基于能量模型的优化PSM控制电路的设计与实现
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摘要
目前,在功率集成电路(PIC:Power Inregrated Circuit)中广泛采用了脉冲跨周期调制模式(PSM,Pulse Skip Modulation),可以克服脉冲调宽调制模式(PWM:Pulse Width Modulation)轻负载情况下变换效率较低、脉冲调频调制模式(PFM:Pulse Frequency Modulation)频谱分布随机的缺点。大量研究和仿真表明,该调制模式具有轻载时效率高、响应速度快、鲁棒性强、电路易于实现等特点。但PSM也有其不足之处:输出纹波较大,且易引入音频噪声。
本论文对Boost开关变换器建立了普适性的能量平衡模型(EBM:EnergyBalance Model)。基于此能量平衡模型分析了经典PWM变换器的分叉参数规律和PSM变换器的稳定性,并对优化PSM控制策略运行规律进行了分析。完成具有优化PSM控制策略的升压变换器控制芯片设计、版图、流片和测试。
本文主要工作包括以下几个方面内容:
1)对工作于DCM模式的PSM变换器变换效率及输出电压纹波进行研究,并与相同条件下的PWM和PFM变换器模式性能进行比较。
2)基于Boost变换器的能量平衡模型,分析PWM变换器的分叉和混沌现象,提出了能量量纲下PWM变换器的稳定性判据,并将各个分叉参数在能量模型下达到统一的表达。
3)基于Boost变换器的能量平衡模型,分析PSM模式和优化PSM模式的特点,并分析验证了PSM变换器的稳定性和优化PSM变换器的低输出电压纹波。
4)根据纹波大小和输出负载范围选择了优化PSM控制模式的中间占空比。设计了实现优化PSM控制芯片部分关键子电路模块,包括电流检测和电流极限比较器。
5)参与设计了采用优化PSM控制策略的控制芯片(PSM501),采用0.5μm2P3M Mixed-Signal CMOS工艺,在CSMC(无锡华润上华)流片。对芯片进行了封装和测试,输出电压3V,输出电压纹波小于30mV,变换效率在整个负载范围内达到80%以上,最高达84%。
At present, pulse skip modulation (PSM), is widely used in power integrated circuits (PIC). It can overcome low conversion efficiency of pulse width modulation (PWM) and random spectrum distribution of pulse frequency modulation (PFM). PSM has many merits such as high efficiency at light load, high response speed, robustness and ease of implementation, which are proved by theory analysis and simulation. However, PSM also has some disadvantages: large output voltage ripple and audio noise at light load.
This dissertation gives energy balance model (EBM) for boost converter. Based on EBM, the bifurcation parameters of conventional PWM converter and stability of PSM converter are analyzed. The operation of optimized PSM is also studied. A controller chip of boost converter is designed, taped out and tested after packaged.
The detailed works are listed as follows:
1) Efficiency and output voltage ripple analysis of PSM operating at discontinuous current mode (DCM), and compared with that of PWM and PFM;
2) Based on EBM of boost converter, bifurcation and chaos phenomena of PWM converter are studied, a stability estimation rule with energy dimension is proposed, and all the bifurcation parameters can be described in consistent energy dimension;
3) Based on EBM of boost converter, the characteristics of PSM and optimized PSM are given. And the stability of PSM converter and low output ripple are proven;
4) The medial duty cycle of optimized PSM converter is given according to output ripple and load range, and the key sub circuits to implement the control scheme are designed, including current sensing and current limit comparator;
5) A controller with optimized PSM is designed. The chip is taped out in CSMC by 2P3M mixed signal process. Test results after package show that the output voltage is 3V, the output ripple is less than 30mV, the efficiency is above 80% in the whole load range and its maximum value is 84%.
