植物青枯菌遗传多样性及致病力分化研究
|
摘要
植物青枯病是由茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的世界性重要细菌性病害,寄主范围极为广泛,可侵染54个科的450余种植物;不同地理起源的青枯菌在与其寄主长期协同进化的过程中,演化出明显的生理分化或菌系多样性。传统的分类将青枯菌划分为5个生理小种和5个生化变种,但传统的分类框架不能反映青枯菌的遗传进化及与地理起源的相关性。Fegan和Prior(2005)共同提出了演化型分类框架用于描述青枯菌种以下的分类,得到了国际上的广泛认可。
我国迄今为止尚未开展青枯菌演化型分类鉴定的相关研究,本研究采用国际上最新的青枯菌演化型分类框架,对我国青枯菌进行了遗传多样性分析,同时基于遗传多样性分析结果,以遗传背景相近但寄主范围存在明显差异的菌株为研究对象,运用抑制差减杂交技术和蛋白质双向电泳技术筛选寄主适应性基因,旨在探究中国青枯菌菌系生物学特性、进化关系及致病力分化,从而为改进育种策略、发展分子检测技术及青枯菌致病机制研究奠定基础。
1.青枯菌遗传多样性研究本研究分别在演化型和序列变种两个分类水平上对中国青枯菌群体进行了种以下分类研究。在演化型分类水平上,揭示出来自13个省、18个寄主的286个参试菌株全部属于青枯菌演化型I和II型,即亚洲分支和美洲分支菌株。在序列变种分类水平上揭示出中国青枯菌群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,存在着亚洲分支的10个序列变种及美洲分支的1个序列变种。其中亚洲分支菌株中的序列变种33、44和48为国际上首次鉴定出的新序列变种。
2.青枯菌致病力分化研究在序列变种鉴定过程中,发现了在致病力分化上具有重要意义的来自马铃薯的Po82菌株,与寄主范围差异很大的香蕉青枯菌及NPB(not pathogenic to banana)菌株同属序列变种4。AFLP聚类分析的结果显示:Po82在亲缘关系上与NPB菌株更近;SDS-PAGE分析Po82胞外泌出蛋白谱带类型与香蕉青枯菌菌株更为接近。致病力鉴定结果表明:Po82能够侵染茄科植物的番茄、茄子及马铃薯,且兼具对香蕉的致病力,是迄今为止发现的第一株可对香蕉致病的来自马铃薯的菌株,从而表明Po82是一个进化地位上极为独特的菌株。
3. SSH筛选青枯菌寄主适应性基因利用抑制性差减杂交技术,构建了4个不同类型的差减文库:马铃薯菌株(Po82)/香蕉青枯菌(2号小种,RUN92)、马铃薯菌株(Po82)/NPB菌株(RUN292)、姜青枯菌(4号小种,Z1)/广寄主菌株(1号小种,GMI1000)及桑青枯菌(5号小种,M7/M2/M3)/广寄主菌株(1号小种,GMI1000),筛选获得了不同差减库的特异性核苷酸片段,其功能主要涉及跨膜蛋白、转录调控蛋白、信号肽、假设蛋白以及未发现同源性的片段等几大类。桑青枯菌的3个差减文库中均含有大量携带IS插入元件IS1420和ISRso15的差异性片段,在GMI1000(1号小种)及其它已测序的小种中均未发现IS1420元件,在GMI1000中仅存在2个ISRso15元件,推断其可能与桑青枯菌寄主适应性有关。此外,基于差减片断MG67成功地建立了桑青枯菌(5号小种)的PCR检测体系。
4.桑青枯菌Ш型分泌系统突变株的构建及其泌出蛋白分析通过同源置换法构建了GMI1000△popP1和桑青枯菌M7△hrpB突变株,利用蛋白质双向电泳技术,分析比较了M7与突变株M7△hrpB泌出蛋白的差异,为进一步筛选桑青枯菌(5号小种)的Ⅲ型效应蛋白奠定了基础。利用演化型及序列变种分类单元对青枯菌遗传多样性的研究,明确了我国青枯菌种以下的分类地位,发现了3个新的序列变种;发现了进化地位十分特殊的Po82菌株可对香蕉致病;桑青枯菌中大量插入子元件的存在可能与其寄主适应性相关;上述研究对青枯菌致病力分化及致病机理研究具有重要意义。
As a diverse species complex, Ralstonia solanacearum has developed an extremely broad host range throughout the world, including more than 450 host species representing 54 plant families. Biovar typing and race assessment are methods commonly used for assessing the diversity of R. solanacearum strains. However, recent genetic evidence has indicated that these phenotypically-based schemes are not sufficient to encompass the diversity of strains represented in the species R. solanacearum. Fegan and Prior (2005) proposed a new hierarchical classification scheme to distinguish the genetic diversity within the R. solanacearum species complex. The phylotyping scheme is highly discriminatory, flexible, additive, and should allow better prediction of the properties of strains.
