隧道冻害机理及冻胀力计算方法的研究
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摘要
国内外大量铁路、公路隧道建设和运营的实践证明，在高纬度或高海拔的寒冷地区，尤其是多年冻土地区，加之地下水比较发育时，隧道常常会发生冻害，直接威胁到隧道结构及运营行车的安全，造成严重的经济损失。然而，随着我国经济建设的蓬勃发展及西部大开发政策的进一步落实，对于交通基础设施建设特别是路网完善的需求在不断增加，大量冻土隧道的修建是不可避免的。因此，如何在冻土隧道的建设中采取行之有效的措施，避免或减轻冻害的发生，是目前隧道工程界急需解决的问题，开展冻土隧道冻害机理及相关防治技术的研究具有重大的工程实际意义和广阔的应用前景。
在对大量冻土隧道冻害现象及其形成机理进行研究的基础上，发现冻胀力是隧道冻害发生的主要原因，温度条件、水文条件、围岩条件、工程措施是隧道冻害发生的主要因素。因此，在冻土隧道的研究中，最关键的问题就是研究冻土隧道的冻胀力。
目前从理论上计算冻土隧道冻胀力方法的研究走的是应力场、温度场、渗流场三场耦合分析的路，但由于工程实际情况的复杂性和数学力学方法的局限性，目前还处在非实用阶段，有很长的路要走。鉴于此，本文首先根据弹性力学理论推出了冻土隧道冻胀力计算公式。同时，根据弹塑性力学及有限元理论提出了冻土隧道冻胀力半理论半经验的计算方法，即以地温测试确定冻结圈范围、以原样力学测试确定冻结与非冻结状态围岩的物理力学参数为先导，而后进行自重应力场与温度应力场双场耦合的数值模拟分析的技术路线，利用大型有限元程序ANSYS实现了这种计算方法，并通过模型试验对其进行了验证。
根据冻胀力弹性力学计算方法，对不同冻结圈厚度、不同冻胀率情况下的冻土隧道冻胀力进行了计算和分析，得出了不同情况下的冻胀力——变形特征曲线和冻胀力变化规律。根据冻胀力弹塑性力学计算方法，利用大型有限元程序ANSYS建立平面应变问题的有限元模型，对不同埋深、不同冻结圈厚度、不同冻胀率情况下的冻土隧道冻胀力进行了计算和分析，得出了不同情况下的冻胀力——变形特征曲线和冻胀力分布规律。同时，对冻土隧道的深浅埋分界进行了初步探讨。
In high latitude or high elevation cold region, especially means of many years frozen earth region, freeze injure always happens in tunnel when ground water grows. Thus is proved by a lot of practice of construction and transport service of railway and highway tunnel overseas and interiorly. Freeze injure endangers the safety of tunnel structure and transport service directly, causes serious economic loss. However, with vigorous development of economic construction and the policy of development in western part ascertained by degrees in our country, the requirement to basic transportation establishment adds, especially means of consummate transportation wet. Construction of large quantity tunnel in frozen earth can not be avoided. Therefore, how to take efficacious measure to avoid or reduce freeze injure in construction of tunnel in frozen earth is a problem that need to be settled urgently by tunnel workers at present. Carrying out study on principle of tunnel freeze injure and relative prevention and cure
technology has major meaning of engineering practice and vast application foreground.
On base of study on large quantity phenomena and principle of tunnel freeze injure, That frost force is main reason of tunnel freeze injure is discovered. Temperature, water, surrounding rock, engineering measure are main factors of tunnel freeze injure. Therefore, the key problem in study is frost force of tunnel in frozen earth.
At present, the study on calculation method of frost force of tunnel in frozen earth use analysis method for the coupled problem of stress fields, temperature fields and seepage fields. Because of complexity of engineering practice and limitations of mathematics and mechanics method, this study is not practical. In view of this, calculation fomula of frost force of tunnel in frozen earth is put forward first in this paper according to elasticity mechanics theory. At the same time, half-theory and half-experience calculation method of frost force of tunnel in frozen earth is put forward according to elasticity-plasticity mechanics and finite unit theory. This calculation method is numeric analysis method for the coupled problem of deadweight stress fields and temperature
stress fields after determining scope of freezing surrounding rock by testing ground temperature and determining physics and mechanics parameter of freezing and not-freezing surrounding rock by original mechanics testing. This calculation method is realized by large-size finite unit program ANSYS and proved by model experiment.
Frost force of tunnel in frozen earth is calculated and analyzed on condition of different scope of freezing surrounding rock and different rate of volume expansion of freezing surrounding rock according to calculation method of elasticity mechanics to frost force. The characteristic curve of frost force and deformation and the change law of frost force is put forward on different conditions. Finite unit model of plane-strain is set up by large-size finite unit program ANSYS according to calculation method of elasticity-plasticity mechanics to frost force. Frost force of tunnel in frozen earth is calculated and analyzed on condition of different installed depth, different scope of freezing surrounding rock and different rate of volume expansion of freezing surrounding rock. The characteristic curve of frost force and deformation and the distribution law of frost force is put forward on different conditions. At the same time, the dividing line of shallow tunnel and depth tunnel in frozen earth is discussed in
itially.
