长江流域住宅热湿负荷特性及采暖空调方式评价
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摘要
社会的进步和经济的发展都促使长江流域居民对改善居住条件提出了强烈的要求。过去长江流域居民较多采用被动式的取暖降温方式来满足室内舒适性的要求,而现在越来越多的居民提出选用主动采暖降温设备来改善室内环境的要求。针对长江流域的气候特征、风俗文化及生活习惯,结合其对应的负荷特性,确定适宜于长江流域住宅建筑的采暖空调方式是当前亟待解决的问题。
采暖空调方式的选择需要考虑的因素很多,传统的选择方式将空调方式的系统能效比作为首要因素,然而,随着住宅建筑中各种采暖空调方式的投入使用和运行,各种社会和环境问题出现,使得部分空调方式在特殊的建筑及小区布局中的使用受到限制,甚至某些因素对采暖空调方式有一票否决的影响,因此本文提出在进行采暖空调方式的选择时,需要综合考虑系统能效、环境协调、使用要求、冷热资源选择、负荷特性等多方面的因素。
本文从整体上把握长江流域发展特征,着重分析该区域的气候特点,社会经济发展情况,文化及生活习惯等特征。根据各地区冷热资源分布,建筑状况分类以及居住模式特征,建立采暖空调选择指标。在该指标的指导下,分别进行了三峡库区实态调查,长江流域问卷调查,家庭采暖能耗调查,江苏、重庆城市实地调查等调查,并在此基础上对已有的社会调查结果进行分析,对不同的家庭结构及收入水平进行分类,着重分析其住宅建筑居住模式,结合现阶段的发展情况,建立长江流域居住实态发展模型。
在居住实态发展模型的基础上,采用动态空调负荷分析法对各模型的采暖空调负荷进行详细的定性分析,得出各模型的采暖空调负荷特征。采用矩阵和组合的方法对各模型进行分析,通过家庭矩阵,杂居矩阵的构建,结合动态负荷矩阵,得出聚居负荷特性矩阵。对当前住宅采暖空调方式以及现有的空调方式和技术进行归纳和分析,找出其所适用的负荷特征。并将新能源的使用融入到空调方式中去,筛选出高效低碳的采暖空调方式。针对不同的住宅区形态以及负荷特性,列出与其相匹配的采暖空调方式推荐表。
Social progress and economic development have all contributed to make a strong demand to improve the living conditions of the residents in Yangtze River basin. In the past, residents in Yangtze River basin used more passive cooling and heating means to meet the requirements of indoor comfort. However, an increasing number of residents choose active heating and cooling equipment to improve the indoor environment. Considering the climate for the Yangtze River basin characteristics, customs and culture and lifestyle, combined with its corresponding load characteristics, to determine which mode of heating and air conditioning is suitable for residential buildings in Yangtze River basin is the current problems to be solved.
There are many factors to be considered when heating and air conditioning mode choice are made. In the traditional way, the system energy efficiency ratio is as a primary factor when it comes to the choice of the way in heating and air-conditioning. However, as various methods of heating and air conditioning in residential building put into use and operation, a variety of social and environmental issues has come out. They caused using restrictions of some special air-conditioned manner in special building. Even some factors on the heating and air conditioning methods are one-vote decision power. Therefore, this article made the choice of carrying out heating and air conditioning mode when the system need to integrate energy efficiency, environmental coordination, use requirements, hot and cold resource selection, other factors such as load characteristics.
In this paper, it grasps the overall development characteristics of the Yangtze River basin, and focus on analysis of the characteristics of regional climate, socio-economic development, culture and lifestyle. The indicators in the choice of heating and air conditioning in buildings are determined in accordance with the distribution of its hot and cold resources, construction status of classification and characteristics of settlement patterns. Under the guidance of the index ,the real state of urban living in Yangtze River valley is investigated and structure and the income level in different families are classified. It focuses on analysis of their residential pattern in residential buildings. The residential real state of development model in the Yangtze River Basin is established combined with the current stage of development.