Although considerable research has been conducted on bacterial wilt disease in China, less work has been done on the genetic diversity of R. solanacearum species complex. The aim of this study was to use the phylotyping scheme to determine the genetic diversity of R. solanacearum strains from China. Based on the pathogenic properties and phylogenetic relationships among the R. solanacearum strains, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and two-dimensional isoelectric focussing/sodium dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D IEF/SDS-PAGE) were then used to isolate host-specific gene. Such understanding allowed identification of biological properties, evolutionary relationships and pathogenicity variation of infra-subspecific groups of strains and result in improving breeding strategies, developing targeted diagnostic tests and studying pathogenesis of R. solanacearum.
1. Genetic Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains from China
A survey of bacterial wilt in China collected 286 strains of Ralstonia solanacearum from 17 plant species in 13 Chinese provinces. A phylotype-specific multiplex-PCR showed that 198 isolates belonged to phylotype I (bv3, 4 and 5) and 88 to phylotype II (bv2 and bv1). A phylogenetic analysis examined the partial sequence of the egl and hrpB gene of all strains and the genetic diversity of 95 representatives were reported, demonstrating that Chinese strains are partitioned into phylotype I (Asia) and II (America). Phylotype I strains (historically typed bv3, 4 and 5), had considerable phylogenetic diversity, including 10 different sequevars: seven previously described sequevars 12 to 18 and three new sequevars: 34, 44 and 48.
2. Pathogenicity Variation of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains
Po82, a potato strain from Mexico, was resolved into phylotype II sequevar 4, in a group with phylotype II/4NPB and banana Moko disease-causing strains. It was identified as Moko strains’sequevar 4 (MLG25) according to Mmx-PCR. AFLP fingerprinting showed that Po82 was more closely related to NPB than to moko disease-causing strains. However, SDS-PAGE of total cellular protein extracted from Po82 indicated that its protein pattern was more closely related to Moko disease-causing strains than to NPB. Additionally, pathogenicity test revealed that Po82 possess pathogenic traits of both NPB and Moko strains thereby proving that it was a pathogenicity variation strain.
3. Differences between Ralstonia solanacearum strains Revealed by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization
SSH approach was used to investigate the pathogenic determinants of the R. solanacearum strain. The genome of the R. solanacearum tester strain was subtracted from the genome of the R. solanacearum driver strain, resulting in the identification of subtracted fragments. The majority of the fragment sequences were homologous to Rhs proteins, transmembrane proteins, transcription regulator proteins, signal peptide proteins and hypothetical proteins. Sequence analysis indicated that many fragments in the mulberry strain were disrupted by insertion sequences (IS). A PCR diagnostic test for detection of Ralstonia solanacearum race 5-biovar 5 strains was developed.
4. Mutant construction of hrpB gene and Analysis of Type III-Dependent Effectors
A comparative proteome analysis was initiated to investigate the Type III-dependent effectors of Ralstonia solanacearum strain M7 (race5). The mutant of hrpB and popP1 were constructed and subsequently used for pathegenicity and proteome analysis. 2-D IEF/SDS-PAGE allowed the separation of Type III-Dependent Effectors.
In summury, an in-deep study of genetic diversity of R. solanacearum strains from China was determined by modern phylotype-sequevar phylogenetic analysis method, Po82, a potato strain was first reported could be pathogenic to banana. Construction of the subtracted DNA library revealed that IS elements may play a role in the evolution of mulberry Ralstonia solanacearum strains. These new findings may provide important clues when studying pathogenicity determinants in the R. solanacearum strains.
