城市化进程中土地冲突管理的理论分析与机制设计
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摘要
城市化是一个国家经济和社会发展所必经的过程与阶段,在经过了近30年的改革发展之后,我国步入了快速城市化进程的时期。伴随着城市化的不断推进,我国大中小城市和城镇的范围、面积普遍扩张,越来越多的农地被征用为非农用地,土地使用制度改革在不同程度推进,土地权益在不断调整。单位、家庭、个人与土地之间业已形成的结合关系经历着巨大的变故,各种土地冲突问题在这样的背景下不断的产生,甚至蔓延、升级。随着我国未来继续推进加速城市化战略,有必要及时采取有效的管理措施应对土地冲突,避免其愈演愈烈的趋势。因此,对我国城市化进程中土地冲突管理进行相关的理论研究和实践建议具有重要的现实意义。
本文在借鉴国内外已有研究成果的基础上,把国外对土地冲突及冲突管理研究的思路和方法进行适当的综合和改进,使之适合我国土地冲突的实际情况。本为除绪论外分为四个部分。第一部分对城市化进程中土地冲突的相关概念进行概述,涵盖了土地冲突的定义、诱因,并对土地冲突的过程进行了横向与纵向的分析。第二部分为土地冲突管理理论分析,解释了土地冲突管理的内涵,并运用多个概念图对土地冲突管理涉及到的土地冲突的层次进行等级划分,同时用模糊综合评价(FCE)模型对土地冲突风险做出评估,并对土地冲突管理的程序做出具体描述,包括土地冲突管理的条件,目标,以及在不同的阶段适用于土地冲突管理的方法。第三部分构建了一个可能适用于我国的土地冲突管理多方面的机制。第四部分为结论。
Urbanization is a necessary period in the process of economic and social development. After 30 years’reformation, China has stepped in the rapid evolution stage, the area of cities and towns was expanded universally, more and more farm land has been expropriated and transformed to other uses. At the same time, land use policy and land rights is promoted in different levels and aspects, the existed relationship between units, family, individual and land is under great influence, a large number of land-related conflict emerge ,spread and even upgrade under such background. It is of utmost importance to carry out efficient management measures to cope with rural land-related conflicts and avoid the situation goes worse. It is of practical significance to study the theory and give practical suggestions on land-related conflict management in the process of urbanization.
Based on outcomes of the existing research on land-related conflict and conflict management abroad and home, the thinking and methodology of the foreign research is renewed to apply for China’s factual land conflict situation in the paper. This paper is divided into four major parts besides the introduction. The first part gives a summary of land conflict related concepts and analyzes the definition as well as inducement. It also explains the connotation of land conflict management and studies the process of it through horizontal and vertical way. The second part includes a general description of land conflict management related theory and graphics are used to describe different levels and stages of land conflict, a concept maps was made to summary the whole course of land conflict management. FCE is used to evaluate the conflict risk. It also gives a detail suggestion of land-related conflict management process, the conditions and timing, purpose and results as well as proper ways and methods in different stages are covered, some probable appropriate countermeasure of land conflict management are given. The third part builds a possible proper land-related conflict management system. The final part is conclusion.
本文在借鉴国内外已有研究成果的基础上,把国外对土地冲突及冲突管理研究的思路和方法进行适当的综合和改进,使之适合我国土地冲突的实际情况。本为除绪论外分为四个部分。第一部分对城市化进程中土地冲突的相关概念进行概述,涵盖了土地冲突的定义、诱因,并对土地冲突的过程进行了横向与纵向的分析。第二部分为土地冲突管理理论分析,解释了土地冲突管理的内涵,并运用多个概念图对土地冲突管理涉及到的土地冲突的层次进行等级划分,同时用模糊综合评价(FCE)模型对土地冲突风险做出评估,并对土地冲突管理的程序做出具体描述,包括土地冲突管理的条件,目标,以及在不同的阶段适用于土地冲突管理的方法。第三部分构建了一个可能适用于我国的土地冲突管理多方面的机制。第四部分为结论。
Urbanization is a necessary period in the process of economic and social development. After 30 years’reformation, China has stepped in the rapid evolution stage, the area of cities and towns was expanded universally, more and more farm land has been expropriated and transformed to other uses. At the same time, land use policy and land rights is promoted in different levels and aspects, the existed relationship between units, family, individual and land is under great influence, a large number of land-related conflict emerge ,spread and even upgrade under such background. It is of utmost importance to carry out efficient management measures to cope with rural land-related conflicts and avoid the situation goes worse. It is of practical significance to study the theory and give practical suggestions on land-related conflict management in the process of urbanization.
