芴酮衍生物分子间弱键竞争诱导二维自组装纳米结构
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摘要
芴酮类化合物是一种性能优良的有机发光材料，受到越来越多人的关注。芴酮分子中的羰基具有很强的极性，基团间可以产生偶极-偶极相互作用，也可以和其它供电子基团形成氢键。这种具有良好结构基元的分子在自组装研究中还未受到应有的重视。因此，我们提出设计合成一系列不同结构的芴酮衍生物分子，系统深入地研究这些化合物在高定向热解石墨(HOPG)表面的自组装结构。通过改变芴酮衍生物的分子结构、采用不同溶剂、调节不同溶液浓度等策略措施研究芴酮衍生物在石墨表面的自组装结构的形成与转变，实现从分子自组装组织到可控阵列，揭示分子间弱键的变化与结构的关系，建立弱键相互作用的协同机制。主要的研究工作和创新性结果如下：
(1)利用STM研究了2,7-二-(10-乙氧基羰基葵氧基)-9-芴酮(BEF))分子在固/液界面的自组装结构。BEF分子中较短的碳链与芴酮基团间的偶极作用力导致分子形成密堆积的线型结构和随机的花型结构。在针尖的扰动下，两种不同的自组装结构可以在一定浓度下发生相互转变。另外，溶剂的极性并不影响BEF分子的自组装结构。比较实验结果和理论计算模拟结果，我们认为分子间作用力是自组装结构的形成和相互转换的主要因素。在线型结构中，范德华力相对于偶极-偶极作用力是主要的作用力；而在花形结构中，芴酮核和侧链酯基间的偶极-偶极作用起主导作用。
(2)通过STM研究F-OC_(13)分子在HOPG表面上的吸附行为，考察分子在几种不同溶剂中的自组装结构。F-OC_(13)分子的组装结构和取向都存在明显的溶剂效应。研究发现：在辛苯溶液中，溶剂分子辛苯可以和溶质分子F-OC_(13)产生共吸附，当降低溶液浓度时分子自组装结构由线型转变为交替层状结构；在辛酸溶液中，溶剂分子的羧基与F-OC_(13)的羰基形成分子间氢键而使两种分子共吸附形成蝶状自组装结构。然而，在辛醇溶液中，溶剂不影响F-OC_(13)的自组装结构。在正十三烷和正十四烷溶剂中，由于溶剂-基底相互作用和空间限制，致使溶剂在F-OC_(13)单层膜中形成了共吸附。在挥发性溶剂中，随着时间的变化，分子单层膜由疏密相间的结构变为混合结构。由于分子的结构和溶剂分子的极性而导致组装结构的多形性，这为构筑和调控分子纳米结构提供了一种有效的途径。
(3)系统地研究了一系列含不同长度烷氧基侧链的2,7-二-(n-烷基)-9-芴酮(F-OC_n，n=12-18)在HOPG/辛苯界面的超分子自组装结构。实验发现：芴酮基团的极性和侧链的长度决定了分子的组装方式，在F-OCn分子的自组装过程中出现明显的奇偶效应。F-OCeven分子随着碳原子数的减少从疏密相间的结构变到回形针结构，而F-OCodd分子形成的则是均一的线型结构。特别是溶剂效应对于F-OC_(14)分子的自组装结构具有明显的影响。在多数情况下，可以观察到F-OCn分子自组装形成的混合线型结构。多种因素如芴酮基团间的偶极-偶极作用力、侧链与石墨晶格之间范德华作用力、溶剂分子-溶质分子间作用力等决定了F-OCn分子自组装结构的多样化。
(4)研究了烷氧基侧链上含不同数目碳原子的2-羟基-7-烷氧基-9-芴酮(HAF)分子在1-辛苯溶液中的二维自组装。在实验过程中发现：由于不同的氢键相互作用，HAF分子可以形成二种或三种结构，分别是有序性较低的结构、花型结构和Z字型结构。分子热力学、表面扩散以及针尖脉冲的扰动导致了结构的转变，Z字型结构是最稳定的结构。在HAF分子形成花状结构的形成过程中可观察到奇偶效应。这项研究将有助于发展一种通过具有较强极性的芴酮基团间氢键作用诱导分子二维自组装的新方法，为研究相转变的奇偶效应提供实验和理论依据。
(5)研究了溶剂诱导的非分手性分子2-羟基-7-十五烷氧基-9-芴酮(OH-F-OC15)在不同浓度辛酸溶液里构筑手性对称的新型二维自组装结构。在低浓度下，由于分子间氢键的作用，OH-F-OC15分子可以形成双手性的玫瑰花型结构；而在中等浓度下，随着溶液浓度的提高，OH-F-OC15分子可以形成手性的四聚体结构。由于氢键的方向性和协同性，两种浓度下的自组装结构都会转变为Z字形结构。在高浓度下，OH-F-OC15分子可以形成密集度较高的八聚体结构，且没有观察到结构的转变，与其它两种结构不同的是，此结构中未发现手性对称现象。这种溶剂介导的手性诱导效应为采用非手性分子构筑手性表面的分子纳米构筑提供了一种简单、高效而又通用的方法。
Fluorenone derivatives are excellent organic light-emitting materials, which have beenreceived broad focus. The carbonyl group of fluorenone derivatives has a strong polarity, inwhich the dipole-dipole interactions can be produced between the groups and also can formhydrogen bonds with other electronic groups. The self-assembly research about suchmolecules has not yet received much attention. Therefore we designed and synthesized aseries of fluorenone derivatives and deeply observed the self-assembled structures on thegraphite surface. By changing the molecular structure, using different solvents, adjusting thesolution concentration, we investigated the structural formation and transformation of thefluorenone derivatives self-assembly on HPOG surfaces and realized from self-assemblyorganization to controlled array, and then revealed the relationship between the variousintermolecular weak bonds and the self-assembled structures. Meanwhile, the result fullyprovided a more powerful support for the weak bonds on the synergy mechanism. The mainresearch works and innovative results are as follows:
(1) The self-assembly of2,7-bis(10-ethoxycarbonyl-decyloxy)-9-fluorenone (BEF) hasbeen investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy at the liquid/solid interface. Thecoexistence and reversible transformation of linear structure and cyclic network wereobserved. The observed structural transformation was found to be driven by voltage pulsesapplied to the STM tips. In addition, the solvent with different polarity had little effect on theself-assembly of BEF on the HOPG surface. On the basis of the comparative experiment andcalculation of the simulation results, we could conclude that for the linear structure, the vdWsforces between the molecules were more important than the dipole-dipole interactions; on thecontrary, the intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions induced the cyclic network.
(2) Two-dimensional self-assembly of2,7-ditridecyloxy-9-fluorenone (F-OC_(13)) wasinvestigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in solvents with different polarities andfunctional groups on a high oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. The STM imagesrevealed that the self-assembly of F-OC_(13)was strongly solvent-dependent. The resultsdisplayed that1-Phenyloctane could coadsorb on the self-assembly of F-OC_(13), and thestructural transformation of the adlayer from the linear structure to alternate lamella could be observed with the decrease of the concentration. The intermolecular hydrogen bondingbetween the1-octanoic acid and the F-OC_(13)molecule was responsive for the formation ofbutterfly configuration. At the1-octanol/HOPG interface, only a well ordered linear patternwas obtained. When n-tridecane or n-tetradecane was used as solvent, a regular alternatepattern was formed under high concentrations, and a coadsorbed lamellar structure wasobserved under low concentrations. In the volatile solvent, with the increasing time, adenser-packed structure and a regular alternate pattern were formed, respectively. The solventinduced self-assembly polymorphism is discussed in terms of factors of the polarity of theF-OC_(13)molecule and the nature of the solvent. The results provide a new objective tofabricate and control molecular nanopatterns based on the polar group in the molecule.
