掺合粉煤灰的复合水泥土力学性能及耐久性试验研究
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摘要
本文以内蒙古河套地区粉质粘土为原材料，利用水泥固化土技术原理，通过在水泥土中掺加粉煤灰，再利用强碱激发粉煤灰水泥土，配制具有高强度及耐久性良好的新型材料，以便应用于工程实际中。本文主要的研究工作有：
1、通过改变水泥土试验条件、改变水泥土成分，研究原材料对水泥土无侧限抗压强度的影响及掺加剂对水泥土强度的影响程度，总结水泥土强度变化规律。通过对水泥土、粉煤灰水泥土、复合水泥土进行渐进式的研究，设计配合比方案。
2、通过改变掺加物质及掺加物的用量更新试验方案，来改善水泥土性能。以水泥土中掺加粉煤灰为基础，重点研究如何提高粉煤灰水泥土及激发粉煤灰活性以后的复合水泥土的抗压强度及耐久性。对水泥土各掺加剂进行权重分析、各因素用量水平分析及试验的误差分析，得出粉煤灰水泥土及复合水泥土的组成成分对水泥土性质的影响权重，并对权重分析结果进行试验验证，使复合水泥土配合比得到进一步优化，设计出具有高强度的新型复合材料。
3、对三类水泥土进行渗透试验、冻融循环试验、抗冲刷试验研究，通过对三类水泥土养护不同龄期进行试验对比，得出不同水泥土，尤其是被激发后粉煤灰水泥土及改善后的复合水泥土的渗透性能及耐久性的变化规律。结合水泥土试验过程中的外观形态变化及对微观电镜照片进行分析，研究水泥土经过冻融破坏后，抗压强度退化机理及内部结构的变化规律。由于水泥土属于粘脆性材料，因此研究水泥土的渗透性及耐久性具有重要的工程实际意义。
4、宏观上，对水泥土破坏的形态特征进行细致观察；微观上，利用扫描电镜技术及能谱分析技术，结合水泥土固化机理，深入分析标准养护后不同水泥土的生成物成分、数量、形态及结构的不同，找出不同水泥土无侧限抗压强度不同的内在原因。
5、从力学机理分析复合水泥土的改良效果。对复合水泥土进行反复加卸载试验，研究复合水泥土的应力应变变化规律、弹性模量的变化规律，通过研究损伤度计算方法，研究其损伤退化规律，建立单轴受压状态下复合水泥土的弹塑性损伤模型。
根据室内试验并对试验结果深入研究分析，得出如下成果：
1、在用强碱激发粉煤灰水泥土的基础上，进行正交试验，得到复合水泥土的最优配合比为：土壤：水：水泥：粉煤灰：氢氧化钙：氢氧化钠：表面活性剂=60.7%：12.3%：10%：7.50%：9%：0.40%：0.10%。此试验方案得到标养28d水泥土无侧限抗压强度为11.04（MPa），结果非常理想，可用于实际工程中。各外掺剂因子的权重为：氢氧化钠为2.64、粉煤灰为2.62、氢氧化钙为1.47、表面活性剂为1.27，对试验数据进行方差分析，得出试验误差为0.57，偏差较小，结果可信度高。
2、通过掺加石灰这种碱性物质，可以大大提高粉煤灰水泥土抗渗性能。以掺加15%的粉煤灰为例，加入石灰的粉煤灰水泥土的渗透系数为1.87×10-8cm/s，是不加石灰的粉煤灰水泥土渗透系数的33%。由于粉煤灰、石灰是工程常见材料，从而得到一种针对河套地区粉质粘土抗渗性能良好的材料配比：水：水泥：粉煤灰：石灰：粉质粘土=12%：10%：15%：3.75%：59.3%。复合水泥土方案8的配比与加石灰粉煤灰水泥土相比，28d龄期的复合水泥土的抗渗性能提高了45%。
3、对复合水泥土不同试验方案进行了大量地冻融循环试验研究，得出不同冻融循环对水泥土抗压强度破坏的机理：冻融循环12次以后，水泥土强度损伤达到30%以上，循环20次以后，水泥土基本被完全破坏。结合复合水泥土冻融破坏的变形特征，得出了复合水泥土冻融破坏过程强度损失和质量损失的变化规律，对冻融后水泥土强度的变化规律进行拟合，得出拟合曲线方程。
4、结合SEM试验照片和能谱分析，观察了粉煤灰水泥土及复合水泥土的微结构特点，分析了复合水泥材料的生成物类别和形态，进一步分析了粉煤灰水泥土及复合水泥土的固化机理，从本质上找出了复合水泥土抗压强度性能、抗渗性、耐久性优于水泥土的内在原因。
5、通过对不同类别不同龄期的水泥土进行反复加卸载试验，并对试验数据进行采集，分析水泥土与复合水泥土的应力应变不同及变化规律，推导应力应变本构方程；根据试验数据，分析复合水泥土的细观损伤机制及其损伤演化规律，定义并得出复合水泥土这种新材料的损伤度，建立单轴压缩条件下的弹塑性损伤模型。
In this paper, we do experimental research and theory analysis using the InnerMongolia Hetao area silty clay as raw material. This paper concretes new type materials,in order to applied in engineering practice，which has properties of strength and durability,using cement stabilized soil technology principle, through adding different capacity ofdifferent material.The main research work are as follows:
In the first place, the paper studies the properties of raw material and solidificationprinciple of cement-soil, through changing proportions of compounding soil-cement andchanging experiment conditions, for studing effect the factors and transformation rules ofunconfined compressive strength of cement-treated soil.
