基于群体决策的协同设计过程研究
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摘要
随着全球经济和科学技术的迅猛发展,全球化竞争日趋激烈,制造企业面对挑战的应对策略之一就是协同设计。协同设计是指由一组不同目标、不同背景和不同专长的设计者共同参加的设计活动。协同设计是一个社会、经济和技术过程,也是一个群体决策过程。同时,协同设计作为一个复杂的过程还具有动态性和敏感性。传统的设计理论和方法往往侧重设计过程的技术性和经济性。随着IT技术的发展,设计所具有的其它特性如社会性、复杂性和动态性等越来越对设计过程乃至设计结果产生越来越大的影响。因此,对设计的新形式----协同设计,必须展开新的理论和方法研究。本文围绕协同设计过程的特性,重点研究了分析和控制协同设计过程的综合方法。为了更有效的支持协同设计,本文还研究了在协同设计过程中推进群体决策的方法。
本文以协同设计过程为研究对象,首先分析了协同设计过程的基本特性,提出四个有待研究的关键问题:设计过程模型、设计过程分析与控制、群体决策和决策支持。首先,通过分析和比较现有设计过程建模方法和过程模型的特点,提出了基于群体决策的协同设计(GDBCD)过程模型。该设计过程模型包含过程变量、准则、方案、决策和设计解五个要素。通过该过程模型,可以将协同设计过程映射为一个群体决策过程,从而分析设计过程中参与者的特性和参与者之间的相互关系对设计过程的影响。并在模型的分析基础上,提出了基于群体决策的协同设计理论体系。应用过程模型研究协同设计过程,该过程模型能在考虑设计者的视角、偏好和认知特性的情况下分析设计解的求取过程。
设计过程中,不同的设计者会考虑不同的设计因素,而设计因素之间的层次关系构成了整个设计过程。对于协同设计而言,由于设计者往往基于网络异地进行设计,这使得设计因素间的关系变得更为复杂。本文结合结构建模方法和路径代数方法对设计因素进行层次化和重构,从而实现对协同设计过程结构的构建和规划。通过算例表明该方法能有效地分析协同设计过程中设计因素如何形成层次关系,并能应用该方法控制和管理设计因素之间的相互关系,从而控制和管理协同设计过程。
为了研究协同设计过程中设计参与者的主体特性对设计过程的影响,针对群体组织形式和群体的特性提出了多视角多准则决策方法。在传统的多准则决策方法中引入设计参与者主体特性的因素,如参与者视角、参与者相对重要度、参与者相对认可度等。在构建参与者视角模型的基础上应用多准则决策方法,改进后的多准则决策方法能有效地表示设计过程的群体决策的动态变化。该方法也可以用来帮助设计者在设计过程中更有效地决策。最后,在本文研究的模型和方法的基础上设计开发了一个协同设计群体决策支持原型系统。该系统基于多层架构,应用了CSLA和Nhibernate相结合的新框架,可以提供分布协同式决策应用。
With the rapid development of global economy and technology, the global competition is becoming increasely fierce. One of the strategies which the manufacturing firms take to face the challenges is collaborative design. Collaborative design is conducted by a group of people with different purposes, circumstances, and expertise. The collaborative design activity is a Socio-Econo-Technical process. It also is a group decision-making process. The design process has dynamic and sensitive features as a complex process. Traditional design theories and methodologies always focus on the technical and economical aspects of collaborative design. With the development of IT technologies, the features of design process such as sociality, complexity and dynamics have more impact on the design solutions. Therefore the new methodologies and theories on collaborative design should be developed. Therefore, the analysis methods and control models should be investigated based on these characteristics in order to study collaborative design. This research develops a comprehensive approach to analyze and control collaborative design process. Furthermore, to successfully support collaborative design, it provides a methodology to facilitate group decision-making during the design process.
After the investigation of the fundamental characteristics of collaborative design, four critical issues are identified. They are design process model, analysis and control of design process, group decision-making and decision support. This research develops systematic methods to manage and visualize collaborative design process by implementing these issues. The group decision-based collaborative design process model has been established by comparing current design process models and methodologies. This model consists of five elements including process variables, criteria, alternatives, decisions and solutions and can be used to represent the dynamics and evolution of design process. Collaborative design can be treated as a group decision making process with this model used to analyze the social features of participants and relations between them. According to the analysis of the model, the design theory framework for collaborative design based on group decision is presented. The model can generate the design solutions according to the perspectives, preferences and cognitive features of participants.
During the design process, different designers will concern different factors. The hierarchical relations between the design factors construct design processes. To collaborative design, participants design in different locations with network which makes the relations more complex. The process elements are layered and recreated with structure modeling method and path algebraic method. The control and analysis methodology is used to construct and plan the design process structure and proved to manage the relations between design factors.
