冷藏链中易腐食品冷藏运输品质安全与能耗分析
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摘要
随着人民生活水平的提高,对食品品质的要求也越来越高,与此同时伴随而来的是食品冷藏运输量激增。相应的,运输安全和节能问题也日益为人们所关注。如何能在保障食品品质的同时降低运输能耗已成为国内外相关领域的研究热点。本文通过调研、试验、模拟等相结合的方法,对陆路冷藏运输食品品质安全和节能策略及能耗评价问题展开研究。主要工作如下：
(一)针对我国冷藏运输的市场状况、陆路运输装备(公路、铁路)运输特点和能耗情况展开全面的调查分析。研究表明我国正处在冷藏运输的快速发展期,年运量达8000万吨以上,但与此同时,冷藏运输率仍不足30%,食品腐损严重。我国冷藏运输装备、技术虽迅速发展但仍未能满足市场的需求,在运输管理、技术措施上存在的不足使得能耗偏高,亟待改进。因此,掌握食品品质与节能的平衡点,分析影响运输能耗的关键控制点是当前应尽快开展的最为基础也是最为关键的工作。
(二)以典型易腐食品为例,对其常温运输和冷藏运输进行比对试验,分析其运输品质的变化情况。为考虑不同品类的差异性,分别对鲜奶、猪肉、水果(香蕉、荔枝)、蔬菜(黄瓜、菜豆、生菜、小白菜、胡萝卜、辣椒)等展开试验分析。研究表明,适当的冷藏运输环境对食品品质起到了良好的保护作用,虽然制冷会使得能耗增加,但由于其大大减少食品腐损,在提高运输总体经济效益上是有益的。
(三)在能耗方面,以香蕉运输为例展开能耗跟踪分析,并就冷藏运输装备的气密性、隔热性测试方法、老化问题及对能耗的影响展开试验分析；其中在漏气量测试过程中,不同于国内常见的压差法,研究采用气体成分测定法获得漏气量与车速的关系,为相关研究提供有益补充。
(四)在上述能耗调查、试验分析的基础上,研究者从冷藏运输的能耗机理出发,建立了具体冷藏运输过程的冷藏运输能耗分析与评价模型。在此基础上,给出了影响能耗各主要因素的基准值,特别是针对目前陆路冷藏运输装备漏热量、漏气量标准不统一的问题,给出其相应的分级体系,并对运输速度提出了相应的要求。并以公路和铁路的实际冷藏运输为例,进行其能耗的分析和评价,找到各自存在的问题,给出相应解决策略。研究表明,该体系将能较好的对能耗状况进行实时分析,并辅助企业找到能耗的关键点、薄弱点,从而实施有效的节能策略,在保障食品品质安全的基础上实现降低能耗的目标。
(五)在冷藏运输企业能耗水平评价方面,研究者借鉴了HACCP的思想,建立了冷藏运输能耗分析与节能关键控制点(EACCP)体系。即在能耗分析(EA)的基础上,得到节能关键控制点(CCP),并确定其重要性程度,进而制定出相应的节能措施、监控体系、纠正措施等。通过上述方法,达到客观评价、全面分析、改进优化的目标。在体系构建过程中,研究者采用层次熵分析法,得到了各关键控制点的权重并予以分级,认为运输速度和预冷措施是影响能耗的最为关键的因素。在此基础上,以某冷藏运输公司为例进行分析,得到其整体节能水平状况并提出改进意见。
上述工作的展开,在优化冷藏运输管理、完善我国冷藏运输体系、改进冷藏运输装备、提高货物运输品质、降低运输能耗等方面均具有一定的理论意义和实用价值,在冷藏运输管理及应用方面也具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。
With the improvement of living standards, the requirement to the quality of food is becoming more and higher. At the same time, the quantity of refrigerated food transportation increases greatly. Accordingly, the transport energy issues are increasingly drawing people's attention as well. How to protect food quality with lowing transport energy consumption has become a focus of domestic and foreign research in the field. The text points at the strategy of land refrigerated transport energy and evaluation of energy consumption issues, through combining research with testing, simulation and other methods. Main tasks as follows:
According to the market situation in refrigerating transportation and land transport equipment (highway, railway) transportation characteristics and energy consumption situation, make comprehensive investigation and analysis. The research shows that China is in the period of rapid development of refrigerated transportation, the annual transport capacity reaches to 80 million tons or more, while the refrigerated transported rate is still less than 30%, the rot of food was heavy. Refrigerated transport equipment in China, although the technology developed rapidly, it failed to meet the demand of market. The shortage of transportation management and technical measures made energy consumption higher and urgent to improve. Therefore, it is the key work to master the balance between the quality of food and energy saving and analyzed the influence on transported energy consumption.