我国迄今为止尚未开展青枯菌演化型分类鉴定的相关研究,本研究采用国际上最新的青枯菌演化型分类框架,对我国青枯菌进行了遗传多样性分析,同时基于遗传多样性分析结果,以遗传背景相近但寄主范围存在明显差异的菌株为研究对象,运用抑制差减杂交技术和蛋白质双向电泳技术筛选寄主适应性基因,旨在探究中国青枯菌菌系生物学特性、进化关系及致病力分化,从而为改进育种策略、发展分子检测技术及青枯菌致病机制研究奠定基础。
1.青枯菌遗传多样性研究本研究分别在演化型和序列变种两个分类水平上对中国青枯菌群体进行了种以下分类研究。在演化型分类水平上,揭示出来自13个省、18个寄主的286个参试菌株全部属于青枯菌演化型I和II型,即亚洲分支和美洲分支菌株。在序列变种分类水平上揭示出中国青枯菌群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,存在着亚洲分支的10个序列变种及美洲分支的1个序列变种。其中亚洲分支菌株中的序列变种33、44和48为国际上首次鉴定出的新序列变种。
2.青枯菌致病力分化研究在序列变种鉴定过程中,发现了在致病力分化上具有重要意义的来自马铃薯的Po82菌株,与寄主范围差异很大的香蕉青枯菌及NPB(not pathogenic to banana)菌株同属序列变种4。AFLP聚类分析的结果显示:Po82在亲缘关系上与NPB菌株更近;SDS-PAGE分析Po82胞外泌出蛋白谱带类型与香蕉青枯菌菌株更为接近。致病力鉴定结果表明:Po82能够侵染茄科植物的番茄、茄子及马铃薯,且兼具对香蕉的致病力,是迄今为止发现的第一株可对香蕉致病的来自马铃薯的菌株,从而表明Po82是一个进化地位上极为独特的菌株。
3. SSH筛选青枯菌寄主适应性基因利用抑制性差减杂交技术,构建了4个不同类型的差减文库:马铃薯菌株(Po82)/香蕉青枯菌(2号小种,RUN92)、马铃薯菌株(Po82)/NPB菌株(RUN292)、姜青枯菌(4号小种,Z1)/广寄主菌株(1号小种,GMI1000)及桑青枯菌(5号小种,M7/M2/M3)/广寄主菌株(1号小种,GMI1000),筛选获得了不同差减库的特异性核苷酸片段,其功能主要涉及跨膜蛋白、转录调控蛋白、信号肽、假设蛋白以及未发现同源性的片段等几大类。桑青枯菌的3个差减文库中均含有大量携带IS插入元件IS1420和ISRso15的差异性片段,在GMI1000(1号小种)及其它已测序的小种中均未发现IS1420元件,在GMI1000中仅存在2个ISRso15元件,推断其可能与桑青枯菌寄主适应性有关。此外,基于差减片断MG67成功地建立了桑青枯菌(5号小种)的PCR检测体系。
4.桑青枯菌Ш型分泌系统突变株的构建及其泌出蛋白分析通过同源置换法构建了GMI1000△popP1和桑青枯菌M7△hrpB突变株,利用蛋白质双向电泳技术,分析比较了M7与突变株M7△hrpB泌出蛋白的差异,为进一步筛选桑青枯菌(5号小种)的Ⅲ型效应蛋白奠定了基础。利用演化型及序列变种分类单元对青枯菌遗传多样性的研究,明确了我国青枯菌种以下的分类地位,发现了3个新的序列变种;发现了进化地位十分特殊的Po82菌株可对香蕉致病;桑青枯菌中大量插入子元件的存在可能与其寄主适应性相关;上述研究对青枯菌致病力分化及致病机理研究具有重要意义。
As a diverse species complex, Ralstonia solanacearum has developed an extremely broad host range throughout the world, including more than 450 host species representing 54 plant families. Biovar typing and race assessment are methods commonly used for assessing the diversity of R. solanacearum strains. However, recent genetic evidence has indicated that these phenotypically-based schemes are not sufficient to encompass the diversity of strains represented in the species R. solanacearum. Fegan and Prior (2005) proposed a new hierarchical classification scheme to distinguish the genetic diversity within the R. solanacearum species complex. The phylotyping scheme is highly discriminatory, flexible, additive, and should allow better prediction of the properties of strains.
Although considerable research has been conducted on bacterial wilt disease in China, less work has been done on the genetic diversity of R. solanacearum species complex. The aim of this study was to use the phylotyping scheme to determine the genetic diversity of R. solanacearum strains from China. Based on the pathogenic properties and phylogenetic relationships among the R. solanacearum strains, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and two-dimensional isoelectric focussing/sodium dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D IEF/SDS-PAGE) were then used to isolate host-specific gene. Such understanding allowed identification of biological properties, evolutionary relationships and pathogenicity variation of infra-subspecific groups of strains and result in improving breeding strategies, developing targeted diagnostic tests and studying pathogenesis of R. solanacearum.
1. Genetic Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains from China
A survey of bacterial wilt in China collected 286 strains of Ralstonia solanacearum from 17 plant species in 13 Chinese provinces. A phylotype-specific multiplex-PCR showed that 198 isolates belonged to phylotype I (bv3, 4 and 5) and 88 to phylotype II (bv2 and bv1). A phylogenetic analysis examined the partial sequence of the egl and hrpB gene of all strains and the genetic diversity of 95 representatives were reported, demonstrating that Chinese strains are partitioned into phylotype I (Asia) and II (America). Phylotype I strains (historically typed bv3, 4 and 5), had considerable phylogenetic diversity, including 10 different sequevars: seven previously described sequevars 12 to 18 and three new sequevars: 34, 44 and 48.
