northly. Frozen soil is special soil-water system containing ice crystals, which is multiphase complex consisting of solid particles, ice, liquid water and the air. The existence and evolution of frozen soil make sense to human living environment and development because there always are natural resources such as land, forest, minerals and so on in frozen soil region. So it is of great significance to study frozen soil thoroughly. Soil frost heaving as result of segregation frost swelling during freezing in cold region, makes damage to the buildings above. This paper takes research on the interaction between engineering and frozen soil environment and mechanism of frost heaving, and obtains the conclusion and proposal for engineering construction stability and controlling measures. This paper is divided in to five parts.
The first part generally introduces the distribution of frozen soil and research significance, and the development, trend of research in details at home and abroad. The frost heaving mechanism is the important point in this part.
The second part introduces the forming reason, relationship between frozen soil and local natural conditions, nine forms of water in frozen soil, microstructural features of seasonal frozen soil, phase to phase contacting situation, and physical and chemical analysis on seasonal frozen soil. In addition, it further discusses those effects to frost heaving properties, which comes from granularity, density, water content, temperature gradient, and humidity gradient of frozen soil and presents heat exchange coefficient, hydraulic parameters and formulas.
The third part takes a further research on capillary theory used in granualar soil, the second frost heaving theory used in clay, and segregation frost heaving theory used as complementarity of the two above. The different theories are generally the same on effect factors to frost heaving despite of different mechanisms existing. The segregation frost heaving occupies the main size of saturated soil in open system. The segregation frost heaving is composed of two physical processes which are water migration and ice-formed effect in soil. Heat flow and water flow situation are the leading factors that determine soil mass frost heaving, while soil nature, solute’s components and contents, and external pressure will change frost heaving intensity and speed to different exten. This paper explains the whole frost heaving process supported from experimental data in Changchun the typical season forzen region, where the average frozen depth is 1.5 m, ice lens’thickness is 1.1～1.5 m, and the water migration rate acounts for 3.3～4.5% that increases as water content.
In the fourth part it builds frost heaving prediction model based on the heat equation, void-water pressure equation and mass equation, and puts forward several controlling frost heaving measures according to acquired results of mechanism research in the third part, practical experiences, predecessors’achievements.
It is the conclusion and proposal in the fifth part, which provides reliable references for practical engineering based on deep research results in the four parts above.
详细深入的对三大冻胀理论进行了全面系统地研究和总结,对该领域的研究状况有了较为清楚的认识。水分迁移和成冰作用是冻胀机理的主要研究内容,本文通过对含水量、地温、冻深、地下水监测,结合土的物理化学性质,对试验地区水分迁移、冻胀机理进行了详细的研究,得出了可靠的结论,重点解决了季冻区土体水分迁移特征、土体冻胀及防治问题。
论文通过现场试验和室内试验,丰富了季冻区冻胀机理的研究,为工程施工及冻害防治提供了新的思路和方法。
Frozen soil is special, which contains kinds of soil with ice below minus or zero Celsius degree. According to the existence time’s length, it is divided into two kinds which are permafrost and seasonal frozen soil. In China there is seasonal frozen soil occupying 5.137 million km2, 53.5% of total China areas at north latitude 30°northly. Frozen soil is special soil-water system containing ice crystals, which is multiphase complex consisting of solid particles, ice, liquid water and the air. The existence and evolution of frozen soil make sense to human living environment and development because there always are natural resources such as land, forest, minerals and so on in frozen soil region. So it is of great significance to study frozen soil thoroughly. Soil frost heaving as result of segregation frost swelling during freezing in cold region, makes damage to the buildings above. This paper takes research on the interaction between engineering and frozen soil environment and mechanism of frost heaving, and obtains the conclusion and proposal for engineering construction stability and controlling measures. This paper is divided in to five parts.
The first part generally introduces the distribution of frozen soil and research significance, and the development, trend of research in details at home and abroad. The frost heaving mechanism is the important point in this part.
The second part introduces the forming reason, relationship between frozen soil and local natural conditions, nine forms of water in frozen soil, microstructural features of seasonal frozen soil, phase to phase contacting situation, and physical and chemical analysis on seasonal frozen soil. In addition, it further discusses those effects to frost heaving properties, which comes from granularity, density, water content, temperature gradient, and humidity gradient of frozen soil and presents heat exchange coefficient, hydraulic parameters and formulas.
