考虑流通损耗控制的生鲜农产品供应链订货策略及供需协调研究
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摘要
推行超市主导的生鲜农产品供应链管理,疏通生鲜流通渠道,正是加快农业产业化进程,推进农业健康、可持续发展的重要课题。当前,我国生鲜农产品的流通损耗严重,但是管理水平不高。对此,本文以生鲜农产品损耗控制为切入点,探寻损耗的深层次根源;以零售商生鲜经营的利润和社会外部性作为对比尺度,研究了生鲜农产品的库存补货策略和供应链协调策略。
首先分析和界定了生鲜农产品流通损耗的内涵。将损耗划分为实体损耗和价值损耗,并将其从超市内部延展到整个流通渠道;而后从市场体制、渠道结构、交易机制、信息化建设等方面阐述了损耗产生的根源,衍生出生鲜农产品流通问题和供应链管理的相关问题。
其次,考虑超过产品生命周期的生鲜农产品价值为零,建立了需求率同时依赖于存货水平和变质率的库存模型。针对一个完整订货周期和一个不完整订货周期,从一般意义上研究了生命周期约束和仓库容量限制下,计划期可修正的生鲜农产品最后两次订货策略。研究得出最优订货周期须超过一个生命周期,但是不完整订货周期须控制在一个生命周期内。
再次,根据生鲜农产品通常采用多批次、小批量的订货模式,在传统量折扣的基础上施加时间限制,提出了期量折扣策略,细分为时间全数量折扣策略和时间增量折扣策略。据此进一步考虑资金的时间价值,研究了基于期量折扣的生鲜农产品订货策略,得出时间全数量折扣更能激励零售商增加订货;折扣时间限制越宽松越有利于零售商降低成本。但是,期量折扣只能协助供应链节点企业之间达成协调,不能解决零售商的产品促销问题。对此,引入时间分段因子任意划分销售期,进一步研究了多级价格折扣下需求率同时依赖于价格和新鲜度的生鲜农产品EOQ模型,得出零售商没有动力控制折扣时段的损耗。
而后,提出了努力水平影响损耗率的变质库存模型。依托于努力能够降低损耗的公理,进一步提出了构建以生鲜加工配送中心为运作平台的第三方精加工服务模式以共同努力控制损耗,据此研究了零售商独自努力、零售商和分销商共同努力控制损耗下的生鲜农产品订货策略。研究得出在共同努力之下,即便付出低努力也能实现低损耗。
最后,综合上述研究结论,与传统的收益共享、回购等供应链协调策略不同,从利润最大化和损耗最小化的对立矛盾出发,提出减少周期利润以更大幅度降低损耗的控制方法并验证了该方法的可行性。研究得出集中式决策下的订货周期等于分散式决策下的最优订货周期时,系统实体损耗最小。
The fresh agricultural product (FAP) supply chain management that is supermarket-oriented should be applied to dredge the fresh circulation channel and quicken the step of agriculture industrialization which is a significant topic during the process of agriculture’s healthy and continuous development. But nowadays, the circulative loss is serious in our country but the level of management is not high. In this study, the recessive reasons resulting of loss is explored, and then the optimal ordering policies and the coordination policies are studied one after the other with the basic aim to controlling loss.
Firstly, the connotation of circulative loss of FAP is redefined which is divided into physical loss and valuable loss subsequently. Then the area where loss occurs is extended from interior supermarket to the entire circulation channel. Based on analysis of the reason resulting of loss from market mechanism, channel structure, business mechanism and informatization construction, some circulation and management questions of FAP are derived.
Secondly, considering the value of the deteriorated FAP is zero, a deteriorating inventory model is developed with demand rate dependent inventory level and decay rate, and then the ordering policy taking into account the shelf life and storage capacity constraint is investigated with two last ordering opportunities on condition that the planning horizon can be modified. The conclusion implies that the optimal ordering cycle must exceed shelf life, but the non-integral ordering cycle should keep in shelf life.
Thirdly, under the assumption that the retailer orders his products with the mode of many ordering times and small ordering quantity per time, a time-volume discount is developed with the traditional volume discount in time limit which is then divided into all-volume discount in time limit and incremental volume discount in time limit. An optimal ordering policy is studied taking into account the time value of time. The conclusion implies that the all-volume discount is better to inspire the retailer increasing order quantity than incremental volume discount; the cost of retailer decreases when the time limit relaxes. In other aspect, the time-volume discount just contributes to coordinate the supply chain without solving the problem of sales promotion. Moreover, an EOQ model of FAP with demand rate dependent price and freshness is developed under progressive price discount. The conclusion implies that the retailer has no drive to decrease the loss in discount time periods.
Fourthly, a deteriorating model is developed with loss rate dependent effort level. After an axiom is proposed that the effort can decrease circulative loss, the thirty-party finish processing mode is proposed as which the fresh distribution center plays the operational site. Under the above assumption, the optimal ordering policy of FAP is studied. When the distributor and the retailer cooperate to control the circulative loss, the conclusion implies that the FAP supply chain can reach collaboration; and the unit loss is less small, but the unit total profit is bigger even if the retailer pays out high effort.