在对大量冻土隧道冻害现象及其形成机理进行研究的基础上，发现冻胀力是隧道冻害发生的主要原因，温度条件、水文条件、围岩条件、工程措施是隧道冻害发生的主要因素。因此，在冻土隧道的研究中，最关键的问题就是研究冻土隧道的冻胀力。
目前从理论上计算冻土隧道冻胀力方法的研究走的是应力场、温度场、渗流场三场耦合分析的路，但由于工程实际情况的复杂性和数学力学方法的局限性，目前还处在非实用阶段，有很长的路要走。鉴于此，本文首先根据弹性力学理论推出了冻土隧道冻胀力计算公式。同时，根据弹塑性力学及有限元理论提出了冻土隧道冻胀力半理论半经验的计算方法，即以地温测试确定冻结圈范围、以原样力学测试确定冻结与非冻结状态围岩的物理力学参数为先导，而后进行自重应力场与温度应力场双场耦合的数值模拟分析的技术路线，利用大型有限元程序ANSYS实现了这种计算方法，并通过模型试验对其进行了验证。
根据冻胀力弹性力学计算方法，对不同冻结圈厚度、不同冻胀率情况下的冻土隧道冻胀力进行了计算和分析，得出了不同情况下的冻胀力——变形特征曲线和冻胀力变化规律。根据冻胀力弹塑性力学计算方法，利用大型有限元程序ANSYS建立平面应变问题的有限元模型，对不同埋深、不同冻结圈厚度、不同冻胀率情况下的冻土隧道冻胀力进行了计算和分析，得出了不同情况下的冻胀力——变形特征曲线和冻胀力分布规律。同时，对冻土隧道的深浅埋分界进行了初步探讨。
In high latitude or high elevation cold region, especially means of many years frozen earth region, freeze injure always happens in tunnel when ground water grows. Thus is proved by a lot of practice of construction and transport service of railway and highway tunnel overseas and interiorly. Freeze injure endangers the safety of tunnel structure and transport service directly, causes serious economic loss. However, with vigorous development of economic construction and the policy of development in western part ascertained by degrees in our country, the requirement to basic transportation establishment adds, especially means of consummate transportation wet. Construction of large quantity tunnel in frozen earth can not be avoided. Therefore, how to take efficacious measure to avoid or reduce freeze injure in construction of tunnel in frozen earth is a problem that need to be settled urgently by tunnel workers at present. Carrying out study on principle of tunnel freeze injure and relative prevention and cure
technology has major meaning of engineering practice and vast application foreground.
On base of study on large quantity phenomena and principle of tunnel freeze injure, That frost force is main reason of tunnel freeze injure is discovered. Temperature, water, surrounding rock, engineering measure are main factors of tunnel freeze injure. Therefore, the key problem in study is frost force of tunnel in frozen earth.
At present, the study on calculation method of frost force of tunnel in frozen earth use analysis method for the coupled problem of stress fields, temperature fields and seepage fields. Because of complexity of engineering practice and limitations of mathematics and mechanics method, this study is not practical. In view of this, calculation fomula of frost force of tunnel in frozen earth is put forward first in this paper according to elasticity mechanics theory. At the same time, half-theory and half-experience calculation method of frost force of tunnel in frozen earth is put forward according to elasticity-plasticity mechanics and finite unit theory. This calculation method is numeric analysis method for the coupled problem of deadweight stress fields and temperature
stress fields after determining scope of freezing surrounding rock by testing ground temperature and determining physics and mechanics parameter of freezing and not-freezing surrounding rock by original mechanics testing. This calculation method is realized by large-size finite unit program ANSYS and proved by model experiment.
Frost force of tunnel in frozen earth is calculated and analyzed on condition of different scope of freezing surrounding rock and different rate of volume expansion of freezing surrounding rock according to calculation method of elasticity mechanics to frost force. The characteristic curve of frost force and deformation and the change law of frost force is put forward on different conditions. Finite unit model of plane-strain is set up by large-size finite unit program ANSYS according to calculation method of elasticity-plasticity mechanics to frost force. Frost force of tunnel in frozen earth is calculated and analyzed on condition of different installed depth, different scope of freezing surrounding rock and different rate of volume expansion of freezing surrounding rock. The characteristic curve of frost force and deformation and the distribution law of frost force is put forward on different conditions. At the same time, the dividing line of shallow tunnel and depth tunnel in frozen earth is discussed in
itially.
