基于QoS的智能配电通信无线传感器网络应用研究
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摘要
近期以来，中国国家自然科学基金、美国国家科学基金和欧盟第七期科研架构都对无线传感器网络在电力系统中应用研究给予了的重点资助。2010年，美国国家标准技术委员会所制定的《智能电网发展框架和路线图》中将无线传感器网络中的IEEE802.15.4标准协议明确列为推荐的通信标准之一，无线传感器网络在智能电网中的应用研究有着广阔的发展前景。
将无线传感器网络应用于智能配电高性能数据通信，其实质是对一类具有不确定性过程和有确定实时性和可靠性数据传输QoS性能指标要求的多目标协调优化求解难题。其核心是：需改进IEEE802.15.4标准MAC协议信道抢占方式，在不提高网络开销情况下嵌入QoS功能；需增加数据流量和无线链路不确定性动态变化的预估功能，在保障QoS功能需求下构建具有控制机制的端到端路由协议；需规范网络节点布局和拓扑结构规划的设计方法，在满足配电网架构条件下优化无线传感器网络结构。针对上述问题，本文通过建立网络结构和链路质量、节点内和节点间竞争状态、数据性能分析的数学模型，从节点-网络-整体全面地对无线传感器网络在智能配电网高性能通信中的应用基础理论方法进行了研究，这对探索提高无线传感器网络性能提供了思路，对智能配电高性能通信应用具有很好的理论意义和实用价值。
本文的主要研究工作如下：
（1）给出了智能配电通信无线传感器网络节点布局和拓扑结构规划的理论计算公式和设计方法。依据智能配电网高性能数据通信网络需求和所处地形地貌通信环境不确定性特点，通过建立无线传感器网络链路质量数学模型和网络结构数学模型，给出网络拓扑结构设计中节点距离、密度、覆盖面积和节点规模的计算方法，为智能配电通信无线传感器网络节点布置和拓扑结构的规划设计提供了理论依据。
（2）提出了基于不公平竞争的智能配电高性能通信无线传感器网络QoS-MAC协议算法。根据配电网通信对各类数据的不同实时性传输需求，在不增加网络开销情况下改进IEEE802.15.4标准MAC层协议，提出了一种嵌入QoS功能的QoS-MAC协议算法，仿真实验结果表明，该方法在保持了MAC层传输性能的同时，实现了满足各类不同实时性数据需求的高性能数据传输。
（3）提出了智能配电通信无线传感器网络MAC层性能分析数学模型。建立节点随机数据不公平竞争的马尔科夫缓冲队列状态数学模型、邻节点间无线信道竞争状态数学模型，构建节点状态和信道状态分析算法，解决了多优先级数据传输QoS-MAC协议传输性能的数学描述问题。仿真实验结果表明，该方法可以用于无线传感网络传输性能的验证分析。
（4）提出了智能配电通信无线传感器网络端到端传输QoS保障控制路由协议。基于“预测-决策-执行”分层协作的思想，对数据流量和无线链路不确定性动态变化预估，优化传输数据路径决策，通过分类、缓冲和调度管理，有效分配有限网络资源，避免网络数据拥塞。仿真实验结果表明，该方法解决了智能配电网各类数据业务有确定性服务质量要求的端到端数据传输路径优化求解问题。
（5）构造了智能配电通信无线传感器网络的模拟仿真环境。基于QualNet网络仿真软件，构建提出的智能配电通信无线传感器网络整体结构，加入智能配电通信无线传感器网络QoS-MAC协议和QoS保障控制路由协议算法，给出仿真软件参数设置和协议修改方法。根据配电终端设备的数据通信速率要求，测试网络端到端各类数据传输的实时性和可靠性的QoS服务功能。仿真实验结果表明：本文研究的从节点-网络-整体的理论方法可满足配电通信规范对节点各类数据包传输时延和接收率性能需求。
（6）实际工程实现范例。根据黄山市配电网数据通信实际工程的配电网台区的地形、地貌、通信环境和配电信息化管理的需求，设计了智能配电通信无线传感器网络优化拓扑结构，研制无线传感器网络终端/路由/协调器，在网络节点嵌入QoS-MAC协议和QoS保障控制路由协议软件，编制了网关管理软件并与配电自动化管理系统联接，实现智能配电通信无线传感器网络的工程应用。
实际工程测试结果和仿真实验结果均验证表明，本文所做的应用基础理论研究和给出的设计方法可适应于配电网数据通信规范对数据传输QoS性能指标要求，达到了适用于智能配电网高性能数据通信的预期目标。
Recently, Researches on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in Power Grid communicationwere supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, U.S. National Science Foundation,and European Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). In2010,“NIST Framework and Roadmap forSmart Grid Interoperability Standards” lists IEEE802.15.4as one of supported standards. WSNshave been widely recognized as a promising technology that brings signification advantage in SmartDistribution Grid (SDG) Communication.