The third part takes a further research on capillary theory used in granualar soil, the second frost heaving theory used in clay, and segregation frost heaving theory used as complementarity of the two above. The different theories are generally the same on effect factors to frost heaving despite of different mechanisms existing. The segregation frost heaving occupies the main size of saturated soil in open system. The segregation frost heaving is composed of two physical processes which are water migration and ice-formed effect in soil. Heat flow and water flow situation are the leading factors that determine soil mass frost heaving, while soil nature, solute’s components and contents, and external pressure will change frost heaving intensity and speed to different exten. This paper explains the whole frost heaving process supported from experimental data in Changchun the typical season forzen region, where the average frozen depth is 1.5 m, ice lens’thickness is 1.1～1.5 m, and the water migration rate acounts for 3.3～4.5% that increases as water content.
In the fourth part it builds frost heaving prediction model based on the heat equation, void-water pressure equation and mass equation, and puts forward several controlling frost heaving measures according to acquired results of mechanism research in the third part, practical experiences, predecessors’achievements.
It is the conclusion and proposal in the fifth part, which provides reliable references for practical engineering based on deep research results in the four parts above.
引文
[1] 中国科学院兰州冰川冻土沙漠研究所,冻土,科学出版社, 1975,1-16.
[2] 徐学祖,王家澄,张立新.冻土物理学[M].北京:科学出版 社,2001.4.1-18, 39-46.
[3] 周幼吾、邱国庆、程国栋、郭东信.中国冻土.科学出版社. 2000.8.第一版.19-23,84-89,205-210.
[4] 武憼民，汪双杰，章金钊.多年冻土地区公路工程[M].北京: 人民交通出版社,2005.9-11.
[5] 童伯良.从第三届国际冻土会议看普通冻土学的成就和动向[J].冰川冻土,1979.1:65-73.
[6] 朱元林,程国栋.从第六届国际冻土学大会(ⅥICOP)看冻土学研究现状及发展趋势[J].中国科学院院刊,1994.1:84-87
[7] 陈建兵,章金钊.国际冻土研究动态[J].公路,2004.1:94-98.
[8] Everett D H.The thermodynamics of frost damage to Porous solids[J].Trans.Faraday soc.,1961,57: 1541-1551.
[9] Miller R D.Freezing and heaving of saturated and unsaturated soils[J].Highway Research Record,1972, (393):1-11.
[10] Harlan R L. Analysis of couple heat-fluid transport in partially frozen soil[J].Wat.Resour.Res.1973.9(5):1314-1323
[11] Guymon G,Berg R, Hromadka T. A one-dimensional frost heave model based upon simulation of simultaneous heat and water flux[J].Cold Reg.Sci.and Technol,1980,3:253-263
[12] O’Neill K,Miller R D. Exploration of a rigid-ice of frost heave[J].Wat.Resour.Res.1985.
[13] Sheng D C. Thermodynamics of freezing soils[D]. Sweden: Lulea University Press,1994.
[14] Konrad J M. Morgenstern N R.The segregation potential of a freezing soil[J].Can.Geotech.J.1981.18:482-491
[15] Fremond M.Mikkola M.Thermomechanical modeling of freezing soil[A],6th Int.Symp.On Ground Freezing.[C]. Beijing.
[16] 李萍,徐学祖,陈峰峰.冻结缘和冻胀模型的研究现状与进展[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(1):93-94
[17] 程国栋.冻土力学与工程的国际研究新进展[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(3):294-296
[18] 徐学祖,何平,张健明.土体冻结和冻胀研究的新进展[J].冰川冻土,1997,19(3):14-15
[19] Jessberger H L. Opening address[Al. In: Jones and Holden,eds. Ground Freezing 88,Proceedings of 5th Interational Symposium on Ground Freezing[C]. Rotterdam:Balke ma A A,1989,407-411
[20] 徐学祖,奥利奋特J L,泰斯A R.土水势、未冻水含量和温度[J].冰川冻土,1985.1:1-13
[21] Γ.Π.马祖罗夫.梁惠生,伍期建译.冻土物理力学性质[M].煤炭工业出版社,1980.8:17-26
[22] 陈肖柏,刘建坤,刘鸿绪,王雅卿.土的冻结作用与地基[M]. 科学出版社,2006.1
[23] H.A.崔托维奇.郭文于,王田瑞译.冻土试验室研究资料[M].北京:地质出版社,1959.8.
[24] 徐学祖,邓友生.冻土中水分迁移的试验研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.4.