2. Pathogenicity Variation of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains
Po82, a potato strain from Mexico, was resolved into phylotype II sequevar 4, in a group with phylotype II/4NPB and banana Moko disease-causing strains. It was identified as Moko strains’sequevar 4 (MLG25) according to Mmx-PCR. AFLP fingerprinting showed that Po82 was more closely related to NPB than to moko disease-causing strains. However, SDS-PAGE of total cellular protein extracted from Po82 indicated that its protein pattern was more closely related to Moko disease-causing strains than to NPB. Additionally, pathogenicity test revealed that Po82 possess pathogenic traits of both NPB and Moko strains thereby proving that it was a pathogenicity variation strain.
3. Differences between Ralstonia solanacearum strains Revealed by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization
SSH approach was used to investigate the pathogenic determinants of the R. solanacearum strain. The genome of the R. solanacearum tester strain was subtracted from the genome of the R. solanacearum driver strain, resulting in the identification of subtracted fragments. The majority of the fragment sequences were homologous to Rhs proteins, transmembrane proteins, transcription regulator proteins, signal peptide proteins and hypothetical proteins. Sequence analysis indicated that many fragments in the mulberry strain were disrupted by insertion sequences (IS). A PCR diagnostic test for detection of Ralstonia solanacearum race 5-biovar 5 strains was developed.
4. Mutant construction of hrpB gene and Analysis of Type III-Dependent Effectors
A comparative proteome analysis was initiated to investigate the Type III-dependent effectors of Ralstonia solanacearum strain M7 (race5). The mutant of hrpB and popP1 were constructed and subsequently used for pathegenicity and proteome analysis. 2-D IEF/SDS-PAGE allowed the separation of Type III-Dependent Effectors.
In summury, an in-deep study of genetic diversity of R. solanacearum strains from China was determined by modern phylotype-sequevar phylogenetic analysis method, Po82, a potato strain was first reported could be pathogenic to banana. Construction of the subtracted DNA library revealed that IS elements may play a role in the evolution of mulberry Ralstonia solanacearum strains. These new findings may provide important clues when studying pathogenicity determinants in the R. solanacearum strains.
引文
1.何礼远,康耀卫.植物青枯菌(Pseudomonas solanacearum)致病机理[J].自然科学进展, 1995, 5: 159~168.
2.康耀卫,黄键中,毛国璋,何礼远, Mark A. Shell.利用转座子Tn5诱变植物青枯菌获得细胞外蛋白输出功能丧失突变体[J].植物病理学报, 1994, 24: 265~269.
3.孔凡玉.烟草青枯病的综合防治[J].烟草科技, 2003, 4 :42~48.
4.李双双,孙晓甜,翟静娟,郜刚,闫桂琴.青枯菌M5菌株特异基因组消减文库的构建[J].农业生物技术科学, 2008, 24: 62~66.
5.廖咏梅,农彦贤,周志权.首次报道一点红青枯病由茄青枯菌引起[J].广西植物, 2008, 24: 531~533.
6.刘焕利,何礼远,毛国璋,康耀卫.植物青枯菌胞外蛋白相关基因的克隆[J].植物病理学报,1999, 29: 110~113.
7.刘焕利,何礼远,毛国璋,罗君勇.植物青枯细菌胞外蛋白在致病中作用的研究[J].中国农业科学, 2000, 33: 57~61.
8.刘琼光,曾伟达,郑向华,陈泽鹏.广东省4种花卉青枯病的病原鉴定[J].华中农业大学学报, 2009, 28: 277~280.
9.吕志强,王汉荣,周勤,王连平,方丽,茹水江等.浙江省蚕区桑树“凋萎”症状病因诊断[J].蚕业科学, 2007, 33: 528~533.
10.王国芬,谢关林,徐福寿,周勤,王建新,梁大冈.桑青枯病描述及研究中的几个问题探讨[J].蚕业科学, 2007, 33: 321~324.
11.王涛,林纬,黄永禄,袁高庆,黎起秦.罗汉果青枯病病原菌株的鉴定[J].植物病理学报, 2009, 39: 318~320.
12.吴乃虎.基因工程原理[M].北京:科学出版社, 2001: 316.
13.徐丽慧, Praphat Kawicha,谢关林.桑青枯病致病性测定新方法[J].蚕桑通报, 2007, 38: 19.
14.徐丽慧,徐福寿,李芳, Praphat Kawicha,谢关林.桑细菌性青枯病病原及其生化型鉴定[J].植物保护学报, 2007, 34: 141~146.