Based on outcomes of the existing research on land-related conflict and conflict management abroad and home, the thinking and methodology of the foreign research is renewed to apply for China’s factual land conflict situation in the paper. This paper is divided into four major parts besides the introduction. The first part gives a summary of land conflict related concepts and analyzes the definition as well as inducement. It also explains the connotation of land conflict management and studies the process of it through horizontal and vertical way. The second part includes a general description of land conflict management related theory and graphics are used to describe different levels and stages of land conflict, a concept maps was made to summary the whole course of land conflict management. FCE is used to evaluate the conflict risk. It also gives a detail suggestion of land-related conflict management process, the conditions and timing, purpose and results as well as proper ways and methods in different stages are covered, some probable appropriate countermeasure of land conflict management are given. The third part builds a possible proper land-related conflict management system. The final part is conclusion.
引文
[1]汪洋.“十五”城镇化发展规划研究[M].北京:中国计划出版社, 2001.
[2]陈军. 2005年村镇建设统计公报[N].中国建设报, 2006-5-29
[3]国家统计局编. 2006中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2007.
[4]叶建平.从权利到救济——完善我国农地征收纠纷解决机制的思考与建议[J].法治研究, 2007, (11): 49-52.
[5]瞿长福.谁来守住耕地底线[J].中国土地, 2004, (4): 17.
[6]新京报.首个告赢省政府的农民维权样板[J/OL]. 2007 http://news.thebeijingnews.com/0547/2007/0425/018@258466.htm.
[7]柴会群. S形线路潜伏巨大危险,三次机会本可避免惨祸[N].南方周末, 2008年5月1日
[8] S. BOYDELL. Land Tenure and Land Conflict in the South Pacific[M]. 2001.
[9] D. PATERSON. Conflicts arising from Management and use of Customary Land. FAO/USP/RICS Foundation South Pacific Land Tenure Conflict Symposium[M].Fiji, 2002.
[10] KABUTAULAKA. Solomon Islands Defense Force: Who is the Enemy?[J].Pacific Islands Business, 2001, (7): 19.
[11] S. M. HOWARD. Land conflict and Mayangna territorial rights in Nicaragua’s Bosawas reserve[J].Bull.latin American Reviews, 1998, 17 (1): 17-21.
[12] C. S. SIMMONS. The Political Economy of Land Conflict in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2004, 94 (1): 183-192.
[13] G. D. L. LEE J.ALSTON, BERNARDO MUELLER. Land Reform Policies, the Sources of Violent Conflict and Implications for Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2000, 39 (2): 162.
[14] G. HILSON. An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities[J].Land use policy, 2002, 19 (1): 65.
[15] K. D. HANS M AMMAN. Land Tenure and Conflict resolution: A Game Theoretic Approach in the Narok District in Kenya[M]. 2001.
[16] E. URRESTA. Working papers. Report on Research Findings and policy Recommendations for a legal Framework for Land Dispute Mediation[M]. 2002.
[17] KANDAKASI. Customary Mediation Under the PNG Land Dispute Settlement Act[M].
[18] L. HOTTE. Conflicts Over Property Rights and Natural Resource Exploitation at the Frontier[J].Journal of Development Economics, 2001, 66: 90-91.
