高g值加速度计冲击校准理论与实验研究
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摘要
本文主要研究高g值加速度计的冲击校准方法,以提高校准精度,为侵彻测试提供可靠的加速度计特性参数。在查阅大量国内外文献的基础上,采用理论分析、计算机仿真与实验研究相结合的方法进行了以下研究：
(1)在多普勒信号解算方面,针对冲击加速度计的校准,编写了多普勒解算验证算法,检验了相位法和过零点法对多普勒瞬时频率的解算精度。经模拟验证得出,信噪比为30dB时相位求导法的解算误差为0.20%,优于过零点法。最后通过对988型压电式加速度计在18371g-86806g的校准实验表明了试验装置和解算方法的有效性。
(2)在干扰信号去除方面,由于电网的工频干扰,频率为50Hz的周期信号叠加在加速度计输出信号中,难以分辨其中的加速度信息。本文通过分析干扰信号的频率成分提出了一种滤波算法,有效消除了工频干扰对加速度计输出信号的影响。
(3)在校准数据处理方面,为了获取加速度计动态特性参数,采用时域建模方法建立加速度计动态数学模型,对8309加速度计的计算结果表明,加速度计及其安装座装配体谐振频率为76.8kHz,工作频带(即幅值误差为±5%或±10%的两种工作频带)为0-53.8kHz或0-69.2kHz。
(4)在校准误差分析方面,本文在建立霍普金森杆中各力学量(应力、速度、加速度)传播、变换的力学模型的基础上,分别讨论两种理想极限情况下横向激光测速系统对激励信号的测量误差,并根据得出的结果对实际校准情况下的激励信号测量误差进行评估。
本文对988型和8309压电式加速度计、SIMIT-AYZ-3压阻式加速度计的校准实验表明了试验装置和解算方法的有效性。
This paper is mainly research the high-g accelerometer shock calibration methods in order to improve the calibration accuracy for the penetration testing to provide a reliable accelerometer parameters. Having been searched abroad the related documents, the paper adopts the methods such as theoretical analysis, computer simulation and experimental study to investigate the issues in question:
(1) In the Doppler signal decoding, a kind of arithmetic about decoding the Doppler signals is compiled to test the precision of the zero-cross method and the phase method. The simulating result shows that the phase method is superior to the zero-cross method with the error of 0.20%, under the SNR of 30dB. A 988-type accelerometer is calibrated with the input acceleration ranging from 18371g to 86806g, which has justified the efficiency of the calibration apparatus and the method for signal processing.
(2) In the aspect of removing interference signals, because of the power frequency interference, frequency of 50Hz periodic signals mixed in the output signal of the accelerometer. It is difficult to distinguish the acceleration signal. This paper presents a filtering algorithm by analyzing the frequency components of interference signal, which effectively eliminates the influence that power frequency interference on the accelerometer output signals.
(3) In the calibration data processing, using time-domain modeling methods to establish accelerometer dynamic mathematical model to obtain accelerometer dynamic characteristic parameter, the 8309-type accelerometer calculation results show that the resonant frequency of accelerometer and assembly seat is 76.8kHz, and frequency band is 0-53.8kHz or 0-69.2kHz.
(4) In the calibration error analysis, on the basis of the mechanical model that establishment of Hopkinson bar mechanical quantities (stress, velocity, acceleration) communication and transformation, measurement error of transverse laser velocimetry system to excitation signal are discussed under two kinds of ideal limit conditions. According to the results estimate measurement error of excitation signal in the actual situation of calibration.
In this paper,988-type and 8309-type piezoelectric accelerometers and a kind of piezoresistive-type accelerometer SIMIT-AYZ-3 are used. And the result of the calibrations entitled this calibration device and the method with validity.