15.朱贤朝,王彦亭,王智发.中国烟草病害.北京:中国农业出版社,2002: 152~162.
16.郑向华,邓海滨,刘琼光,陈泽鹏,陈永明,李华平.广东省烟草青枯菌的菌系和遗传多样性[J].华中农业大学学报, 2007, 26: 463~468.
17. Alfano, J. R., Charkowski, A. O., Deng, W. L., Badel, J. L., Petnicki-Ocwieja, T. & van Dijk, K. (2000). The Pseudomonas syringae Hrp pathogenicity island has a tripartite mosaic structure composed of a cluster of type III secretion genes bounded by exchangeable effector and conserved effector loci that contribute to parasitic fitness and patho-genicity in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 4856~4861.
18. Allen, C., Huang, Y. & Sequeira, L. (1991). Cloning of genes affecting polygalacturonase production in Pseudomonas solanacearum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 4, 147~154.
19. Allen, C., Kelman, A. & French, E. R. (2001). Brown rot of potatoes. In: W. R. Stevenson, R. Loria, G. D. Franc & D. P. Weingartner (Eds.), Compendium of Potato Diseases (pp 11~13). St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.: American Phytopathological Society Press.
20. Allenza, P., Lee, Y. N. & Lessie, T. G. (1982). Enzymes related to fructose utilization in Pseudomonas cepacia. Journal of Bacteriology, 150, 1348~1356.
21. Alvarez, A. (2005). Diversity and diagnosis of Ralstonia solanacearum. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, and A. C. Hayward (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt: The Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex (pp 437~447). St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.: American Phytopathological Society Press.
22. Araud-Razou, I. J., Vasse, H., Montrozier, C., Etchebar, C. & Trigalet, A. (1998). Detection and visualization of the major acidic exopolysaccharide of Ralstonia solanacearum and its role in tomato root infection and vascular colonization. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104, 795~809.
23. Angot, A., Peeters, N., Lechner, E., Vailleau, F., Baud, C., Gentzbittel, L. et al. (2006). Ralstonia solanacearum requires F-box-like domain-containing type III effectors to promote disease on several host plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 14620–14625.
24. Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E. Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3rd. Beijing: Science Press, 1998, 23~24.
25. Bertolla, F., Frostegard, A., Brito, B., Nesme, X. & Simonet, P. (1999). During infection of its host, the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum naturally develops a state of competence and exchanges genetic material. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 12, 467~472.
26. Bhatt, G. & Denny, T.P. (2004). Ralstonia solanacearum iron scavenging by the siderophore staphyloferrin B is controlled by PhcA, the global virulence regulator. Journal of Bacteriology, 186, 7896~7904.
27. Boucher, C. A., Gough, C. L. & Arlat, M. (1992). Molecular genetics of pathogenicity determinants of Pseudomonas solanacearum with special emphasis on hrp genes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30, 443~461.
28. Brown, D. G. & Allen, C. (2004). Ralstonia solanacearum genes induced during growth in tomato: an inside view of bacterial wilt. Molecular Microbiology, 53, 1641–1660.
29. Brumbley, S. M. & Denny, T.P. (1990). Cloning of wildtype Pseudomonas solanacearum phcA, a gene that when mutated alters expression of multiple traits that contribute to virulence. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 5677~5685.
30. Brumbley, S.M., Carney B. F. & Denny T. P. (1993). Phenotype conversion in Pseudomonas solanacearum due to spontaneous inactivation of phcA, a putative lysR transcriptional regulator. Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 5477~5487.
31. Buddenhagen, I. & Kelman, A. (1964). Biological and physiological aspects of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annual Reviuw of Phytopathology, 2, 203~230.
32. Buddenhagen, I., Sequeira, L. & Kelman, A. (1962). Designation of races in Pseudomonas solanacearum. Phytopathology, 52, 726.
33. Capecchi, M. R. (1989). Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science, 244, 1288~1292.
34. Carney, B. F. & Denny, T. P. (1990). A cloned avirulence gene from Pseudomonas solanacearum determines incompatibility on Nicotiana tabacum at the host species level. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 4836~4843.
35. Ciampi, L. & Sequeira, L. (1980). Influence of temperature on virulence of race 3 strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum. American Potato Journal, 57, 307~317.
36. Coenye, T. & Vandamme, P. (2003). Simple sequence repeats and compositional bias in the bipartite Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 genome. BMC Genomics, 4, 10.
37. Cook, D., Barlow, E. & Sequeira, L. (1989). Genetic diversity of Pseudomonas solanacearum: detection of restriction fragment polymorphisms with DNA probes that specify virulence and hypersensitive response. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 2, 113~121.