(3) Fluorenone derivatives (F-OC_n) with various lengths of peripheral alkyl chains (withcarbon numbers of n=12-18) was synthesized, and their self-assembled adlayers wereobserved in solvents with different polarities and functionalities by scanning tunnelingmicroscopy (STM) on HOPG surface in1-phenyloctane. The chain-length effect on theself-assembly of F-OCevenwas observed. With the decreasing of the chain-length, theself-assembled pattern changed from a dense-and-loose packed pattern to a clip-like structure.The self-assembly of F-OCoddshowed a uniform lamellar pattern. F-OC_(14)formed differentmorphologies on HOPG surface in different solvents due to the solvophilic effect andcoadsorption. In most cases, a mixed linear structure was observed. The self-assembledmorphologies at the interfaces are determined by various parameters, such as thedipole–dipole interaction between the fluorenone groups, the van der Waals interaction ofinterchains and side chain–graphite lattice, and molecule–solvent interaction.
(4) The2D self-assembly of various2-hydroxy-7-alkoxy-9-fluorenone(HAF) moleculeshas been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy(STM) in1-Phenyloctane. Asystematic study revealed that HAF molecules with different numbers of carbon atoms intheir alkoxy chainscould form two or three different kinds of nanostructures, that is,less-ordered, flower-like, and zig-zag patterns, owing to the formation of different types ofintermolecular hydrogen bonds. The observed structural transition was found to be driven bymolecular thermodynamics, surface diffusion, and the voltage pulse that was applied to theSTM tip. The zig-zag pattern was the most stable of these configurations. An odd–even effect on the flower-like structure, as induced by the odd and even number of carbon atoms in theside chain, was observed by STM. Our results are significant for understanding the influenceof hydrogen bonding interactions on the dominant adsorption behavior on the surface andprovide experimental and theoretical basis for observing the influence of the odd–even effecton the phase transition.
(5) We investigated the emergence of chirality in2D supramolecular networks formed byachiral molecule of the2-hydroxy-7-pentadecyloxy-9-fluorenone (OH-F-OC15) in theinterface of an achiral solvent of1-octanoic acid at different concentrations. At lowconcentrations, the double-rosette pattern was observed with the double chirality resultingfrom the hydrogen bonding. At middle concentrations, owing to the increasing solubility ofthe solvent, OH-F-OC15molecules could form a chiral tetramer pattern. In addition, thedouble-rosette pattern and tetramer structures only existed for a period of time, which couldswitch to a zigzag structure finally, due to the directionality and cooperativity of hydrogenbonding. In high concentrations, OH-F-OC15molecules could form an octamer structure andthe structural transition was not obtained. Particularly, no chiral structure was observed. Thesolvent mediated chiral induction provides a simple, efficient, and versatile approach for thefabrication of homochiral surfaces using achiral building blocks.
(1)利用STM研究了2,7-二-(10-乙氧基羰基葵氧基)-9-芴酮(BEF))分子在固/液界面的自组装结构。BEF分子中较短的碳链与芴酮基团间的偶极作用力导致分子形成密堆积的线型结构和随机的花型结构。在针尖的扰动下，两种不同的自组装结构可以在一定浓度下发生相互转变。另外，溶剂的极性并不影响BEF分子的自组装结构。比较实验结果和理论计算模拟结果，我们认为分子间作用力是自组装结构的形成和相互转换的主要因素。在线型结构中，范德华力相对于偶极-偶极作用力是主要的作用力；而在花形结构中，芴酮核和侧链酯基间的偶极-偶极作用起主导作用。