Take perishable food for example, an experiment is being tried to compare common and refrigerated transportation, and analysis the quality of its transportation changing situation. According to the differences of different categories, make an experiment analysis respectively to milk, pork, fruits (bananas, litchi) and vegetables (cucumber, beans, lettuce, cabbage, carrots, peppers). The result shows that the appropriate environment for food quality refrigerated transport played a good protective effect, although cooling would make energy consumption increase, because it decrease the rot of food, on the whole, to improve transportation economic benefits would be beneficial.
In terms of energy wastage, we take transport of banana for instance, analyzing gas tightness of the equipment of refrigerated transport the test way of heat insulation、the problem aging and the influence of energy wastage. During the process of air leakage test, it is not as same as the Differential-pressure method in China. The relation between air leakage and car velocity can be obtained and some relevant researches can be supplied by studying the test way of air components.
Based on the investigation of energy consumption and experimental analysis as mentioned above, researchers established a specific energy consumption of refrigerated transport analysis and evaluation model in refrigerated transport process, according to the mechanism of the energy consumption of refrigerated transport. On this basis, the major factors affecting the energy consumption of the benchmark value are given, especially for the issue that the standards on heat leakage, gas leakage of the land refrigerated transport equipment at present are not uniform, the corresponding classification system and the transport rate made the corresponding request are also given. And take the practical refrigerating transportation of highway and rail for example, the analysis and evaluation of their energy are carried out and the appropriate solution strategies to the existing problem are given. Research shows that the system will be able to better real-time analysis of the energy situation and to assist enterprises to find the critical points and weak points of energy, so as to implement effective energy conservation strategies, on the basis of keeping food quality safety to realize the goal of reducing energy consumption.
In terms of assessing of the energy wastage in refrigerated transport, researcher draw lessons from the HACCP, setting up the Energy Analysis and Critical Control Point system (EACCP). We can obtain the Critical Control Point(CCP) basis on Energy Analysis(EA), further more we can formulate relevant some conservation measures、supervisory control system、corrective measures and so on. During the process of structure, the weight of each critical control point can be acquired and be ranked. The transport velocity and the pre-cooling measures are the most pivotal elements to influence energy wastage. On that basis, we take a refrigerated transport company for instance and acquire the whole condition level of energy conservation, making suggestions to improve.
It is valuable for optimizing in refrigerated transport management、perfecting refrigerated transport system in China、improving refrigerated transport equipment、improving transport quality of goods and reducing energy wastage and so on. It is also significative for management and some applied aspects of refrigerated transport.
(一)针对我国冷藏运输的市场状况、陆路运输装备(公路、铁路)运输特点和能耗情况展开全面的调查分析。研究表明我国正处在冷藏运输的快速发展期,年运量达8000万吨以上,但与此同时,冷藏运输率仍不足30%,食品腐损严重。我国冷藏运输装备、技术虽迅速发展但仍未能满足市场的需求,在运输管理、技术措施上存在的不足使得能耗偏高,亟待改进。因此,掌握食品品质与节能的平衡点,分析影响运输能耗的关键控制点是当前应尽快开展的最为基础也是最为关键的工作。
(二)以典型易腐食品为例,对其常温运输和冷藏运输进行比对试验,分析其运输品质的变化情况。为考虑不同品类的差异性,分别对鲜奶、猪肉、水果(香蕉、荔枝)、蔬菜(黄瓜、菜豆、生菜、小白菜、胡萝卜、辣椒)等展开试验分析。研究表明,适当的冷藏运输环境对食品品质起到了良好的保护作用,虽然制冷会使得能耗增加,但由于其大大减少食品腐损,在提高运输总体经济效益上是有益的。
(三)在能耗方面,以香蕉运输为例展开能耗跟踪分析,并就冷藏运输装备的气密性、隔热性测试方法、老化问题及对能耗的影响展开试验分析；其中在漏气量测试过程中,不同于国内常见的压差法,研究采用气体成分测定法获得漏气量与车速的关系,为相关研究提供有益补充。
(四)在上述能耗调查、试验分析的基础上,研究者从冷藏运输的能耗机理出发,建立了具体冷藏运输过程的冷藏运输能耗分析与评价模型。在此基础上,给出了影响能耗各主要因素的基准值,特别是针对目前陆路冷藏运输装备漏热量、漏气量标准不统一的问题,给出其相应的分级体系,并对运输速度提出了相应的要求。并以公路和铁路的实际冷藏运输为例,进行其能耗的分析和评价,找到各自存在的问题,给出相应解决策略。研究表明,该体系将能较好的对能耗状况进行实时分析,并辅助企业找到能耗的关键点、薄弱点,从而实施有效的节能策略,在保障食品品质安全的基础上实现降低能耗的目标。
(五)在冷藏运输企业能耗水平评价方面,研究者借鉴了HACCP的思想,建立了冷藏运输能耗分析与节能关键控制点(EACCP)体系。即在能耗分析(EA)的基础上,得到节能关键控制点(CCP),并确定其重要性程度,进而制定出相应的节能措施、监控体系、纠正措施等。通过上述方法,达到客观评价、全面分析、改进优化的目标。在体系构建过程中,研究者采用层次熵分析法,得到了各关键控制点的权重并予以分级,认为运输速度和预冷措施是影响能耗的最为关键的因素。在此基础上,以某冷藏运输公司为例进行分析,得到其整体节能水平状况并提出改进意见。
上述工作的展开,在优化冷藏运输管理、完善我国冷藏运输体系、改进冷藏运输装备、提高货物运输品质、降低运输能耗等方面均具有一定的理论意义和实用价值,在冷藏运输管理及应用方面也具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。