On the basis of live real-state development model, it conducts a detailed qualitative analysis on the heating and air conditioning load of each model based on the dynamic analysis method of air conditioning load and it results in the feature on heating and air conditioning load of each model. Using the matrix and combination methods for analysis of various models. It arrives at the load characteristics of habitat matrix, through the analysis on family matrix, mixed matrix. Summarizing and analyzing the current methods of residential heating and air conditioning as well as the existing air-conditioning methods and techniques to identify characteristics of the load to which each one applies. And using the new energy into the way of the air-conditioning, filtering out low-carbon and efficient way of heating and air conditioning. The recommendation matching form of heating and air conditioning means is listed for different architectural forms, as well as load characteristics.
采暖空调方式的选择需要考虑的因素很多,传统的选择方式将空调方式的系统能效比作为首要因素,然而,随着住宅建筑中各种采暖空调方式的投入使用和运行,各种社会和环境问题出现,使得部分空调方式在特殊的建筑及小区布局中的使用受到限制,甚至某些因素对采暖空调方式有一票否决的影响,因此本文提出在进行采暖空调方式的选择时,需要综合考虑系统能效、环境协调、使用要求、冷热资源选择、负荷特性等多方面的因素。
本文从整体上把握长江流域发展特征,着重分析该区域的气候特点,社会经济发展情况,文化及生活习惯等特征。根据各地区冷热资源分布,建筑状况分类以及居住模式特征,建立采暖空调选择指标。在该指标的指导下,分别进行了三峡库区实态调查,长江流域问卷调查,家庭采暖能耗调查,江苏、重庆城市实地调查等调查,并在此基础上对已有的社会调查结果进行分析,对不同的家庭结构及收入水平进行分类,着重分析其住宅建筑居住模式,结合现阶段的发展情况,建立长江流域居住实态发展模型。
在居住实态发展模型的基础上,采用动态空调负荷分析法对各模型的采暖空调负荷进行详细的定性分析,得出各模型的采暖空调负荷特征。采用矩阵和组合的方法对各模型进行分析,通过家庭矩阵,杂居矩阵的构建,结合动态负荷矩阵,得出聚居负荷特性矩阵。对当前住宅采暖空调方式以及现有的空调方式和技术进行归纳和分析,找出其所适用的负荷特征。并将新能源的使用融入到空调方式中去,筛选出高效低碳的采暖空调方式。针对不同的住宅区形态以及负荷特性,列出与其相匹配的采暖空调方式推荐表。
Social progress and economic development have all contributed to make a strong demand to improve the living conditions of the residents in Yangtze River basin. In the past, residents in Yangtze River basin used more passive cooling and heating means to meet the requirements of indoor comfort. However, an increasing number of residents choose active heating and cooling equipment to improve the indoor environment. Considering the climate for the Yangtze River basin characteristics, customs and culture and lifestyle, combined with its corresponding load characteristics, to determine which mode of heating and air conditioning is suitable for residential buildings in Yangtze River basin is the current problems to be solved.
There are many factors to be considered when heating and air conditioning mode choice are made. In the traditional way, the system energy efficiency ratio is as a primary factor when it comes to the choice of the way in heating and air-conditioning. However, as various methods of heating and air conditioning in residential building put into use and operation, a variety of social and environmental issues has come out. They caused using restrictions of some special air-conditioned manner in special building. Even some factors on the heating and air conditioning methods are one-vote decision power. Therefore, this article made the choice of carrying out heating and air conditioning mode when the system need to integrate energy efficiency, environmental coordination, use requirements, hot and cold resource selection, other factors such as load characteristics.