(2)通过STM研究F-OC_(13)分子在HOPG表面上的吸附行为，考察分子在几种不同溶剂中的自组装结构。F-OC_(13)分子的组装结构和取向都存在明显的溶剂效应。研究发现：在辛苯溶液中，溶剂分子辛苯可以和溶质分子F-OC_(13)产生共吸附，当降低溶液浓度时分子自组装结构由线型转变为交替层状结构；在辛酸溶液中，溶剂分子的羧基与F-OC_(13)的羰基形成分子间氢键而使两种分子共吸附形成蝶状自组装结构。然而，在辛醇溶液中，溶剂不影响F-OC_(13)的自组装结构。在正十三烷和正十四烷溶剂中，由于溶剂-基底相互作用和空间限制，致使溶剂在F-OC_(13)单层膜中形成了共吸附。在挥发性溶剂中，随着时间的变化，分子单层膜由疏密相间的结构变为混合结构。由于分子的结构和溶剂分子的极性而导致组装结构的多形性，这为构筑和调控分子纳米结构提供了一种有效的途径。
(3)系统地研究了一系列含不同长度烷氧基侧链的2,7-二-(n-烷基)-9-芴酮(F-OC_n，n=12-18)在HOPG/辛苯界面的超分子自组装结构。实验发现：芴酮基团的极性和侧链的长度决定了分子的组装方式，在F-OCn分子的自组装过程中出现明显的奇偶效应。F-OCeven分子随着碳原子数的减少从疏密相间的结构变到回形针结构，而F-OCodd分子形成的则是均一的线型结构。特别是溶剂效应对于F-OC_(14)分子的自组装结构具有明显的影响。在多数情况下，可以观察到F-OCn分子自组装形成的混合线型结构。多种因素如芴酮基团间的偶极-偶极作用力、侧链与石墨晶格之间范德华作用力、溶剂分子-溶质分子间作用力等决定了F-OCn分子自组装结构的多样化。
(4)研究了烷氧基侧链上含不同数目碳原子的2-羟基-7-烷氧基-9-芴酮(HAF)分子在1-辛苯溶液中的二维自组装。在实验过程中发现：由于不同的氢键相互作用，HAF分子可以形成二种或三种结构，分别是有序性较低的结构、花型结构和Z字型结构。分子热力学、表面扩散以及针尖脉冲的扰动导致了结构的转变，Z字型结构是最稳定的结构。在HAF分子形成花状结构的形成过程中可观察到奇偶效应。这项研究将有助于发展一种通过具有较强极性的芴酮基团间氢键作用诱导分子二维自组装的新方法，为研究相转变的奇偶效应提供实验和理论依据。
(5)研究了溶剂诱导的非分手性分子2-羟基-7-十五烷氧基-9-芴酮(OH-F-OC15)在不同浓度辛酸溶液里构筑手性对称的新型二维自组装结构。在低浓度下，由于分子间氢键的作用，OH-F-OC15分子可以形成双手性的玫瑰花型结构；而在中等浓度下，随着溶液浓度的提高，OH-F-OC15分子可以形成手性的四聚体结构。由于氢键的方向性和协同性，两种浓度下的自组装结构都会转变为Z字形结构。在高浓度下，OH-F-OC15分子可以形成密集度较高的八聚体结构，且没有观察到结构的转变，与其它两种结构不同的是，此结构中未发现手性对称现象。这种溶剂介导的手性诱导效应为采用非手性分子构筑手性表面的分子纳米构筑提供了一种简单、高效而又通用的方法。
Fluorenone derivatives are excellent organic light-emitting materials, which have beenreceived broad focus. The carbonyl group of fluorenone derivatives has a strong polarity, inwhich the dipole-dipole interactions can be produced between the groups and also can formhydrogen bonds with other electronic groups. The self-assembly research about suchmolecules has not yet received much attention. Therefore we designed and synthesized aseries of fluorenone derivatives and deeply observed the self-assembled structures on thegraphite surface. By changing the molecular structure, using different solvents, adjusting thesolution concentration, we investigated the structural formation and transformation of thefluorenone derivatives self-assembly on HPOG surfaces and realized from self-assemblyorganization to controlled array, and then revealed the relationship between the variousintermolecular weak bonds and the self-assembled structures. Meanwhile, the result fullyprovided a more powerful support for the weak bonds on the synergy mechanism. The mainresearch works and innovative results are as follows:
(1) The self-assembly of2,7-bis(10-ethoxycarbonyl-decyloxy)-9-fluorenone (BEF) hasbeen investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy at the liquid/solid interface. Thecoexistence and reversible transformation of linear structure and cyclic network wereobserved. The observed structural transformation was found to be driven by voltage pulsesapplied to the STM tips. In addition, the solvent with different polarity had little effect on theself-assembly of BEF on the HOPG surface. On the basis of the comparative experiment andcalculation of the simulation results, we could conclude that for the linear structure, the vdWsforces between the molecules were more important than the dipole-dipole interactions; on thecontrary, the intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions induced the cyclic network.