本论文对Boost开关变换器建立了普适性的能量平衡模型(EBM:EnergyBalance Model)。基于此能量平衡模型分析了经典PWM变换器的分叉参数规律和PSM变换器的稳定性,并对优化PSM控制策略运行规律进行了分析。完成具有优化PSM控制策略的升压变换器控制芯片设计、版图、流片和测试。
本文主要工作包括以下几个方面内容:
1)对工作于DCM模式的PSM变换器变换效率及输出电压纹波进行研究,并与相同条件下的PWM和PFM变换器模式性能进行比较。
2)基于Boost变换器的能量平衡模型,分析PWM变换器的分叉和混沌现象,提出了能量量纲下PWM变换器的稳定性判据,并将各个分叉参数在能量模型下达到统一的表达。
3)基于Boost变换器的能量平衡模型,分析PSM模式和优化PSM模式的特点,并分析验证了PSM变换器的稳定性和优化PSM变换器的低输出电压纹波。
4)根据纹波大小和输出负载范围选择了优化PSM控制模式的中间占空比。设计了实现优化PSM控制芯片部分关键子电路模块,包括电流检测和电流极限比较器。
5)参与设计了采用优化PSM控制策略的控制芯片(PSM501),采用0.5μm2P3M Mixed-Signal CMOS工艺,在CSMC(无锡华润上华)流片。对芯片进行了封装和测试,输出电压3V,输出电压纹波小于30mV,变换效率在整个负载范围内达到80%以上,最高达84%。
At present, pulse skip modulation (PSM), is widely used in power integrated circuits (PIC). It can overcome low conversion efficiency of pulse width modulation (PWM) and random spectrum distribution of pulse frequency modulation (PFM). PSM has many merits such as high efficiency at light load, high response speed, robustness and ease of implementation, which are proved by theory analysis and simulation. However, PSM also has some disadvantages: large output voltage ripple and audio noise at light load.
This dissertation gives energy balance model (EBM) for boost converter. Based on EBM, the bifurcation parameters of conventional PWM converter and stability of PSM converter are analyzed. The operation of optimized PSM is also studied. A controller chip of boost converter is designed, taped out and tested after packaged.
The detailed works are listed as follows:
1) Efficiency and output voltage ripple analysis of PSM operating at discontinuous current mode (DCM), and compared with that of PWM and PFM;
2) Based on EBM of boost converter, bifurcation and chaos phenomena of PWM converter are studied, a stability estimation rule with energy dimension is proposed, and all the bifurcation parameters can be described in consistent energy dimension;
3) Based on EBM of boost converter, the characteristics of PSM and optimized PSM are given. And the stability of PSM converter and low output ripple are proven;
4) The medial duty cycle of optimized PSM converter is given according to output ripple and load range, and the key sub circuits to implement the control scheme are designed, including current sensing and current limit comparator;
5) A controller with optimized PSM is designed. The chip is taped out in CSMC by 2P3M mixed signal process. Test results after package show that the output voltage is 3V, the output ripple is less than 30mV, the efficiency is above 80% in the whole load range and its maximum value is 84%.
引文
[1]张波,李肇基,方健,等.功率系统级芯片概念.微电子学,2004,34(2):106-109
[2]刘洪.“1瓦论坛”对降低待机能耗意义非凡.功率系统设计.2006,(4):4
[3]TNY253/254/255 Datasheet.www.powerint.com.
[4]LinkSwitch Datasheet.www.powerint.com.
[5]DPA-Switch Datasheet.www.powerint.com.
[6]NCP1200 Datasheet.www.onsemi.com.