38. Cook, D. & Sequeira, L. (1994). Strain differentiation of Pseudomonas solanacearum by molecular genetic methods. In: A. C. Hayward & G. L. Hartman (Eds.), Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (pp. 77~93). United Kingdom: CAB International.
39. Coplin, D. L. & Cook, D. (1990). Molecular genetics of extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis in vascular phytopathogenic bacteria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 3, 271~279.
40. Cunnac, S., Boucher, C. & Genin, S. (2004a). Characterization of the cis-acting regulatory element controlling HrpB-mediated activation of the type III secretion system and effector genes in Ralstonia solanacearum. Journal of Bacteriology, 186, 2309~2318.
41. Cunnac, S., Occhialini, A., Barberis, P., Boucher, C. & Gennin, S. (2004b). Inventory and functional analysis of the large Hrp regulon in Ralstonia solanacearum: Identification of novel effector proteins translocated to plant host cells through the type III secretion system. Molecular Microbiology, 23, 115-128.
42. Deslandes, L, Olivier, J., Peeters, N., Feng, D. X., Khounlotham, M. & Boucher, C. (2003). Physical interaction between RRS1-R, a protein conferring resistance to bacterial wilt, and PopP2, a type III effector targeted to the plant nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 8024~8029.
43. Deslandes, L., Olivier, J. & Theulie` res, F. (2002). Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis thaliana is conferred by the recessive RRS1-R gene, a member of a novel family of resistancegenes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 2404~2409.
44. Denny, T. P. (1995). Involvement of Bacterial Polysaccharides in Plant Pathogenesis. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 33, 173~197.
45. Denny, T. P. (2000). Ralstonia solanacearum-a plant pathogen in touch with its host. Trends Microbiology, 8, 486~489.
46. Denny, T. P. & Baek, S.R. (1991). Genetic evidence that extracellular polysaccharide is a virulence factor of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 4, 198~206.
47. Denny, T. P., Carney, B. F. & Schell, M. A. (1990). Inactivation of multiple virulence genes reduces the ability of Pseudomonas solanacearum to cause wilt symptoms. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 3, 293~300.
48. Denny, T. P. (2006). Plant pathogenic Ralstonia species. In: S. S. Gnanamanickam (Eds.), Plant-Associated Bacteria (pp. 573~644). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer Publishing,.
49. Deslandes, L., Olivier, J., Peeters, N., Feng, D., Khounlotham, M., Boucher, C., et al. (2003). Physical interaction between RRS1-R, a protein conferring resistance to bacterial wilt, and PopP2, a type III effector targeted to the plant nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 8024~8029.
50. Diatchenko, L., Lau, Y. F. , Campbell, A. P. , Chenchik, A. Moqadam, F., Huang, B. , et al. (1996). Suppression subtractive hybridization: a method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 6025~6030.
51. Dilks, K., Rose, R. W., Hartmann, E. & Pohlschroder, M. (2003). Prokaryotic utilization of the twin-arginine translocation pathway: A genomic survey. Journal of Bacteriology, 185, 1478~83.
52. Elphinstone, J. G. (1996a). Survival and possibilities for extinction of Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith in cool climates. Potato Research, 39, 403~410.
53. Elphinstone, J. G. (2005). The current bacterial wilt situation: A global overview. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, & A. C. Hayward (Eds), Bacterial Wilt: The disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (pp. 9~28). St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.: American Phytopathological Society Press.
54. Elphinstone, J. G., Stanford, H. & Stead, D. E. (1998). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tubers, Solanum dulcamara and associated irrigation water. Pages 133~139 In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. G. Elphinstone (Eds), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and ecological aspects. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
55. Elphinstone, J. G., Hennessy, J., Wilson, J. K. & Stead, D. E. (1996b). Sensitivity of different methods for detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tuber extracts. EPPO Bulletin, 26, 663~678.
56. Etchebar, C., Trigalet-Demery, D., van Gijsegem, F., Vasse, J. & Trigalet, A. (1998). Xylem colonization by an HrcV-mutant of Ralstonia solanacearum is a key factor for the efficient Biological control of tomato bacterial wilt. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 869~877.
57. Fegan, M., Holoway, G., Hayward, A.C. & Timmis, J. (1998a) Development of a diagnostic test based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify strains of R. solanacearum exhibiting the biovar 2 genotype. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. Elphinstone (Eds), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and ecological aspects (pp. 34). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
58. Fegan, M., Taghavi, M., Sly L. I. & Hayward A. C. (1998b). Phylogeny, diversity and molecular diagnostics of Ralstonia solanacearum. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. Elphinstone (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and ecological aspects (pp.19~33). Paris, France: INRA Editions.