(1)在多普勒信号解算方面,针对冲击加速度计的校准,编写了多普勒解算验证算法,检验了相位法和过零点法对多普勒瞬时频率的解算精度。经模拟验证得出,信噪比为30dB时相位求导法的解算误差为0.20%,优于过零点法。最后通过对988型压电式加速度计在18371g-86806g的校准实验表明了试验装置和解算方法的有效性。
(2)在干扰信号去除方面,由于电网的工频干扰,频率为50Hz的周期信号叠加在加速度计输出信号中,难以分辨其中的加速度信息。本文通过分析干扰信号的频率成分提出了一种滤波算法,有效消除了工频干扰对加速度计输出信号的影响。
(3)在校准数据处理方面,为了获取加速度计动态特性参数,采用时域建模方法建立加速度计动态数学模型,对8309加速度计的计算结果表明,加速度计及其安装座装配体谐振频率为76.8kHz,工作频带(即幅值误差为±5%或±10%的两种工作频带)为0-53.8kHz或0-69.2kHz。
(4)在校准误差分析方面,本文在建立霍普金森杆中各力学量(应力、速度、加速度)传播、变换的力学模型的基础上,分别讨论两种理想极限情况下横向激光测速系统对激励信号的测量误差,并根据得出的结果对实际校准情况下的激励信号测量误差进行评估。
本文对988型和8309压电式加速度计、SIMIT-AYZ-3压阻式加速度计的校准实验表明了试验装置和解算方法的有效性。
This paper is mainly research the high-g accelerometer shock calibration methods in order to improve the calibration accuracy for the penetration testing to provide a reliable accelerometer parameters. Having been searched abroad the related documents, the paper adopts the methods such as theoretical analysis, computer simulation and experimental study to investigate the issues in question:
(1) In the Doppler signal decoding, a kind of arithmetic about decoding the Doppler signals is compiled to test the precision of the zero-cross method and the phase method. The simulating result shows that the phase method is superior to the zero-cross method with the error of 0.20%, under the SNR of 30dB. A 988-type accelerometer is calibrated with the input acceleration ranging from 18371g to 86806g, which has justified the efficiency of the calibration apparatus and the method for signal processing.
(2) In the aspect of removing interference signals, because of the power frequency interference, frequency of 50Hz periodic signals mixed in the output signal of the accelerometer. It is difficult to distinguish the acceleration signal. This paper presents a filtering algorithm by analyzing the frequency components of interference signal, which effectively eliminates the influence that power frequency interference on the accelerometer output signals.
(3) In the calibration data processing, using time-domain modeling methods to establish accelerometer dynamic mathematical model to obtain accelerometer dynamic characteristic parameter, the 8309-type accelerometer calculation results show that the resonant frequency of accelerometer and assembly seat is 76.8kHz, and frequency band is 0-53.8kHz or 0-69.2kHz.
(4) In the calibration error analysis, on the basis of the mechanical model that establishment of Hopkinson bar mechanical quantities (stress, velocity, acceleration) communication and transformation, measurement error of transverse laser velocimetry system to excitation signal are discussed under two kinds of ideal limit conditions. According to the results estimate measurement error of excitation signal in the actual situation of calibration.
In this paper,988-type and 8309-type piezoelectric accelerometers and a kind of piezoresistive-type accelerometer SIMIT-AYZ-3 are used. And the result of the calibrations entitled this calibration device and the method with validity.
引文
[1]李世维,王群书,古人红等.高g值微机械加速度传感器的现状与发展[J].仪器仪表学报,2008,04：892-896
[2]李艳.高冲击测试实验技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.太原：中北大学,2008
[3]宋萍,李科杰.硬目标侵彻武器高冲击试验和高过载传感器技术国外发展概况[J].测控技术.2002,21(21)：30-32
[4]李科杰.新编传感器技术手册[M].北京：国防工程出版社,2002：25-38
[5]中国机械工业标准汇编1[M].中国计量出版社.1998
[6]孙桥,于梅.绝对法冲击校准技术的发展现状及研究[J].计量技术.2005,No.3：41-43
[7]ISO 16063-1, Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock transducers-Part1:Basic concepts.1998
[8]梁志国,李新良,孙暻宇,连大鸿.激光干涉法一次冲击加速度校准[J].电子测量与仪器学报.2006,20(1)：68-72
[9]梁志国,孙景宇.调频信号的一种数字化精确解调方法[J].测控技术.2002,21(11)：18-21