[7]Ping Luo,Luyang Luo,Zhaoji Li,Guangjv Chen.Skip cycle modulation in switching DC-DC converter.2002 IEEE International Conference on Communication,Circuits and Systems and West Sino Expositions,2:1716-1719
[8]罗萍,李肇基,熊富贵,等.PSM开关变换器的平均模型与特性分析.电工技术学报,2005,20(3):19-23
[9]罗萍,李肇基,熊富贵,等.开关变换器的跨周期调制模式.电子与信息学报,2004,26(1):984-988
[10]罗萍,熊富贵,李肇基,等.PSM开关变换器的大信号模型与瞬态分析.电子学报,2004,32(11):1829-1832
[11]曾家玲.智能功率集成电路双环PSM控制电路设计:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006
[12]王顺平.功率系统集成电路中FPSM的建模及其IP核设计与验证:[硕七学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006
[13]冯勇.一种优化PSM控制电路的设计:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2007
[14]R.D.Middlebrook,S.Cuk.A general unified approach to modeling switching converter power stage.INT.J.Electronics,1977,42(6):521-550
[15]Mario di Bernardo,Francesco Vasea.Discrete-Time Maps for the Analysis of Bifurcations and Chaos in DC/DC converters.IEEE Trans.Circ.Syst.Part Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications,2000,47(2):130-143
[16]罗萍,甄少伟,李彦麟,等.不同调制模式下Boost变换器DCM模态的能量模型与稳定性分析.中国电机工程学报,2008,28(6):49-54
[17]Ping Luo,Xin Ming,Bo Zhang,Zhao-ji Li.Analysis of the Stability and Ripple of PSM Converter in DCM by EB Model.2007 IEEE International Conference on Communication,Circuits and Systems,2:1240-1243
[18]戴维德.电源IC发展综述.今日电子,2001,(1):28-31
[19]Hebertt Sira-Ramirez and Orestes Llanes-Santiago.An extended system approach to dynamical pulse-frequency-modulation control of nonlinear systems.1992 Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control,2:2376-2380
[20]徐峰,常玉春,田小建,等.PWM/PFM混合控制DC-DC变换器芯片的设计.微电子学,2006,36(5):662-665
[21]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京:电子工业出版社,2004,16-60
[22]贺明智.数字控制开关DC-DC变换器瞬态特性的研究:[博士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2007
[23]Arbetter,B.Erickson,R.Maksimovic,D.DC-DC converter design for battery-operated systems.1995 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference,PESC '95 Record,1:103-109
[24]Sreekumar C.',Vivek Agarwal.A Circuit Theoretical Approach to Hybrid Mode Switching Control of a Pseudo CCM Boost Converter.2006 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology:791-795
[25]Michael M Beth,Frede Blaabjerg.A methodology for true comparison of analytical and measured frequency domain spectra in random PWM converters.IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1999,14(3):578-586
[26]Deane J H B,Hamill D C.Instability,subhamonic,and chaos in power electronic systems.IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics,1990,5(3):260-268
[27]C.K.Tse.Flip bifurcation and chaos in the three-state Boost switching regulators.IEEE Transcaction on Circuit and Systems Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications,1994,41(1):16-23
[28]Flegar,I.,Pelin,D.Bifurcation diagrams-insight into the modes of operation of a boost converter.2003 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology,2:836-841
[29]Deane J H B..Chaos in Current-Mode Controlled Boost DC-DC Converter.IEEE Trans.on Circuits Syst.Ⅰ,1992,39(8):680-683
[30]Quanmin Niu,Bo Zhang,Xin Ming,Shaowei Zhen,Zhaoji Li.Study on Periodic Behavior of PSM DC/DC Converters Based on Energy Balance.2007 IEEE International Conference on Communication,Circuits and Systems:1235-1239
[31]Flegar I.,Pelin D.,Zazeck D.Bifurcation diagrams of the buck converter.2002 9th International Conference on Electronics,Circuits and Systems,3:975-978
[32]张波,李萍,齐群.DC/DC变换器分义和混沌现象的建模和分析方法.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(11):81-86
[33]曲颖,张波.电压控制型BUCK变换器DCM的精确离散模型及分叉稳定性分析.电子学报,2002,30(8):1253-1256