With the improvement of living standards, the requirement to the quality of food is becoming more and higher. At the same time, the quantity of refrigerated food transportation increases greatly. Accordingly, the transport energy issues are increasingly drawing people's attention as well. How to protect food quality with lowing transport energy consumption has become a focus of domestic and foreign research in the field. The text points at the strategy of land refrigerated transport energy and evaluation of energy consumption issues, through combining research with testing, simulation and other methods. Main tasks as follows:
According to the market situation in refrigerating transportation and land transport equipment (highway, railway) transportation characteristics and energy consumption situation, make comprehensive investigation and analysis. The research shows that China is in the period of rapid development of refrigerated transportation, the annual transport capacity reaches to 80 million tons or more, while the refrigerated transported rate is still less than 30%, the rot of food was heavy. Refrigerated transport equipment in China, although the technology developed rapidly, it failed to meet the demand of market. The shortage of transportation management and technical measures made energy consumption higher and urgent to improve. Therefore, it is the key work to master the balance between the quality of food and energy saving and analyzed the influence on transported energy consumption.
Take perishable food for example, an experiment is being tried to compare common and refrigerated transportation, and analysis the quality of its transportation changing situation. According to the differences of different categories, make an experiment analysis respectively to milk, pork, fruits (bananas, litchi) and vegetables (cucumber, beans, lettuce, cabbage, carrots, peppers). The result shows that the appropriate environment for food quality refrigerated transport played a good protective effect, although cooling would make energy consumption increase, because it decrease the rot of food, on the whole, to improve transportation economic benefits would be beneficial.
In terms of energy wastage, we take transport of banana for instance, analyzing gas tightness of the equipment of refrigerated transport the test way of heat insulation、the problem aging and the influence of energy wastage. During the process of air leakage test, it is not as same as the Differential-pressure method in China. The relation between air leakage and car velocity can be obtained and some relevant researches can be supplied by studying the test way of air components.
Based on the investigation of energy consumption and experimental analysis as mentioned above, researchers established a specific energy consumption of refrigerated transport analysis and evaluation model in refrigerated transport process, according to the mechanism of the energy consumption of refrigerated transport. On this basis, the major factors affecting the energy consumption of the benchmark value are given, especially for the issue that the standards on heat leakage, gas leakage of the land refrigerated transport equipment at present are not uniform, the corresponding classification system and the transport rate made the corresponding request are also given. And take the practical refrigerating transportation of highway and rail for example, the analysis and evaluation of their energy are carried out and the appropriate solution strategies to the existing problem are given. Research shows that the system will be able to better real-time analysis of the energy situation and to assist enterprises to find the critical points and weak points of energy, so as to implement effective energy conservation strategies, on the basis of keeping food quality safety to realize the goal of reducing energy consumption.
In terms of assessing of the energy wastage in refrigerated transport, researcher draw lessons from the HACCP, setting up the Energy Analysis and Critical Control Point system (EACCP). We can obtain the Critical Control Point(CCP) basis on Energy Analysis(EA), further more we can formulate relevant some conservation measures、supervisory control system、corrective measures and so on. During the process of structure, the weight of each critical control point can be acquired and be ranked. The transport velocity and the pre-cooling measures are the most pivotal elements to influence energy wastage. On that basis, we take a refrigerated transport company for instance and acquire the whole condition level of energy conservation, making suggestions to improve.
It is valuable for optimizing in refrigerated transport management、perfecting refrigerated transport system in China、improving refrigerated transport equipment、improving transport quality of goods and reducing energy wastage and so on. It is also significative for management and some applied aspects of refrigerated transport.
引文
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