Actually, WSNs in SDG high-performance Communications is a kind of multi-objectiveharmonizing optimization problem of uncertainty process with Quality of Service(QoS)requirements, such as real-time and reliability. The main problems need to be resolved are:1.Improving IEEE802.15.4MAC layer protocols channel contention and embedded QoS functionwithout additional overhead traffic.2. Increasing uncertainty dynamic change of traffic and wirelesslinks estimate functions and building a QoS Guarantee Control routing protocol to satisfy therequirements of QoS.3. Specifying design method of network nodes layout and topological structureand optimizing WSNs structure to match with Distribution Grid architecture. To address theseproblems, Basic theory and method for the entire WSNs application in SDG High-performanceCommunications are researched by building network structure and link quality model, contentionstatement model either in node or between nodes, and network performance analysis model. Theresearches provide meaningful insights about exploring the improvement of WSNs performance, andalso have theoretical significance and practical value.
The main works can be summarized as blow:
(1) The theoretic computational formula and design method of nodes layout and topology forWSNs in SDG are given. According to the requirement of communication of SDG high-performanceCommunications and the uncertain environment feature in which SDG device located, the distance,density, number of nodes and network cover area computational formula are given by buildingWSNs link quality model and networks structure model. It provides theoretical basis of nodes layoutand topological for WSNs in SDG.
(2) QoS-MAC protocol algorithm based on unfair competition of WSNs in SDG is proposed.According to the different kinds of real-time data requirement of SDG communication, an enhancedIEEE802.15.4MAC layer protocols embedded QoS feature are proposed without any overhead traffic. The simulation results show that the protocol satisfies all kinds of data with differentreal-time requirement, and in the meantime, MAC layer performance is kept.
(3) The MAC layer performance analysis mathematical model is built for WSNs in SDG. Thenode and channel analysis method is setup by building Markov statement buffer and radio channelcompetition statement mathematical model, to resolve the mathematical description problem ofQoS-MAC protocol performance. Simulation results show that this model can be used for WSNsperformance analysis.
(4) A QoS guarantee control routing protocol is proposed. Based on the “estimate, decision, andexecute” method, the network resource are effective distributed and the network congest is avoid byestimating uncertainty dynamic change of traffic and wireless links, optimizing routing path choose,and introducing Classification, Queuing and Scheduling management. The simulation result indicatethat the method can optimize routing protocol to satisfy the end-to-end transmission requirement ofall kinds SDG traffic.
(5) The WSNs in SDG scenario is designed and simulated. In the QualNet network simulationsoftware, the scenario with the proposed WSNs structure, the QoS-MAC protocol and QoSguarantee control routing protocol is designed. The simulation parameter setting and protocolmodification method are also given. According to the SDG terminal device communication data rate,end-to-end communication QoS (delay and reliability) performances are tested. The simulationresults show that: the researches of entire theory method can satisfy the requirement of SDGcommunication.
(6) The actual example of project realization. According to communication environment andrequirements of Distribution Information Management System (DIMS) in huangshan PowerCompany, the actual example of project is realized by designing the WSNs in SDG topology,developing the WSNs end-device, router and coordinator, embedding QoS-MAC protocol and QoSguarantee control routing protocol, and designing the gateway management software whichconnected with DIMS.