[25] Miller R D.Lens initiation in secondary frost heaving[R].Int.Symp. on Frost action in soils,Sweden,1977
[26] Burt T P.Williams P J. Hydraulic conductivity in frozen soils[J].Earth surface Processes,1976
[27] Horiguchi K,Miller R D. Hydraulic conductivity functions of frozen materials[A].4th Int.Conf.,on Permafrost[C].Washington D.C.,National Academy Press.1983
[28] Black P B,Miller R D.Hydraulic . conductivity and unfrozen water content of air-free frozen silt[J].Wat.Resour.Res.,1990
[29] 苏群.东北地区路基土冻胀机理与防治对策[J].黑龙江工程学院学报,2001.15(1)
[2] 徐学祖,王家澄,张立新.冻土物理学[M].北京:科学出版 社,2001.4.1-18, 39-46.
[3] 周幼吾、邱国庆、程国栋、郭东信.中国冻土.科学出版社. 2000.8.第一版.19-23,84-89,205-210.
[4] 武憼民，汪双杰，章金钊.多年冻土地区公路工程[M].北京: 人民交通出版社,2005.9-11.
[5] 童伯良.从第三届国际冻土会议看普通冻土学的成就和动向[J].冰川冻土,1979.1:65-73.
[6] 朱元林,程国栋.从第六届国际冻土学大会(ⅥICOP)看冻土学研究现状及发展趋势[J].中国科学院院刊,1994.1:84-87
[7] 陈建兵,章金钊.国际冻土研究动态[J].公路,2004.1:94-98.
[8] Everett D H.The thermodynamics of frost damage to Porous solids[J].Trans.Faraday soc.,1961,57: 1541-1551.
[9] Miller R D.Freezing and heaving of saturated and unsaturated soils[J].Highway Research Record,1972, (393):1-11.
[10] Harlan R L. Analysis of couple heat-fluid transport in partially frozen soil[J].Wat.Resour.Res.1973.9(5):1314-1323
[11] Guymon G,Berg R, Hromadka T. A one-dimensional frost heave model based upon simulation of simultaneous heat and water flux[J].Cold Reg.Sci.and Technol,1980,3:253-263
[12] O’Neill K,Miller R D. Exploration of a rigid-ice of frost heave[J].Wat.Resour.Res.1985.
[13] Sheng D C. Thermodynamics of freezing soils[D]. Sweden: Lulea University Press,1994.
[14] Konrad J M. Morgenstern N R.The segregation potential of a freezing soil[J].Can.Geotech.J.1981.18:482-491
[15] Fremond M.Mikkola M.Thermomechanical modeling of freezing soil[A],6th Int.Symp.On Ground Freezing.[C]. Beijing.
[16] 李萍,徐学祖,陈峰峰.冻结缘和冻胀模型的研究现状与进展[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(1):93-94
[17] 程国栋.冻土力学与工程的国际研究新进展[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(3):294-296
[18] 徐学祖,何平,张健明.土体冻结和冻胀研究的新进展[J].冰川冻土,1997,19(3):14-15
[19] Jessberger H L. Opening address[Al. In: Jones and Holden,eds. Ground Freezing 88,Proceedings of 5th Interational Symposium on Ground Freezing[C]. Rotterdam:Balke ma A A,1989,407-411
[20] 徐学祖,奥利奋特J L,泰斯A R.土水势、未冻水含量和温度[J].冰川冻土,1985.1:1-13
[21] Γ.Π.马祖罗夫.梁惠生,伍期建译.冻土物理力学性质[M].煤炭工业出版社,1980.8:17-26
[22] 陈肖柏,刘建坤,刘鸿绪,王雅卿.土的冻结作用与地基[M]. 科学出版社,2006.1
[23] H.A.崔托维奇.郭文于,王田瑞译.冻土试验室研究资料[M].北京:地质出版社,1959.8.
[24] 徐学祖,邓友生.冻土中水分迁移的试验研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.4.
[25] Miller R D.Lens initiation in secondary frost heaving[R].Int.Symp. on Frost action in soils,Sweden,1977
[26] Burt T P.Williams P J. Hydraulic conductivity in frozen soils[J].Earth surface Processes,1976
[27] Horiguchi K,Miller R D. Hydraulic conductivity functions of frozen materials[A].4th Int.Conf.,on Permafrost[C].Washington D.C.,National Academy Press.1983
[28] Black P B,Miller R D.Hydraulic . conductivity and unfrozen water content of air-free frozen silt[J].Wat.Resour.Res.,1990
[29] 苏群.东北地区路基土冻胀机理与防治对策[J].黑龙江工程学院学报,2001.15(1)