[10]徐晓梅,化文生,连大鸿,李新良.差动式激光多普勒技术在冲击校准测试中的应用[J].航空计测技术.2000,20(1)：12-13
[11]梁志国,朱济杰.用周期倍差法评价数据采集系统的传递函数[J].计量学报.1999,20(3)：227-233
[12]孟立凡,郑宾.传感器原理及技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2000：5
[13]黄俊钦.测试系统动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1996：8
[14]黄俊钦,顾建雄.高g值加速度计和压电式力传感器的动态校准[J].计量学报.2001,22(4)：300-304
[15]Akira Umeda, Mike Onoe, Kohji Sakata. Calibration of three-axis accelerometers using a three-dimensional vibration generator and three laser interferometers. Sensor and Actuators (A).2004, Vol.114:93-101
[16]A. Umeda and K. Ueda, Study on the dynamic force/acceleration measurement. Sensor and Actuators.1990, A21-A23:285-288
[17]A. Umeda and K. Ueda. Method and apparatus for measuring dynamic response characteristics of shock accelerometer, Patent Nos.494396(USA,1990), H3-67175 (Japan,1991),683949 (Switzerland,1994),766/90 (pending, Denmark,1990)
[18]K. Ueda and A. Umeda. Investigation of accelerometers frequency response using novel NRLM method, Proc. Int. Conf. Solid-State Sensors and Actuators (Transducers 93), Yokohama, Japan,1993:848-851
[19]K. Ueda and A. Umeda. Dynamic response of shock accelerometers measured by using Davies bar technique and laser interferometry, Proc. VII Int. Cong. Exp. Mech., Las Vegas, NV, USA,1992:1666-1673
[20]M. J. Forrestal, TC. Togami, W. E. Baker, and D. J. Frew. Performance Evaluation of Accelerometers used for penetration experiments. Experimental Mechanics,2003.43 (1)
[21]Togami, T. C., Baker, W. E., and Forrestal, M.J. A Split Hopkinson Bar Technique to Evaluate the Performance of accelerometers. ASME J.1996:353-356
[22]Togami, T. C., Brown, F. A., Forrestal, M. J., and Baker, W. E. Performance evaluation of Accelerometers to 200,000 G. ASME J. Appl.1998:266-268
[23]李玉龙,郭伟国,贾德新等.高g值加速度传感器校准系统的研究[J].爆炸与冲击.1997,01：90-96
[24]王文军,胡时胜.高g值加速度传感器的标定[J].爆炸与冲击.2006,26(6)：568-571
[25]Yusaku Fujii. Impact response measurement of an accelerometer. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.2007,21:2072-2079
[26]Zhijie Zhang, Jing Zu. An Approach to the Amplitude Non-linearity of an Accelerometer. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference.1997:923-925
[27]孔德仁,李永新,朱明武.冲击波测量用压力传感器准静态校准方法[J].仪器仪表学报.2002,23(3)：16-17
[28]李庆丰.高g值加速度计激光干涉冲击校准技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.太原：中北大学,2008
[29]李新良,张大治,薛景峰.激光干涉技术在振动冲击中的应用[J].航空计测技术.2004,01(3)：25-27
[30]梁志国,李新良,孙暻宇,连大鸿.基于激光干涉法的一次冲击微分加速度动态特性校准[J].计量学报.2005,26(1)：34-39
[31]L.E. Drain,王仕康译.激光多普勒技术[M].清华大学出版社.1985
[32]梁志国,李新良,孙暻宇,连大鸿.激光干涉法一次冲击加速度计动态特性校准[J].测试技术学报.2004,48：133-138
[33]S.铁摩辛柯.工程中的振动问题[M].北京：人民铁道出版社,1978
[34]Richard G. Lyons.数字信号处理[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[35]连大鸿,李新良,曹亦庆,张大治.加速度计冲击特性的绝对校准方法[J].航空计测技术.2002,22(3)：3-8
[36]赵晓东,裴东兴,范锦彪.高g值加速度计激光干涉校准及信号解算方法[J].传感技术学报.2009,22(11)：1602-1605
[37]胡广书.数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2003
[38]振动与冲击手册[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1990：87-88
[39]振动与冲击手册[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1990：263,370-371
[40]黄俊钦.测试系统动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1996：56-77
[41]王礼立.应力波基础[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1985：5-38
[42]费业泰.误差理论与数据处理[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004：79-81
[2]李艳.高冲击测试实验技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.太原：中北大学,2008
[3]宋萍,李科杰.硬目标侵彻武器高冲击试验和高过载传感器技术国外发展概况[J].测控技术.2002,21(21)：30-32
[4]李科杰.新编传感器技术手册[M].北京：国防工程出版社,2002：25-38
[5]中国机械工业标准汇编1[M].中国计量出版社.1998