The actual project test and simulation test results indicate that, the basic theory research and thegiven design method in this paper are adaptive to the QoS performance requirements of SDG datatransmission, and also achieved expected goal of WSNs high-performance communication in SDG.
将无线传感器网络应用于智能配电高性能数据通信，其实质是对一类具有不确定性过程和有确定实时性和可靠性数据传输QoS性能指标要求的多目标协调优化求解难题。其核心是：需改进IEEE802.15.4标准MAC协议信道抢占方式，在不提高网络开销情况下嵌入QoS功能；需增加数据流量和无线链路不确定性动态变化的预估功能，在保障QoS功能需求下构建具有控制机制的端到端路由协议；需规范网络节点布局和拓扑结构规划的设计方法，在满足配电网架构条件下优化无线传感器网络结构。针对上述问题，本文通过建立网络结构和链路质量、节点内和节点间竞争状态、数据性能分析的数学模型，从节点-网络-整体全面地对无线传感器网络在智能配电网高性能通信中的应用基础理论方法进行了研究，这对探索提高无线传感器网络性能提供了思路，对智能配电高性能通信应用具有很好的理论意义和实用价值。
本文的主要研究工作如下：
（1）给出了智能配电通信无线传感器网络节点布局和拓扑结构规划的理论计算公式和设计方法。依据智能配电网高性能数据通信网络需求和所处地形地貌通信环境不确定性特点，通过建立无线传感器网络链路质量数学模型和网络结构数学模型，给出网络拓扑结构设计中节点距离、密度、覆盖面积和节点规模的计算方法，为智能配电通信无线传感器网络节点布置和拓扑结构的规划设计提供了理论依据。
（2）提出了基于不公平竞争的智能配电高性能通信无线传感器网络QoS-MAC协议算法。根据配电网通信对各类数据的不同实时性传输需求，在不增加网络开销情况下改进IEEE802.15.4标准MAC层协议，提出了一种嵌入QoS功能的QoS-MAC协议算法，仿真实验结果表明，该方法在保持了MAC层传输性能的同时，实现了满足各类不同实时性数据需求的高性能数据传输。
（3）提出了智能配电通信无线传感器网络MAC层性能分析数学模型。建立节点随机数据不公平竞争的马尔科夫缓冲队列状态数学模型、邻节点间无线信道竞争状态数学模型，构建节点状态和信道状态分析算法，解决了多优先级数据传输QoS-MAC协议传输性能的数学描述问题。仿真实验结果表明，该方法可以用于无线传感网络传输性能的验证分析。
（4）提出了智能配电通信无线传感器网络端到端传输QoS保障控制路由协议。基于“预测-决策-执行”分层协作的思想，对数据流量和无线链路不确定性动态变化预估，优化传输数据路径决策，通过分类、缓冲和调度管理，有效分配有限网络资源，避免网络数据拥塞。仿真实验结果表明，该方法解决了智能配电网各类数据业务有确定性服务质量要求的端到端数据传输路径优化求解问题。
（5）构造了智能配电通信无线传感器网络的模拟仿真环境。基于QualNet网络仿真软件，构建提出的智能配电通信无线传感器网络整体结构，加入智能配电通信无线传感器网络QoS-MAC协议和QoS保障控制路由协议算法，给出仿真软件参数设置和协议修改方法。根据配电终端设备的数据通信速率要求，测试网络端到端各类数据传输的实时性和可靠性的QoS服务功能。仿真实验结果表明：本文研究的从节点-网络-整体的理论方法可满足配电通信规范对节点各类数据包传输时延和接收率性能需求。
（6）实际工程实现范例。根据黄山市配电网数据通信实际工程的配电网台区的地形、地貌、通信环境和配电信息化管理的需求，设计了智能配电通信无线传感器网络优化拓扑结构，研制无线传感器网络终端/路由/协调器，在网络节点嵌入QoS-MAC协议和QoS保障控制路由协议软件，编制了网关管理软件并与配电自动化管理系统联接，实现智能配电通信无线传感器网络的工程应用。
实际工程测试结果和仿真实验结果均验证表明，本文所做的应用基础理论研究和给出的设计方法可适应于配电网数据通信规范对数据传输QoS性能指标要求，达到了适用于智能配电网高性能数据通信的预期目标。
Recently, Researches on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in Power Grid communicationwere supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, U.S. National Science Foundation,and European Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). In2010,“NIST Framework and Roadmap forSmart Grid Interoperability Standards” lists IEEE802.15.4as one of supported standards. WSNshave been widely recognized as a promising technology that brings signification advantage in SmartDistribution Grid (SDG) Communication.