引文
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[8] ANSYS基本过程手册．美国ANSYS公司成都代表处
[9] ANSYS建摸与分网指南．美国ANSYS公司成都代表处
[10] ANSYS非线性分析指南．美国ANSYS公司北京代表处
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[27] 陈建勋等．寒冷地区隧道防冻隔热层设计计算方法及应用．国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会论文集．2002
[28] 陈建勋等．梯子岭隧道冻害防治技术研究报告．长安大学．2003
[29] 李时赞．嫩林线西罗奇二号隧道温度场测试研究．隧道及地下工程．1989，10(3)
[30] 李俊杰等．高寒、高海拔、多年冻土公路隧道防冻设计与研究．国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会论文集．2002
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[32] 杨重存．七道梁公路隧道渗漏水病害防治．西北公路．1999，3
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[34] 吕康成等．寒区隧道春融期渗漏水原因分析及预防方法．现代隧道技术．2001，38(4)
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[36] 北川修三．寒冷地区的隧道变形与围岩冻胀性．隧道译丛．1987，3
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[2] 龙驭球等．结构力学教程．高等教育出版社．1987
[3] 谢贻权等．弹性力学．浙江大学出版社．1988
[4] 熊祝华等．塑性力学．上海科学技术出版社．1984
[5] 关宝树．隧道力学概论．西南交通大学出版社．1993
[6] 潘昌实．隧道力学数值方法．中国铁道出版社．1995
[7] 宋天霞等．非线性结构有限元计算．华东理工大学出版社．1995
[8] ANSYS基本过程手册．美国ANSYS公司成都代表处
[9] ANSYS建摸与分网指南．美国ANSYS公司成都代表处
[10] ANSYS非线性分析指南．美国ANSYS公司北京代表处
[11] ANSYS高级技术分析指南．美国ANSYS公司成都代表处
[12] 邱绪光．实用相似理论．北京航空学院出版社．1988
[13] 左东启等．模型试验的理论与方法．水利水电出版社．1984
[14] 庄德恩．实验应力分析的若干问题及方法．科学出版社．1979
[15] 关宝树．隧道工程施工要点集．人民交通出版社．2003
[16] 关宝树．隧道工程设计要点集．人民交通出版社．2003
[17] 铁道部．铁路隧道设计规范．中国铁道出版社．2001
[18] 铁道第二勘察设计院．铁路隧道设计技术手册．中国铁道出版社．1995
[19] 徐学祖．土壤冻胀和盐胀机理．科学出版社．1995
[20] 吴紫汪等．冻土强度与蠕变．兰州大学出版社．1994
[21] 铁道第三勘察设计院．冻土工程．中国铁道出版社．1994
[22] 高大钊．岩土工程的回顾与前瞻．人民交通出版社．2001
[23] 吴紫汪等．宁张公路大坂山隧道冻土预报、模型试验及风吹雪灾害防治研究报告．中科院兰州冰川冻土研究所．1995
[24] 吴紫汪等．高海拔寒冷地区隧道冻害防治技术研究报告．中科院兰州冰川冻土研究所．2001
[25] 胡元芳等．青藏铁路昆仑山隧道冻胀压力计算．现代隧道技术．2002，39(2)
[26] 陈建勋等．寒冷地区公路隧道防冻隔温层效果现场测试与分析．公路学报．2001，14(4)
[27] 陈建勋等．寒冷地区隧道防冻隔热层设计计算方法及应用．国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会论文集．2002
[28] 陈建勋等．梯子岭隧道冻害防治技术研究报告．长安大学．2003
[29] 李时赞．嫩林线西罗奇二号隧道温度场测试研究．隧道及地下工程．1989，10(3)
[30] 李俊杰等．高寒、高海拔、多年冻土公路隧道防冻设计与研究．国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会论文集．2002
[31] 乜风鸣．寒冻地区铁路隧道排水沟的防冻问题．第二届全国冻土学术会议论文选集．1983
[32] 杨重存．七道梁公路隧道渗漏水病害防治．西北公路．1999，3
[33] 崔凌秋等．寒冷地区隧道渗漏水的主要原因及预防措施．2001年全国公路隧道学术会议论文集．2001
[34] 吕康成等．寒区隧道春融期渗漏水原因分析及预防方法．现代隧道技术．2001，38(4)
[35] 黑川義範．隧道冰柱防治工程和隔热衬砌，隧道译丛．1984，1
[36] 北川修三．寒冷地区的隧道变形与围岩冻胀性．隧道译丛．1987，3
[37] A．Gronhaug．公路隧道的防水防冻设计．隧道译丛．1990，11
[38] O．H．MakapOB，et al．前苏联交通隧道工程．隧道译丛．1993，1
[39] 苏联山岭铁路隧道的设计与施工经验．隧道译丛．1990，10
[40] 樗木武．力学．共立出版株式会社．1977
[41] 冈田胜也．既设气象条件确率量考虑断热防止工断热材最适化．土木学会论文集．1988
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