[19]于伯华.土地利用冲突分析:概念与方法[J].地理科学进展, 2006, (25): 34.
[20]赵立伟.谈土地纠纷[J].国土资源, 2002, (2): 45.
[21]姚从容.城市化进程中的失地农民——制度安排与利益冲突[J].人口与经济, 2006, (3): 90-101.
[22]朱冬亮.当前农村土地纠纷及其解决方式[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2003, (1): 56.
[23]王建华.落实土地政策化解土地纠纷[J].江苏农村经济, 2004, (12): 164.
[24]唐红波.城市土地配置过程中的博弈论分析[J].湖北社会科学, 2005, (2): 45.
[25]潘扬彬.城市化过程中征地博弈分析[J].福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2006, 9 (2): 56-57.
[26]柯小兵.从三层博弈关系看土地征收制度改革——基于某大学城征地案例的分析[J].中国土地科学, 2006, (3): 67.
[27]周刚.控制冲突-谋求双赢—《冲突管理》评介[J/OL]. 2004 http://www.jl54.org/gqt/modal.jsp?aid=1264.
[28] L. A. COSER. The Function of Social Conflict[M].New York: Free Press, 1956.
[29]郭朝阳.管理学概论[M].北京:科学出版社, 2003.
[30]叶畅东.基于员工的团队内冲突管理对其绩效影响研究[D].上海:同济大学, 2006.
[31] M. A. RAHIM. A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict[J].Academy of Management Journal, 1983, 26 (2): 368-376.
[32] R. E. WALTON. Managing Conflict: Interpersonal Dialogue and Third-Party Roles [M]. 1987.
[33] [澳]约翰?W?伯顿.全球冲突:国际危机的国内根源[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社, 1991.
[34] W. I.ZARTMAM. Peacemaking in International Conflict:Methods and Techniques[M]. United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997: 15.
[35] J. GULTUNG. Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict[M]. International Peace Research Institute, 1999.
[36] H. MIALL. Conemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Mangement and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts[M]. Cambridge Press, 1999: 15.
[37] M. S.LUND. Preventing Violent Conflict:A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy[M]. United Institute of Peace Press, 1996: 38.
[38]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典[M].上海:商务印书馆, 2005.
[39]李红波.征地冲突研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2007.
[40]何景熙.征地纠纷与农地产权——成都平原乡村案例分析[J].当代中国研究, 2006, 92 (2): 43-55.
[41]谭日辉.农村土地流转过程中的阶层冲突研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学, 2005.
[42] R. BARRINGER. War: patterns of conflict[M].Cambridge, MA, USA and London, UK: The MIT Press, 1972.
[43]中新海南网.土地问题引发冲突澄迈瑞溪昨发生1死11伤事件[J/OL]. 2004 http://www.hi.chinanews.com.cn/hnnew/2004-03-19/1722.html.
[44]郑州警民流血大冲突事缘拖欠百亿征地费?[J/OL]. 2004 http://chinese.irib.ir/news/04-08-02/04080203.htm.
[45]周志忠.青铜峡市一宗土地纠纷的背后——关于青铜峡市青铜峡镇五大台土地流转调查[J/OL]. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shehui/1061/2437381.html.
[46]曾超.对我国土地征收补偿问题的思考[J].中国房地产, 2006, (1): 135.
[47]王薏,范跃红.聚众闹事损毁天价兰花浙江四农民被判刑[J/OL]. 2005 http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n383/ca302166.htm.
[48]汝信. 2005年中国社会形势分析与预测[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2004.
[49]新京报.河北一公司为逼农民退地飞机洒药毒死万亩玉米[J/OL]. 2005 http://news.qq.com/a/20050812/000210.htm.
[50] M. S. W. NIKLAS L.P.SWANSTROM. Conflict,Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management and Beyond:a conception exploration[M].CONCEPT PAPER. 2005.