[6]孙桥,于梅.绝对法冲击校准技术的发展现状及研究[J].计量技术.2005,No.3：41-43
[7]ISO 16063-1, Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock transducers-Part1:Basic concepts.1998
[8]梁志国,李新良,孙暻宇,连大鸿.激光干涉法一次冲击加速度校准[J].电子测量与仪器学报.2006,20(1)：68-72
[9]梁志国,孙景宇.调频信号的一种数字化精确解调方法[J].测控技术.2002,21(11)：18-21
[10]徐晓梅,化文生,连大鸿,李新良.差动式激光多普勒技术在冲击校准测试中的应用[J].航空计测技术.2000,20(1)：12-13
[11]梁志国,朱济杰.用周期倍差法评价数据采集系统的传递函数[J].计量学报.1999,20(3)：227-233
[12]孟立凡,郑宾.传感器原理及技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2000：5
[13]黄俊钦.测试系统动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1996：8
[14]黄俊钦,顾建雄.高g值加速度计和压电式力传感器的动态校准[J].计量学报.2001,22(4)：300-304
[15]Akira Umeda, Mike Onoe, Kohji Sakata. Calibration of three-axis accelerometers using a three-dimensional vibration generator and three laser interferometers. Sensor and Actuators (A).2004, Vol.114:93-101
[16]A. Umeda and K. Ueda, Study on the dynamic force/acceleration measurement. Sensor and Actuators.1990, A21-A23:285-288
[17]A. Umeda and K. Ueda. Method and apparatus for measuring dynamic response characteristics of shock accelerometer, Patent Nos.494396(USA,1990), H3-67175 (Japan,1991),683949 (Switzerland,1994),766/90 (pending, Denmark,1990)
[18]K. Ueda and A. Umeda. Investigation of accelerometers frequency response using novel NRLM method, Proc. Int. Conf. Solid-State Sensors and Actuators (Transducers 93), Yokohama, Japan,1993:848-851
[19]K. Ueda and A. Umeda. Dynamic response of shock accelerometers measured by using Davies bar technique and laser interferometry, Proc. VII Int. Cong. Exp. Mech., Las Vegas, NV, USA,1992:1666-1673
[20]M. J. Forrestal, TC. Togami, W. E. Baker, and D. J. Frew. Performance Evaluation of Accelerometers used for penetration experiments. Experimental Mechanics,2003.43 (1)
[21]Togami, T. C., Baker, W. E., and Forrestal, M.J. A Split Hopkinson Bar Technique to Evaluate the Performance of accelerometers. ASME J.1996:353-356
[22]Togami, T. C., Brown, F. A., Forrestal, M. J., and Baker, W. E. Performance evaluation of Accelerometers to 200,000 G. ASME J. Appl.1998:266-268
[23]李玉龙,郭伟国,贾德新等.高g值加速度传感器校准系统的研究[J].爆炸与冲击.1997,01：90-96
[24]王文军,胡时胜.高g值加速度传感器的标定[J].爆炸与冲击.2006,26(6)：568-571
[25]Yusaku Fujii. Impact response measurement of an accelerometer. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.2007,21:2072-2079
[26]Zhijie Zhang, Jing Zu. An Approach to the Amplitude Non-linearity of an Accelerometer. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference.1997:923-925
[27]孔德仁,李永新,朱明武.冲击波测量用压力传感器准静态校准方法[J].仪器仪表学报.2002,23(3)：16-17
[28]李庆丰.高g值加速度计激光干涉冲击校准技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.太原：中北大学,2008
[29]李新良,张大治,薛景峰.激光干涉技术在振动冲击中的应用[J].航空计测技术.2004,01(3)：25-27
[30]梁志国,李新良,孙暻宇,连大鸿.基于激光干涉法的一次冲击微分加速度动态特性校准[J].计量学报.2005,26(1)：34-39
[31]L.E. Drain,王仕康译.激光多普勒技术[M].清华大学出版社.1985
[32]梁志国,李新良,孙暻宇,连大鸿.激光干涉法一次冲击加速度计动态特性校准[J].测试技术学报.2004,48：133-138
[33]S.铁摩辛柯.工程中的振动问题[M].北京：人民铁道出版社,1978
[34]Richard G. Lyons.数字信号处理[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[35]连大鸿,李新良,曹亦庆,张大治.加速度计冲击特性的绝对校准方法[J].航空计测技术.2002,22(3)：3-8
[36]赵晓东,裴东兴,范锦彪.高g值加速度计激光干涉校准及信号解算方法[J].传感技术学报.2009,22(11)：1602-1605
[37]胡广书.数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2003
[38]振动与冲击手册[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1990：87-88
[39]振动与冲击手册[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1990：263,370-371
[40]黄俊钦.测试系统动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1996：56-77
[41]王礼立.应力波基础[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1985：5-38
[42]费业泰.误差理论与数据处理[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004：79-81