59. Fegan, M. & Prior, P. (2005). How complex is the“Ralstonia solanacearum species complex”. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, & A. C. Hayward (Eds.), Bacterial wilt disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (pp. 449–462). St Paul MN, USA: APS Press.
60. Fegan, M. & Prior, P. (2006). Diverse members of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex cause bacterial wilts of banana. Australasian Plant Pathology, 35, 93~101.
61. Feng, J., Liu, H. L. & Kang, Y. W. (2006). Identification of a gsp gene cluster associated with TypeⅡsecretion pathways in Ralstonia solanacearum. Proceedings of the 15th International Plant Protection Congress, 82.
62. Fessehaie, A., De Boer, S. H., & Lévesque, C. A. (2003). An oligonucleotide array for the identification and differentiation of bacteria pathogenic on potato. Phytopathology, 93, 262~269.
63. French, E. R. & L. Sequeira. (1970). Strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum from Central and South America: a comparative study. Phytopathology, 70, 506~512.
64. Galas, D. J. & Chandler, M. (1989). Bacterial insertion sequences. In: D. E. Berg & M. M. Howe (Eds.), Mobile DNA (pp.109–162). Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology.
65. Castillo, J. & Greenberg, J. T. (2007). Evolutionary dynamics of Ralstonia solanacearum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 1225~1238.
66. Gabriel, D. W., Allen, C., Schell, M., Denny, T. P., Greenberg, J. T., Duan, Y. P. et al. (2006). Identification of Open Reading Frames Unique to a Select Agent: Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 19, 69~79.
67. Genin, S. & Boucher, C. (2004). Lessons learned the genome analysis of Ralstonia solanacearum. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 42, 107~134.
68. Genin, S., Brito, B., Denny, T. P. & Boucher, C. (2005). Control of the Ralstonia solanacearum Type III secretion system (Hrp) genes by the global virulence regulator PhcA. FEBS Letters. 579, 2077~2081.
69. Gillings, M., Fahy, P. & Davies, C. (1993). Restriction analysis of an amplified polygalacturonase gene fragment differentiates strains of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum. Letters in Applied Microbiology 17, 44~48.
70. Gillings, M. R. & Fahy, P. (1994). Genomic fingerprinting: towards a unified view of the Pseudomonas solanacearum species complex. In: A. C. Hayward, & G. L. Hartman (Eds.),Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (pp. 95~112). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International, Wallingford.
71. Gonzalez, E.T. & Allen, C. (2003). Characterization of a Ralstonia solanacearum operon required for polygalacturonate degradation and uptake of galacturonic acid. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16, 536~544.
72. Gonzalez, E. T., Brown, D. G., Swanson, J. K. & Allen, C. (2007). Using the R. solanacearum Tat secretome to search for additional contributors to bacterial wilt virulence. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 3779~3786.
73. Guidot, A., Elbaz, M., Carrère, S., Siri, M. I., Pianzzola, M. J. & P. Prior, et al. (2009). Specific genes from the potato brown rot strains of Ralstonia solanacearum and their potential use for strain detection. Phytopathology, 99, 1105~1112.
74. Guidot, A., Prior, P., Schoenfeld, J., Carre`re, S., Genin, S. & Boucher, C. (2007). Genomic structure and phylogeny of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum inferred from gene distribution analysis. Journal of Bacteriology, 189, 377–387.
75. Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95~98.
76. Harakava, R. & D. W. Gabriel. (2003). Genetic differences between two strains of Xylella fastidiosa revealed by suppression subtractive hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 1315~1319.
77. Hayward, A. C. (1964). Characteristics of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 27, 265~277.
78. Hayward, A. C. (1991). Biology and epidemiology of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 29, 67~87.
79. Hayward, A. C. (1994). Systematics and phylogeny of Pseudomonas solanacearum and related bacteria. In: A. C. Hayward, G. L. Hartman (Eds.), Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (pp. 123~135). United Kingdom: CAB International.
80. Hayward A. C. (1994). The hosts of Pseudomonas solanacearum. In: A. C. Hayward & G. L.Hartman (Eds.), Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (pp. 9~24). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
81. Hayward, A. C. (2000). Ralstonia solanacearum. In: J. Lederberg (Eds.), Encyclopedia of microbiology (pp. 32~42). San Diego: Academic Press.
82. He, L. Y., Sequeira, L. & Kelman, A. (1983). Characteristics of strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Plant Disease, 67, 1357~1361.
83. He, L. Y. (1985). Bacterial Wilt in the People’s Republic of China. In: G. J. Perley (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease in Asia and the South Pacific (pp. 40~48). Proceedings of an international workshop held at PCARRD, Los Banos, Philippine, 8~10 October 1985.