[51] R. RAM REZ. Land conflict management:a conceptual map[J].Land Reform, 2002, (2): 21-34.
[52]王光远.论综合评判几种数学模型的实质和应用[J].模糊数学, 1984, (4): 34.
[53]许有鹏.干旱地区水资源承载能力综合评价[J].自然资源学报, 1993, 8 (3): 20-27.
[54]胡宝清.模糊理论基础[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2004.
[55]赵璐.基于平衡计分卡的政府部门绩效考核模糊综合评价[D].武汉:武汉理工大学经济学院, 2007.
[56]李媛.农村土地冲突来源及诱发因子分析研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2007.
[57]杨尚华.基于模糊综合评价的自创商誉计量研究[D].长沙:湖南大学会计学院, 2007.
[58]陈守煜.系统模期决策理论与应用[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社, 1994.
[2]陈军. 2005年村镇建设统计公报[N].中国建设报, 2006-5-29
[3]国家统计局编. 2006中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2007.
[4]叶建平.从权利到救济——完善我国农地征收纠纷解决机制的思考与建议[J].法治研究, 2007, (11): 49-52.
[5]瞿长福.谁来守住耕地底线[J].中国土地, 2004, (4): 17.
[6]新京报.首个告赢省政府的农民维权样板[J/OL]. 2007 http://news.thebeijingnews.com/0547/2007/0425/018@258466.htm.
[7]柴会群. S形线路潜伏巨大危险,三次机会本可避免惨祸[N].南方周末, 2008年5月1日
[8] S. BOYDELL. Land Tenure and Land Conflict in the South Pacific[M]. 2001.
[9] D. PATERSON. Conflicts arising from Management and use of Customary Land. FAO/USP/RICS Foundation South Pacific Land Tenure Conflict Symposium[M].Fiji, 2002.
[10] KABUTAULAKA. Solomon Islands Defense Force: Who is the Enemy?[J].Pacific Islands Business, 2001, (7): 19.
[11] S. M. HOWARD. Land conflict and Mayangna territorial rights in Nicaragua’s Bosawas reserve[J].Bull.latin American Reviews, 1998, 17 (1): 17-21.
[12] C. S. SIMMONS. The Political Economy of Land Conflict in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2004, 94 (1): 183-192.
[13] G. D. L. LEE J.ALSTON, BERNARDO MUELLER. Land Reform Policies, the Sources of Violent Conflict and Implications for Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2000, 39 (2): 162.
[14] G. HILSON. An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities[J].Land use policy, 2002, 19 (1): 65.
[15] K. D. HANS M AMMAN. Land Tenure and Conflict resolution: A Game Theoretic Approach in the Narok District in Kenya[M]. 2001.
[16] E. URRESTA. Working papers. Report on Research Findings and policy Recommendations for a legal Framework for Land Dispute Mediation[M]. 2002.
[17] KANDAKASI. Customary Mediation Under the PNG Land Dispute Settlement Act[M].
[18] L. HOTTE. Conflicts Over Property Rights and Natural Resource Exploitation at the Frontier[J].Journal of Development Economics, 2001, 66: 90-91.
[19]于伯华.土地利用冲突分析:概念与方法[J].地理科学进展, 2006, (25): 34.
[20]赵立伟.谈土地纠纷[J].国土资源, 2002, (2): 45.
[21]姚从容.城市化进程中的失地农民——制度安排与利益冲突[J].人口与经济, 2006, (3): 90-101.
[22]朱冬亮.当前农村土地纠纷及其解决方式[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2003, (1): 56.
[23]王建华.落实土地政策化解土地纠纷[J].江苏农村经济, 2004, (12): 164.
[24]唐红波.城市土地配置过程中的博弈论分析[J].湖北社会科学, 2005, (2): 45.
[25]潘扬彬.城市化过程中征地博弈分析[J].福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2006, 9 (2): 56-57.