The multi-perspective multi-criteria decision-making methodology on group structure and features is proposed to study the effect of participants’characteristics on the design process. The participants’characteristics including the perspectives, relative importance, and acceptance are introduced to this methodology which can represent the dynamics of design process efficiently based on participants’perspective model. This method also can help participants to make efficient decision during the design process. Finally a collaborative design group decision support system is developed based on the models and methodologies presented in this research. The system can provide distributed and collaborative decision-making application because of n-tier architecture. The architecture is developed with CSLA and Nhibernate.
本文以协同设计过程为研究对象,首先分析了协同设计过程的基本特性,提出四个有待研究的关键问题:设计过程模型、设计过程分析与控制、群体决策和决策支持。首先,通过分析和比较现有设计过程建模方法和过程模型的特点,提出了基于群体决策的协同设计(GDBCD)过程模型。该设计过程模型包含过程变量、准则、方案、决策和设计解五个要素。通过该过程模型,可以将协同设计过程映射为一个群体决策过程,从而分析设计过程中参与者的特性和参与者之间的相互关系对设计过程的影响。并在模型的分析基础上,提出了基于群体决策的协同设计理论体系。应用过程模型研究协同设计过程,该过程模型能在考虑设计者的视角、偏好和认知特性的情况下分析设计解的求取过程。
设计过程中,不同的设计者会考虑不同的设计因素,而设计因素之间的层次关系构成了整个设计过程。对于协同设计而言,由于设计者往往基于网络异地进行设计,这使得设计因素间的关系变得更为复杂。本文结合结构建模方法和路径代数方法对设计因素进行层次化和重构,从而实现对协同设计过程结构的构建和规划。通过算例表明该方法能有效地分析协同设计过程中设计因素如何形成层次关系,并能应用该方法控制和管理设计因素之间的相互关系,从而控制和管理协同设计过程。
为了研究协同设计过程中设计参与者的主体特性对设计过程的影响,针对群体组织形式和群体的特性提出了多视角多准则决策方法。在传统的多准则决策方法中引入设计参与者主体特性的因素,如参与者视角、参与者相对重要度、参与者相对认可度等。在构建参与者视角模型的基础上应用多准则决策方法,改进后的多准则决策方法能有效地表示设计过程的群体决策的动态变化。该方法也可以用来帮助设计者在设计过程中更有效地决策。最后,在本文研究的模型和方法的基础上设计开发了一个协同设计群体决策支持原型系统。该系统基于多层架构,应用了CSLA和Nhibernate相结合的新框架,可以提供分布协同式决策应用。
With the rapid development of global economy and technology, the global competition is becoming increasely fierce. One of the strategies which the manufacturing firms take to face the challenges is collaborative design. Collaborative design is conducted by a group of people with different purposes, circumstances, and expertise. The collaborative design activity is a Socio-Econo-Technical process. It also is a group decision-making process. The design process has dynamic and sensitive features as a complex process. Traditional design theories and methodologies always focus on the technical and economical aspects of collaborative design. With the development of IT technologies, the features of design process such as sociality, complexity and dynamics have more impact on the design solutions. Therefore the new methodologies and theories on collaborative design should be developed. Therefore, the analysis methods and control models should be investigated based on these characteristics in order to study collaborative design. This research develops a comprehensive approach to analyze and control collaborative design process. Furthermore, to successfully support collaborative design, it provides a methodology to facilitate group decision-making during the design process.
After the investigation of the fundamental characteristics of collaborative design, four critical issues are identified. They are design process model, analysis and control of design process, group decision-making and decision support. This research develops systematic methods to manage and visualize collaborative design process by implementing these issues. The group decision-based collaborative design process model has been established by comparing current design process models and methodologies. This model consists of five elements including process variables, criteria, alternatives, decisions and solutions and can be used to represent the dynamics and evolution of design process. Collaborative design can be treated as a group decision making process with this model used to analyze the social features of participants and relations between them. According to the analysis of the model, the design theory framework for collaborative design based on group decision is presented. The model can generate the design solutions according to the perspectives, preferences and cognitive features of participants.
During the design process, different designers will concern different factors. The hierarchical relations between the design factors construct design processes. To collaborative design, participants design in different locations with network which makes the relations more complex. The process elements are layered and recreated with structure modeling method and path algebraic method. The control and analysis methodology is used to construct and plan the design process structure and proved to manage the relations between design factors.
The multi-perspective multi-criteria decision-making methodology on group structure and features is proposed to study the effect of participants’characteristics on the design process. The participants’characteristics including the perspectives, relative importance, and acceptance are introduced to this methodology which can represent the dynamics of design process efficiently based on participants’perspective model. This method also can help participants to make efficient decision during the design process. Finally a collaborative design group decision support system is developed based on the models and methodologies presented in this research. The system can provide distributed and collaborative decision-making application because of n-tier architecture. The architecture is developed with CSLA and Nhibernate.
引文
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