(2) Two-dimensional self-assembly of2,7-ditridecyloxy-9-fluorenone (F-OC_(13)) wasinvestigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in solvents with different polarities andfunctional groups on a high oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. The STM imagesrevealed that the self-assembly of F-OC_(13)was strongly solvent-dependent. The resultsdisplayed that1-Phenyloctane could coadsorb on the self-assembly of F-OC_(13), and thestructural transformation of the adlayer from the linear structure to alternate lamella could be observed with the decrease of the concentration. The intermolecular hydrogen bondingbetween the1-octanoic acid and the F-OC_(13)molecule was responsive for the formation ofbutterfly configuration. At the1-octanol/HOPG interface, only a well ordered linear patternwas obtained. When n-tridecane or n-tetradecane was used as solvent, a regular alternatepattern was formed under high concentrations, and a coadsorbed lamellar structure wasobserved under low concentrations. In the volatile solvent, with the increasing time, adenser-packed structure and a regular alternate pattern were formed, respectively. The solventinduced self-assembly polymorphism is discussed in terms of factors of the polarity of theF-OC_(13)molecule and the nature of the solvent. The results provide a new objective tofabricate and control molecular nanopatterns based on the polar group in the molecule.
(3) Fluorenone derivatives (F-OC_n) with various lengths of peripheral alkyl chains (withcarbon numbers of n=12-18) was synthesized, and their self-assembled adlayers wereobserved in solvents with different polarities and functionalities by scanning tunnelingmicroscopy (STM) on HOPG surface in1-phenyloctane. The chain-length effect on theself-assembly of F-OCevenwas observed. With the decreasing of the chain-length, theself-assembled pattern changed from a dense-and-loose packed pattern to a clip-like structure.The self-assembly of F-OCoddshowed a uniform lamellar pattern. F-OC_(14)formed differentmorphologies on HOPG surface in different solvents due to the solvophilic effect andcoadsorption. In most cases, a mixed linear structure was observed. The self-assembledmorphologies at the interfaces are determined by various parameters, such as thedipole–dipole interaction between the fluorenone groups, the van der Waals interaction ofinterchains and side chain–graphite lattice, and molecule–solvent interaction.
(4) The2D self-assembly of various2-hydroxy-7-alkoxy-9-fluorenone(HAF) moleculeshas been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy(STM) in1-Phenyloctane. Asystematic study revealed that HAF molecules with different numbers of carbon atoms intheir alkoxy chainscould form two or three different kinds of nanostructures, that is,less-ordered, flower-like, and zig-zag patterns, owing to the formation of different types ofintermolecular hydrogen bonds. The observed structural transition was found to be driven bymolecular thermodynamics, surface diffusion, and the voltage pulse that was applied to theSTM tip. The zig-zag pattern was the most stable of these configurations. An odd–even effect on the flower-like structure, as induced by the odd and even number of carbon atoms in theside chain, was observed by STM. Our results are significant for understanding the influenceof hydrogen bonding interactions on the dominant adsorption behavior on the surface andprovide experimental and theoretical basis for observing the influence of the odd–even effecton the phase transition.
(5) We investigated the emergence of chirality in2D supramolecular networks formed byachiral molecule of the2-hydroxy-7-pentadecyloxy-9-fluorenone (OH-F-OC15) in theinterface of an achiral solvent of1-octanoic acid at different concentrations. At lowconcentrations, the double-rosette pattern was observed with the double chirality resultingfrom the hydrogen bonding. At middle concentrations, owing to the increasing solubility ofthe solvent, OH-F-OC15molecules could form a chiral tetramer pattern. In addition, thedouble-rosette pattern and tetramer structures only existed for a period of time, which couldswitch to a zigzag structure finally, due to the directionality and cooperativity of hydrogenbonding. In high concentrations, OH-F-OC15molecules could form an octamer structure andthe structural transition was not obtained. Particularly, no chiral structure was observed. Thesolvent mediated chiral induction provides a simple, efficient, and versatile approach for thefabrication of homochiral surfaces using achiral building blocks.
引文
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