[26]柯小兵.从三层博弈关系看土地征收制度改革——基于某大学城征地案例的分析[J].中国土地科学, 2006, (3): 67.
[27]周刚.控制冲突-谋求双赢—《冲突管理》评介[J/OL]. 2004 http://www.jl54.org/gqt/modal.jsp?aid=1264.
[28] L. A. COSER. The Function of Social Conflict[M].New York: Free Press, 1956.
[29]郭朝阳.管理学概论[M].北京:科学出版社, 2003.
[30]叶畅东.基于员工的团队内冲突管理对其绩效影响研究[D].上海:同济大学, 2006.
[31] M. A. RAHIM. A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict[J].Academy of Management Journal, 1983, 26 (2): 368-376.
[32] R. E. WALTON. Managing Conflict: Interpersonal Dialogue and Third-Party Roles [M]. 1987.
[33] [澳]约翰?W?伯顿.全球冲突:国际危机的国内根源[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社, 1991.
[34] W. I.ZARTMAM. Peacemaking in International Conflict:Methods and Techniques[M]. United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997: 15.
[35] J. GULTUNG. Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict[M]. International Peace Research Institute, 1999.
[36] H. MIALL. Conemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Mangement and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts[M]. Cambridge Press, 1999: 15.
[37] M. S.LUND. Preventing Violent Conflict:A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy[M]. United Institute of Peace Press, 1996: 38.
[38]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典[M].上海:商务印书馆, 2005.
[39]李红波.征地冲突研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2007.
[40]何景熙.征地纠纷与农地产权——成都平原乡村案例分析[J].当代中国研究, 2006, 92 (2): 43-55.
[41]谭日辉.农村土地流转过程中的阶层冲突研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学, 2005.
[42] R. BARRINGER. War: patterns of conflict[M].Cambridge, MA, USA and London, UK: The MIT Press, 1972.
[43]中新海南网.土地问题引发冲突澄迈瑞溪昨发生1死11伤事件[J/OL]. 2004 http://www.hi.chinanews.com.cn/hnnew/2004-03-19/1722.html.
[44]郑州警民流血大冲突事缘拖欠百亿征地费?[J/OL]. 2004 http://chinese.irib.ir/news/04-08-02/04080203.htm.
[45]周志忠.青铜峡市一宗土地纠纷的背后——关于青铜峡市青铜峡镇五大台土地流转调查[J/OL]. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shehui/1061/2437381.html.
[46]曾超.对我国土地征收补偿问题的思考[J].中国房地产, 2006, (1): 135.
[47]王薏,范跃红.聚众闹事损毁天价兰花浙江四农民被判刑[J/OL]. 2005 http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n383/ca302166.htm.
[48]汝信. 2005年中国社会形势分析与预测[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2004.
[49]新京报.河北一公司为逼农民退地飞机洒药毒死万亩玉米[J/OL]. 2005 http://news.qq.com/a/20050812/000210.htm.
[50] M. S. W. NIKLAS L.P.SWANSTROM. Conflict,Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management and Beyond:a conception exploration[M].CONCEPT PAPER. 2005.
[51] R. RAM REZ. Land conflict management:a conceptual map[J].Land Reform, 2002, (2): 21-34.
[52]王光远.论综合评判几种数学模型的实质和应用[J].模糊数学, 1984, (4): 34.
[53]许有鹏.干旱地区水资源承载能力综合评价[J].自然资源学报, 1993, 8 (3): 20-27.
[54]胡宝清.模糊理论基础[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2004.
[55]赵璐.基于平衡计分卡的政府部门绩效考核模糊综合评价[D].武汉:武汉理工大学经济学院, 2007.
[56]李媛.农村土地冲突来源及诱发因子分析研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2007.
[57]杨尚华.基于模糊综合评价的自创商誉计量研究[D].长沙:湖南大学会计学院, 2007.
[58]陈守煜.系统模期决策理论与应用[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社, 1994.