[34]Telefus M,Shteynberg A,Ferdowsi M,et al.Pulse train control technique for flyback converter.IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics,2004,19(3):757-764
[35]曾家玲,王顺平,甄少伟,等.基丁PSM调制模式双环控制电路的设计.微电子学,2006,36(2):229-232
[36]罗萍,李肇基,张波,甄少伟.一种优化的脉冲跨周调制开关稳压电源控制器.中国专利.申请号:200610020916.9,2006-04-27
[37]罗萍,李肇基,甄少伟.一种基于负载状态的分段式PSM调制模式.电工技术学报,2006,21(10):101-105
[38]Feng Yong,Wang Shunping,Luo Ping,Niu Quanming,Li Zhaoji.A Novel FPSM Controller for DC-DC Switching Converters.Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China.2007,5(2):136-140
[39]Balu Balakrishnan,Saratoga,Leif O.Lund,et al.Below Ground Current Sensing With Current Input to Control Threshold.U.S Patent,5245526,Sep.14,1993
[40]Lei Hua,Shiguo Luo.Design Considerations for Small Signal Modeling of DC-DC Converters Using Inductor DCR Current Sensing Under Time Constants Mismatch Conditions.2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference:2182-2188
[41]Cheung Fai Lee,Philip K.T.Mok.On-chip Current Sensing Technique for CMOS Monolithic Switching Mode Power Converters.2002 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,5:265-268
[42]Kyungsoo Jung,Jinup Lim,Jongmin Park,et al.A High Efficiency CMOS DC-DC Boost Converter with Current Sensing Feedback.2005 48th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2:1661-1664
[43]毕查德.拉扎维.模拟CMOS集成电路设计(陈贵灿等译).西安:西安交通大学出版社,2003,248-250
[44]Philip E.Allen等.CMOS模拟电路设计(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社,2002,302-307
[45]Paul.Gray,Paul J.Hurst and Stephen H.Lewis et al.Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits(Forth Edition),Beijing:Higher Education Press,2002,446-450
[46]刘永根,冯勇,罗萍,等.一种新型的电流极限比较器.中国集成电路,2007,(03):40-44
[2]刘洪.“1瓦论坛”对降低待机能耗意义非凡.功率系统设计.2006,(4):4
[3]TNY253/254/255 Datasheet.www.powerint.com.
[4]LinkSwitch Datasheet.www.powerint.com.
[5]DPA-Switch Datasheet.www.powerint.com.
[6]NCP1200 Datasheet.www.onsemi.com.
[7]Ping Luo,Luyang Luo,Zhaoji Li,Guangjv Chen.Skip cycle modulation in switching DC-DC converter.2002 IEEE International Conference on Communication,Circuits and Systems and West Sino Expositions,2:1716-1719
[8]罗萍,李肇基,熊富贵,等.PSM开关变换器的平均模型与特性分析.电工技术学报,2005,20(3):19-23
[9]罗萍,李肇基,熊富贵,等.开关变换器的跨周期调制模式.电子与信息学报,2004,26(1):984-988
[10]罗萍,熊富贵,李肇基,等.PSM开关变换器的大信号模型与瞬态分析.电子学报,2004,32(11):1829-1832
[11]曾家玲.智能功率集成电路双环PSM控制电路设计:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006
[12]王顺平.功率系统集成电路中FPSM的建模及其IP核设计与验证:[硕七学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006
[13]冯勇.一种优化PSM控制电路的设计:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2007
[14]R.D.Middlebrook,S.Cuk.A general unified approach to modeling switching converter power stage.INT.J.Electronics,1977,42(6):521-550
[15]Mario di Bernardo,Francesco Vasea.Discrete-Time Maps for the Analysis of Bifurcations and Chaos in DC/DC converters.IEEE Trans.Circ.Syst.Part Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications,2000,47(2):130-143
[16]罗萍,甄少伟,李彦麟,等.不同调制模式下Boost变换器DCM模态的能量模型与稳定性分析.中国电机工程学报,2008,28(6):49-54
[17]Ping Luo,Xin Ming,Bo Zhang,Zhao-ji Li.Analysis of the Stability and Ripple of PSM Converter in DCM by EB Model.2007 IEEE International Conference on Communication,Circuits and Systems,2:1240-1243
[18]戴维德.电源IC发展综述.今日电子,2001,(1):28-31
[19]Hebertt Sira-Ramirez and Orestes Llanes-Santiago.An extended system approach to dynamical pulse-frequency-modulation control of nonlinear systems.1992 Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control,2:2376-2380
[20]徐峰,常玉春,田小建,等.PWM/PFM混合控制DC-DC变换器芯片的设计.微电子学,2006,36(5):662-665
[21]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京:电子工业出版社,2004,16-60