Actually, WSNs in SDG high-performance Communications is a kind of multi-objectiveharmonizing optimization problem of uncertainty process with Quality of Service(QoS)requirements, such as real-time and reliability. The main problems need to be resolved are:1.Improving IEEE802.15.4MAC layer protocols channel contention and embedded QoS functionwithout additional overhead traffic.2. Increasing uncertainty dynamic change of traffic and wirelesslinks estimate functions and building a QoS Guarantee Control routing protocol to satisfy therequirements of QoS.3. Specifying design method of network nodes layout and topological structureand optimizing WSNs structure to match with Distribution Grid architecture. To address theseproblems, Basic theory and method for the entire WSNs application in SDG High-performanceCommunications are researched by building network structure and link quality model, contentionstatement model either in node or between nodes, and network performance analysis model. Theresearches provide meaningful insights about exploring the improvement of WSNs performance, andalso have theoretical significance and practical value.
The main works can be summarized as blow:
(1) The theoretic computational formula and design method of nodes layout and topology forWSNs in SDG are given. According to the requirement of communication of SDG high-performanceCommunications and the uncertain environment feature in which SDG device located, the distance,density, number of nodes and network cover area computational formula are given by buildingWSNs link quality model and networks structure model. It provides theoretical basis of nodes layoutand topological for WSNs in SDG.
(2) QoS-MAC protocol algorithm based on unfair competition of WSNs in SDG is proposed.According to the different kinds of real-time data requirement of SDG communication, an enhancedIEEE802.15.4MAC layer protocols embedded QoS feature are proposed without any overhead traffic. The simulation results show that the protocol satisfies all kinds of data with differentreal-time requirement, and in the meantime, MAC layer performance is kept.
(3) The MAC layer performance analysis mathematical model is built for WSNs in SDG. Thenode and channel analysis method is setup by building Markov statement buffer and radio channelcompetition statement mathematical model, to resolve the mathematical description problem ofQoS-MAC protocol performance. Simulation results show that this model can be used for WSNsperformance analysis.
(4) A QoS guarantee control routing protocol is proposed. Based on the “estimate, decision, andexecute” method, the network resource are effective distributed and the network congest is avoid byestimating uncertainty dynamic change of traffic and wireless links, optimizing routing path choose,and introducing Classification, Queuing and Scheduling management. The simulation result indicatethat the method can optimize routing protocol to satisfy the end-to-end transmission requirement ofall kinds SDG traffic.
(5) The WSNs in SDG scenario is designed and simulated. In the QualNet network simulationsoftware, the scenario with the proposed WSNs structure, the QoS-MAC protocol and QoSguarantee control routing protocol is designed. The simulation parameter setting and protocolmodification method are also given. According to the SDG terminal device communication data rate,end-to-end communication QoS (delay and reliability) performances are tested. The simulationresults show that: the researches of entire theory method can satisfy the requirement of SDGcommunication.
(6) The actual example of project realization. According to communication environment andrequirements of Distribution Information Management System (DIMS) in huangshan PowerCompany, the actual example of project is realized by designing the WSNs in SDG topology,developing the WSNs end-device, router and coordinator, embedding QoS-MAC protocol and QoSguarantee control routing protocol, and designing the gateway management software whichconnected with DIMS.
The actual project test and simulation test results indicate that, the basic theory research and thegiven design method in this paper are adaptive to the QoS performance requirements of SDG datatransmission, and also achieved expected goal of WSNs high-performance communication in SDG.
引文
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