Finaly, on the base of the former conclusions, a loss-controlling method is proposed that the loss can be decreased by decreasing period profit. It is different from the traditional coordination policies, such as revenue sharing and backlogging, this thesis proved that the method proposed above can coordinate the SAP supply chain under physical loss. When the system ordering period equals to the retailer’s optimal ordering period under the decentralized decision, the system loss is least.
首先分析和界定了生鲜农产品流通损耗的内涵。将损耗划分为实体损耗和价值损耗,并将其从超市内部延展到整个流通渠道;而后从市场体制、渠道结构、交易机制、信息化建设等方面阐述了损耗产生的根源,衍生出生鲜农产品流通问题和供应链管理的相关问题。
其次,考虑超过产品生命周期的生鲜农产品价值为零,建立了需求率同时依赖于存货水平和变质率的库存模型。针对一个完整订货周期和一个不完整订货周期,从一般意义上研究了生命周期约束和仓库容量限制下,计划期可修正的生鲜农产品最后两次订货策略。研究得出最优订货周期须超过一个生命周期,但是不完整订货周期须控制在一个生命周期内。
再次,根据生鲜农产品通常采用多批次、小批量的订货模式,在传统量折扣的基础上施加时间限制,提出了期量折扣策略,细分为时间全数量折扣策略和时间增量折扣策略。据此进一步考虑资金的时间价值,研究了基于期量折扣的生鲜农产品订货策略,得出时间全数量折扣更能激励零售商增加订货;折扣时间限制越宽松越有利于零售商降低成本。但是,期量折扣只能协助供应链节点企业之间达成协调,不能解决零售商的产品促销问题。对此,引入时间分段因子任意划分销售期,进一步研究了多级价格折扣下需求率同时依赖于价格和新鲜度的生鲜农产品EOQ模型,得出零售商没有动力控制折扣时段的损耗。
而后,提出了努力水平影响损耗率的变质库存模型。依托于努力能够降低损耗的公理,进一步提出了构建以生鲜加工配送中心为运作平台的第三方精加工服务模式以共同努力控制损耗,据此研究了零售商独自努力、零售商和分销商共同努力控制损耗下的生鲜农产品订货策略。研究得出在共同努力之下,即便付出低努力也能实现低损耗。
最后,综合上述研究结论,与传统的收益共享、回购等供应链协调策略不同,从利润最大化和损耗最小化的对立矛盾出发,提出减少周期利润以更大幅度降低损耗的控制方法并验证了该方法的可行性。研究得出集中式决策下的订货周期等于分散式决策下的最优订货周期时,系统实体损耗最小。
The fresh agricultural product (FAP) supply chain management that is supermarket-oriented should be applied to dredge the fresh circulation channel and quicken the step of agriculture industrialization which is a significant topic during the process of agriculture’s healthy and continuous development. But nowadays, the circulative loss is serious in our country but the level of management is not high. In this study, the recessive reasons resulting of loss is explored, and then the optimal ordering policies and the coordination policies are studied one after the other with the basic aim to controlling loss.
Firstly, the connotation of circulative loss of FAP is redefined which is divided into physical loss and valuable loss subsequently. Then the area where loss occurs is extended from interior supermarket to the entire circulation channel. Based on analysis of the reason resulting of loss from market mechanism, channel structure, business mechanism and informatization construction, some circulation and management questions of FAP are derived.
Secondly, considering the value of the deteriorated FAP is zero, a deteriorating inventory model is developed with demand rate dependent inventory level and decay rate, and then the ordering policy taking into account the shelf life and storage capacity constraint is investigated with two last ordering opportunities on condition that the planning horizon can be modified. The conclusion implies that the optimal ordering cycle must exceed shelf life, but the non-integral ordering cycle should keep in shelf life.
Thirdly, under the assumption that the retailer orders his products with the mode of many ordering times and small ordering quantity per time, a time-volume discount is developed with the traditional volume discount in time limit which is then divided into all-volume discount in time limit and incremental volume discount in time limit. An optimal ordering policy is studied taking into account the time value of time. The conclusion implies that the all-volume discount is better to inspire the retailer increasing order quantity than incremental volume discount; the cost of retailer decreases when the time limit relaxes. In other aspect, the time-volume discount just contributes to coordinate the supply chain without solving the problem of sales promotion. Moreover, an EOQ model of FAP with demand rate dependent price and freshness is developed under progressive price discount. The conclusion implies that the retailer has no drive to decrease the loss in discount time periods.
Fourthly, a deteriorating model is developed with loss rate dependent effort level. After an axiom is proposed that the effort can decrease circulative loss, the thirty-party finish processing mode is proposed as which the fresh distribution center plays the operational site. Under the above assumption, the optimal ordering policy of FAP is studied. When the distributor and the retailer cooperate to control the circulative loss, the conclusion implies that the FAP supply chain can reach collaboration; and the unit loss is less small, but the unit total profit is bigger even if the retailer pays out high effort.
Finaly, on the base of the former conclusions, a loss-controlling method is proposed that the loss can be decreased by decreasing period profit. It is different from the traditional coordination policies, such as revenue sharing and backlogging, this thesis proved that the method proposed above can coordinate the SAP supply chain under physical loss. When the system ordering period equals to the retailer’s optimal ordering period under the decentralized decision, the system loss is least.
引文
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