[22]贺明智.数字控制开关DC-DC变换器瞬态特性的研究:[博士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2007
[23]Arbetter,B.Erickson,R.Maksimovic,D.DC-DC converter design for battery-operated systems.1995 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference,PESC '95 Record,1:103-109
[24]Sreekumar C.',Vivek Agarwal.A Circuit Theoretical Approach to Hybrid Mode Switching Control of a Pseudo CCM Boost Converter.2006 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology:791-795
[25]Michael M Beth,Frede Blaabjerg.A methodology for true comparison of analytical and measured frequency domain spectra in random PWM converters.IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1999,14(3):578-586
[26]Deane J H B,Hamill D C.Instability,subhamonic,and chaos in power electronic systems.IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics,1990,5(3):260-268
[27]C.K.Tse.Flip bifurcation and chaos in the three-state Boost switching regulators.IEEE Transcaction on Circuit and Systems Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications,1994,41(1):16-23
[28]Flegar,I.,Pelin,D.Bifurcation diagrams-insight into the modes of operation of a boost converter.2003 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology,2:836-841
[29]Deane J H B..Chaos in Current-Mode Controlled Boost DC-DC Converter.IEEE Trans.on Circuits Syst.Ⅰ,1992,39(8):680-683
[30]Quanmin Niu,Bo Zhang,Xin Ming,Shaowei Zhen,Zhaoji Li.Study on Periodic Behavior of PSM DC/DC Converters Based on Energy Balance.2007 IEEE International Conference on Communication,Circuits and Systems:1235-1239
[31]Flegar I.,Pelin D.,Zazeck D.Bifurcation diagrams of the buck converter.2002 9th International Conference on Electronics,Circuits and Systems,3:975-978
[32]张波,李萍,齐群.DC/DC变换器分义和混沌现象的建模和分析方法.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(11):81-86
[33]曲颖,张波.电压控制型BUCK变换器DCM的精确离散模型及分叉稳定性分析.电子学报,2002,30(8):1253-1256
[34]Telefus M,Shteynberg A,Ferdowsi M,et al.Pulse train control technique for flyback converter.IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics,2004,19(3):757-764
[35]曾家玲,王顺平,甄少伟,等.基丁PSM调制模式双环控制电路的设计.微电子学,2006,36(2):229-232
[36]罗萍,李肇基,张波,甄少伟.一种优化的脉冲跨周调制开关稳压电源控制器.中国专利.申请号:200610020916.9,2006-04-27
[37]罗萍,李肇基,甄少伟.一种基于负载状态的分段式PSM调制模式.电工技术学报,2006,21(10):101-105
[38]Feng Yong,Wang Shunping,Luo Ping,Niu Quanming,Li Zhaoji.A Novel FPSM Controller for DC-DC Switching Converters.Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China.2007,5(2):136-140
[39]Balu Balakrishnan,Saratoga,Leif O.Lund,et al.Below Ground Current Sensing With Current Input to Control Threshold.U.S Patent,5245526,Sep.14,1993
[40]Lei Hua,Shiguo Luo.Design Considerations for Small Signal Modeling of DC-DC Converters Using Inductor DCR Current Sensing Under Time Constants Mismatch Conditions.2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference:2182-2188
[41]Cheung Fai Lee,Philip K.T.Mok.On-chip Current Sensing Technique for CMOS Monolithic Switching Mode Power Converters.2002 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,5:265-268
[42]Kyungsoo Jung,Jinup Lim,Jongmin Park,et al.A High Efficiency CMOS DC-DC Boost Converter with Current Sensing Feedback.2005 48th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2:1661-1664
[43]毕查德.拉扎维.模拟CMOS集成电路设计(陈贵灿等译).西安:西安交通大学出版社,2003,248-250
[44]Philip E.Allen等.CMOS模拟电路设计(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社,2002,302-307
[45]Paul.Gray,Paul J.Hurst and Stephen H.Lewis et al.Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits(Forth Edition),Beijing:Higher Education Press,2002,446-450
[46]刘永根,冯勇,罗萍,等.一种新型的电流极限比较器.中国集成电路,2007,(03):40-44