In this paper, it grasps the overall development characteristics of the Yangtze River basin, and focus on analysis of the characteristics of regional climate, socio-economic development, culture and lifestyle. The indicators in the choice of heating and air conditioning in buildings are determined in accordance with the distribution of its hot and cold resources, construction status of classification and characteristics of settlement patterns. Under the guidance of the index ,the real state of urban living in Yangtze River valley is investigated and structure and the income level in different families are classified. It focuses on analysis of their residential pattern in residential buildings. The residential real state of development model in the Yangtze River Basin is established combined with the current stage of development.
On the basis of live real-state development model, it conducts a detailed qualitative analysis on the heating and air conditioning load of each model based on the dynamic analysis method of air conditioning load and it results in the feature on heating and air conditioning load of each model. Using the matrix and combination methods for analysis of various models. It arrives at the load characteristics of habitat matrix, through the analysis on family matrix, mixed matrix. Summarizing and analyzing the current methods of residential heating and air conditioning as well as the existing air-conditioning methods and techniques to identify characteristics of the load to which each one applies. And using the new energy into the way of the air-conditioning, filtering out low-carbon and efficient way of heating and air conditioning. The recommendation matching form of heating and air conditioning means is listed for different architectural forms, as well as load characteristics.
引文
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[9]康艳兵.建筑节能关键技术回顾与展望(二) [J].中国能源,2003,12:3~4.
[10] Energy Conservation policy & Measures in Japan [ EB/01 ]. http://www.eccj.or.jp ,2007-07-05.
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[12] Paul Kerna.LEEDTM Implementation Guide for Municipal Green buildings[Z].American,Greater Vancouver Regional District Policy and Planning Department,2002.
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[14]闫凤英.居住行为理论研究[D].2005.
[15]赵永丽.现代家庭生活方式的变化及分析[J].内蒙古统计,2008,6:77~78.
[16]丁仆.当前我国家庭生活方式的变化[J].人民日报,1995.
[17] Scheffe J. Dealing with missing data. Res Lett Inf Math Sci,2002,3:153-156.
[18]施睿华.上海市住宅建筑室内环境与能源消费的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2005:15-17.
[19]蒋研.调查数据中无回答问题处理[D].北京:中国人民大学,2001:10-30.
[20]刘鹏,雷蕾,张雪凤.缺失数据处理方法的比较研究[J].计算机科学,2004,31(10):155-157.
[21] Pigott TD. A review of methods for missing data. Edu Res Evaluation,2001,7:353-383.
[22]付祥钊,杨李宁,马晓雯,顾群.夏热冬冷地区居住建筑空调能耗预测[J].暖通空调2007,37:1~5.
[23]王雅林.城市休闲:上海、天津、哈尔滨城市居民时间分配的考察[M].社会科学文献出版社:167~216.
[24]尹朝晖,吴硕贤,张红虎.家庭居住生活方式影响因素调查及分析[J].建筑学报,2007.4:10~14.
[25]曹雪丹.1949年以来我国城市居住行为与居住空间研究[D].2007.
[26]王跃生.当代中国家庭结构变动分析,当代中国城乡家庭结构变动比较[J].社会,2006,26(3).
[27] (美)米尔斯isbn,周晓虹译.白领(美国的中产阶级)[M].南京大学出版社,2006:315.
[28]马琴芬.集中居住区居民的生活方式研究[D].苏州大学2007:28~66.
[29]杨清宇.基于居民生活行为的居住小区户外空间环境设计研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2006:31~62.
[30] Newman.O, Defensible space:a New planning Tool for Urban Revitalization, 1995:149~155.
[31] KaokoTom.A Comparative Perspective on Urban Spatial Housing Market Structure: Some More Evidence of Local Sub-markets Based on a Neural Network Classification of Amsterdam[J].Urban Studies,2004(41):2555-2579.
[32]王辉等.天津市千户城市居民调查[M],天津社会科学院出版社,1998:12~54.
[33]吴敦龙.房地产投资规模与城市化发展相适应之研究[J].法制与经济,2007.9:92~93.
[34]曹叔维,陈沛霖.空调负荷计算理论与方法[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1987.
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