In the second place, on the basis of the composition and change rules of unconfinedcompressive strength of cement-treated soil, this paper designs experiment plan toimprove soil properties. Based on ordinary cement-soil, this paper studies how toimprove the fly ash cement and compound cement-soil compressive strength anddurability. Adding agent all the soil weight analysis and error analysis of experiment, thispaper studies influence composition and experimental error of fly ash cement-soil andcomposite cement-soil. According to weight analysis results，this paper tests andoptimizes mix proportion.
In the third place, Through different kinds of cement-soil curing differents age, thispaper tests the nature of the infiltration, freeze-thaw cycle and scour, and get the changedrules of test. Combining with the form of the appearance of the earth observation andmicro electron micrograph analysis, the paper researchs the nature of degradationmechanism of cement-soil after freezing and thawing destruction. Due to cement-soilbelong to glue and brittle material, so the permeability and the durability of cement-soiltest has vital significance.
In the fourth place，combined water soil curing mechanism，this paper does adetailed observation of characteristic of the cement-soil on macro level，and analyses thedifferent products composition, quantity, form and structure of cement-soil usingscanning electron microscopy (sem). So that we find out the internal cause of the changeof the unconfined compressive strength.
In the fifth place, This paper analysis the composite cement-soil improvementeffect from mechanics mechanism, and resurchs the stress of the composite cement-soil strain changes, the change of elastic modulus, by repeatedly loading and unloadingexperiments. this paper establish unconfined compression state of composite cement-soilelastoplastic damage model by calculating injury factor and studing the degradation rule.
According to indoor test and the test results in-depth research and analysis, theresults obtained are as follows:
Firstly, on the basis of strong alkali excitation fly ash cement-soil, this paper do zheorthogonal test, getting the optimal mixture ratio is: Soil，water，cement，fly ash, calciumhydroxide, sodium hydroxide, surfactant=60.7%：12.3%：10%：7.50%：9%:0.40%:0.10%, getting the unconfined compressive strength of28d is11.04(MPa). The weight ofoptimal mixture ratio’s factor is: the sodium hydroxide, fly ash, calcium hydroxide，surfactant, error was2.62to2.64to2.62to1.27to0.57. Test result of unconfinedcompressive strength is ideal using in practical engineering.
Secondly, by adding alkali lime, the unconfined compressive strength of fly ashcement-soil can be greatly improved. As adding15%fly ash for an example, adding limecomposite cement-soil permeability coefficient is1.87×10-8cm/s, is33%permeabilitycoefficient of not adding lime composite cement-soil. This test gets a goodanti-permeability matching: water, cement, fly ash, lime, powder clay=12%：10%：15%：3.75%：59.3%. Because of the fly ash, lime is a common engineering materials, thissolution can be used in engineering. Contrasted with lime fly-ash cement-soil, thepermeability coefficient of composite cement-soil of scheme8increased by45%.
Thirdly, this paper gets the conclusion that composite cement-soil is affectted todamage by freeze-thaw cycle test. It is studied that more than30%compressive strengthof composite cement-soil damaged after12times of freeze-thaw cycle; compositecement-soil completely destroyed after20times of freeze-thaw cycle. This paper analysischaracteristics of the composite cement-soil freeze-thaw damaged from the point ofmacroscopic and microscopic.
Fourthly, using scanning electron microscope and chemical composition of spectralanalysis, this paper describes the microstructure characteristics of composite cement-soiland fly ash cement-soil and analysis categories and forms of composite cement-soil’smaterial products, on the basis of this, and analysis curing mechanism of compositecement-soil and fly ash cement-soil, and find immanent cause why compressive strengthand seepage resistance performance of composite cement-soil is superior to ordinarycement-soil.
Fifth, through the repeated loading unloading test and collection the test data ofunconfined compressive strength, this paper analysis mesoscopic damage mechanism and damage evolution rule and get injury tolerance of composite cement-soil, and establishthe elastoplastic damage model under the condition of uniaxial compression.
1、通过改变水泥土试验条件、改变水泥土成分，研究原材料对水泥土无侧限抗压强度的影响及掺加剂对水泥土强度的影响程度，总结水泥土强度变化规律。通过对水泥土、粉煤灰水泥土、复合水泥土进行渐进式的研究，设计配合比方案。
2、通过改变掺加物质及掺加物的用量更新试验方案，来改善水泥土性能。以水泥土中掺加粉煤灰为基础，重点研究如何提高粉煤灰水泥土及激发粉煤灰活性以后的复合水泥土的抗压强度及耐久性。对水泥土各掺加剂进行权重分析、各因素用量水平分析及试验的误差分析，得出粉煤灰水泥土及复合水泥土的组成成分对水泥土性质的影响权重，并对权重分析结果进行试验验证，使复合水泥土配合比得到进一步优化，设计出具有高强度的新型复合材料。
3、对三类水泥土进行渗透试验、冻融循环试验、抗冲刷试验研究，通过对三类水泥土养护不同龄期进行试验对比，得出不同水泥土，尤其是被激发后粉煤灰水泥土及改善后的复合水泥土的渗透性能及耐久性的变化规律。结合水泥土试验过程中的外观形态变化及对微观电镜照片进行分析，研究水泥土经过冻融破坏后，抗压强度退化机理及内部结构的变化规律。由于水泥土属于粘脆性材料，因此研究水泥土的渗透性及耐久性具有重要的工程实际意义。
4、宏观上，对水泥土破坏的形态特征进行细致观察；微观上，利用扫描电镜技术及能谱分析技术，结合水泥土固化机理，深入分析标准养护后不同水泥土的生成物成分、数量、形态及结构的不同，找出不同水泥土无侧限抗压强度不同的内在原因。
5、从力学机理分析复合水泥土的改良效果。对复合水泥土进行反复加卸载试验，研究复合水泥土的应力应变变化规律、弹性模量的变化规律，通过研究损伤度计算方法，研究其损伤退化规律，建立单轴受压状态下复合水泥土的弹塑性损伤模型。
根据室内试验并对试验结果深入研究分析，得出如下成果：
1、在用强碱激发粉煤灰水泥土的基础上，进行正交试验，得到复合水泥土的最优配合比为：土壤：水：水泥：粉煤灰：氢氧化钙：氢氧化钠：表面活性剂=60.7%：12.3%：10%：7.50%：9%：0.40%：0.10%。此试验方案得到标养28d水泥土无侧限抗压强度为11.04（MPa），结果非常理想，可用于实际工程中。各外掺剂因子的权重为：氢氧化钠为2.64、粉煤灰为2.62、氢氧化钙为1.47、表面活性剂为1.27，对试验数据进行方差分析，得出试验误差为0.57，偏差较小，结果可信度高。
2、通过掺加石灰这种碱性物质，可以大大提高粉煤灰水泥土抗渗性能。以掺加15%的粉煤灰为例，加入石灰的粉煤灰水泥土的渗透系数为1.87×10-8cm/s，是不加石灰的粉煤灰水泥土渗透系数的33%。由于粉煤灰、石灰是工程常见材料，从而得到一种针对河套地区粉质粘土抗渗性能良好的材料配比：水：水泥：粉煤灰：石灰：粉质粘土=12%：10%：15%：3.75%：59.3%。复合水泥土方案8的配比与加石灰粉煤灰水泥土相比，28d龄期的复合水泥土的抗渗性能提高了45%。
3、对复合水泥土不同试验方案进行了大量地冻融循环试验研究，得出不同冻融循环对水泥土抗压强度破坏的机理：冻融循环12次以后，水泥土强度损伤达到30%以上，循环20次以后，水泥土基本被完全破坏。结合复合水泥土冻融破坏的变形特征，得出了复合水泥土冻融破坏过程强度损失和质量损失的变化规律，对冻融后水泥土强度的变化规律进行拟合，得出拟合曲线方程。
4、结合SEM试验照片和能谱分析，观察了粉煤灰水泥土及复合水泥土的微结构特点，分析了复合水泥材料的生成物类别和形态，进一步分析了粉煤灰水泥土及复合水泥土的固化机理，从本质上找出了复合水泥土抗压强度性能、抗渗性、耐久性优于水泥土的内在原因。
5、通过对不同类别不同龄期的水泥土进行反复加卸载试验，并对试验数据进行采集，分析水泥土与复合水泥土的应力应变不同及变化规律，推导应力应变本构方程；根据试验数据，分析复合水泥土的细观损伤机制及其损伤演化规律，定义并得出复合水泥土这种新材料的损伤度，建立单轴压缩条件下的弹塑性损伤模型。
In this paper, we do experimental research and theory analysis using the InnerMongolia Hetao area silty clay as raw material. This paper concretes new type materials,in order to applied in engineering practice，which has properties of strength and durability,using cement stabilized soil technology principle, through adding different capacity ofdifferent material.The main research work are as follows:
In the first place, the paper studies the properties of raw material and solidificationprinciple of cement-soil, through changing proportions of compounding soil-cement andchanging experiment conditions, for studing effect the factors and transformation rules ofunconfined compressive strength of cement-treated soil.
In the second place, on the basis of the composition and change rules of unconfinedcompressive strength of cement-treated soil, this paper designs experiment plan toimprove soil properties. Based on ordinary cement-soil, this paper studies how toimprove the fly ash cement and compound cement-soil compressive strength anddurability. Adding agent all the soil weight analysis and error analysis of experiment, thispaper studies influence composition and experimental error of fly ash cement-soil andcomposite cement-soil. According to weight analysis results，this paper tests andoptimizes mix proportion.
In the third place, Through different kinds of cement-soil curing differents age, thispaper tests the nature of the infiltration, freeze-thaw cycle and scour, and get the changedrules of test. Combining with the form of the appearance of the earth observation andmicro electron micrograph analysis, the paper researchs the nature of degradationmechanism of cement-soil after freezing and thawing destruction. Due to cement-soilbelong to glue and brittle material, so the permeability and the durability of cement-soiltest has vital significance.
In the fourth place，combined water soil curing mechanism，this paper does adetailed observation of characteristic of the cement-soil on macro level，and analyses thedifferent products composition, quantity, form and structure of cement-soil usingscanning electron microscopy (sem). So that we find out the internal cause of the changeof the unconfined compressive strength.
In the fifth place, This paper analysis the composite cement-soil improvementeffect from mechanics mechanism, and resurchs the stress of the composite cement-soil strain changes, the change of elastic modulus, by repeatedly loading and unloadingexperiments. this paper establish unconfined compression state of composite cement-soilelastoplastic damage model by calculating injury factor and studing the degradation rule.
According to indoor test and the test results in-depth research and analysis, theresults obtained are as follows:
Firstly, on the basis of strong alkali excitation fly ash cement-soil, this paper do zheorthogonal test, getting the optimal mixture ratio is: Soil，water，cement，fly ash, calciumhydroxide, sodium hydroxide, surfactant=60.7%：12.3%：10%：7.50%：9%:0.40%:0.10%, getting the unconfined compressive strength of28d is11.04(MPa). The weight ofoptimal mixture ratio’s factor is: the sodium hydroxide, fly ash, calcium hydroxide，surfactant, error was2.62to2.64to2.62to1.27to0.57. Test result of unconfinedcompressive strength is ideal using in practical engineering.
Secondly, by adding alkali lime, the unconfined compressive strength of fly ashcement-soil can be greatly improved. As adding15%fly ash for an example, adding limecomposite cement-soil permeability coefficient is1.87×10-8cm/s, is33%permeabilitycoefficient of not adding lime composite cement-soil. This test gets a goodanti-permeability matching: water, cement, fly ash, lime, powder clay=12%：10%：15%：3.75%：59.3%. Because of the fly ash, lime is a common engineering materials, thissolution can be used in engineering. Contrasted with lime fly-ash cement-soil, thepermeability coefficient of composite cement-soil of scheme8increased by45%.
Thirdly, this paper gets the conclusion that composite cement-soil is affectted todamage by freeze-thaw cycle test. It is studied that more than30%compressive strengthof composite cement-soil damaged after12times of freeze-thaw cycle; compositecement-soil completely destroyed after20times of freeze-thaw cycle. This paper analysischaracteristics of the composite cement-soil freeze-thaw damaged from the point ofmacroscopic and microscopic.
Fourthly, using scanning electron microscope and chemical composition of spectralanalysis, this paper describes the microstructure characteristics of composite cement-soiland fly ash cement-soil and analysis categories and forms of composite cement-soil’smaterial products, on the basis of this, and analysis curing mechanism of compositecement-soil and fly ash cement-soil, and find immanent cause why compressive strengthand seepage resistance performance of composite cement-soil is superior to ordinarycement-soil.
Fifth, through the repeated loading unloading test and collection the test data ofunconfined compressive strength, this paper analysis mesoscopic damage mechanism and damage evolution rule and get injury tolerance of composite cement-soil, and establishthe elastoplastic damage model under the condition of uniaxial compression.
引文
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