84. Heuer, H., Yin, Y. N., Xue, Q. Y., Smalla, K. & Guo, J. H. (2007). Repeat domain diversity of avrBs3-like genes in Ralstonia solanacearum strains and association with host preferences in the field. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 4379~4384.
85. Huang Q. & Allen, C. (1997). An exo-poly-a-D-galacturonosidase, PehB, is required for wildtype virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Jounal of Bacteriology, 179, 7369~7378.
86. Huang Q. & Allen, C. (2000). Polygalacturonases are required for rapid colonization and full virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum on tomato plants. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 57, 77~83.
87. Huang, J., Carney, B. F., Denny, T. P. Weissinger, A. K. & Schell M. A. (1995). A complex network regulates expression of eps and other virulence genes in Pseudomonas solanacearum. Jounal of Bacteriology, 177, 1259~1267.
88. Hueck, C. J. (1998). Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62, 379–433.
89. Husain, A. K. & Kelman, A. (1958). Relation of slime production to mechanism of wilting and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Phytopathology, 48, 155~165.
90. Hutcheson, S. W. (1999). The hrp cluster of Pseudomonas syringae: A pathogenicity island encoding a type III protein translocation complex? In: J. B. Kaper, & J. Hacker (Eds.), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements (pp. 309~329). Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology.
91. Janse, J. D., Beld, H. E. v. d., Elphinstone, J., Simpkins, S., Tjou-Tam-Sin, N. A. A. & Vaerenbergh, J. V. (2004). Introduction to Europe of Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2, race 3 in Pelargonium zonale cuttings. Journal of Plant Pathology, 86, 147~155.
92. Jeong, E. L. & Timmis, J. N. (2000). Novel insertion sequence elements associated with genetic heterogeneity and phenotype conversion in Ralstonia solanacearum. Jounal of Bacteriology, 182, 4673~4676
93. Jukes, T. H. & Cantor, C. R. (1969). Evolution of protein molecules. In: H. N. Munro (Eds.), Mammalian protein metabolism (pp. 121~132). New York, USA: Academic Press.
94. Kanda A, Ohnishi S. & Tomiyama H. (2003). Type III secretion machinery-deficient mutants of Ralstonia solanacearum lose their ability to colonize resulting in loss of pathogenicity. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 69, 250~257.
95. Kang, Y., Liu, H., Genin, S., Schell, M. A. & Denny T. P. (2002). Ralstonia solanacearum requires type 4 pili to adhere to multiple surfaces and for natural transformation and virulence. Molecular Microbiology, 46, 427–437.
96. Kang, Y. W., Huang, J., Mao, G. Z., He, L. Y. & Schell, M.A. (1994). Dramatically reduced virulence of mutants of Pseudomonas solanacearum defective in export of extracellular proteins across the outer membrane. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 7: 370~377.
97. Kao C. C., Barlow E. & Sequeira L. (1992). Extracellular polysaccharide is required for wild-type virulence of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Jounal of Bacteriology, 174, 1068~1071.
98. Kelman, A. (1954). The relationship of pathogenicity in in Pseudomonas solanacearum to colony appearance on a tetrazolium chloride medium. Phytopathology, 44, 693~695.
99. Kim, S. H., Olson, T. N., Schaad, N. W. & Moorman, G. W. (2003). Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, biovar 2, the causal agent of brown rot of potato, identified in geranium in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Connecticut. Plant Disease, 87, 450.
100. Kumar, S., Tamura, K. & Nei, M. (2004). MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform, 5, 150~163.
101. Lavie, M., Seunes, B., Prior, P. & Boucher, C. (2004). Distribution and Sequence Analysis of a Family of Type III-Dependent Effectors Correlate with the Phylogeny of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 931–940.
102. Lavie, M., Shillington, E., Eguiluz, C., Grimsley, N. & Boucher, C. (2002). PopP1, a new member of the YopJ/AvrRxv family of type III effector proteins, acts as a host-specificity factor and modulates aggressiveness of Ralstonia solanacearum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 15, 1058~1068.
103. Lozano, J. C. & Sequeira, L. (1970). Differentiation of races of Pseudomonas solanacearum by a leaf infiltration technique. Phytopathology, 60, 833~838.
104. Lee, Y. A., Fan, S. C., Chiu, L. Y., & Hsia, K. C. (2001). Isolation of an insertion sequence from Rastonia solanacearum race 1 and its potential use for strain characterization and detection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 3943~3950.
105. Lee, Y. A. & Wang, C. C. (2000). The design of specific primers for the detection of Rastonia solanacearum in soil samples by polymerase chain reaction. Botanical Bulletin. Academia Sinica., 41, 121~128.
106. Lewis Ivey, M. L., McSpadden Gardener, B. B., Opina, N. & Miller, S. A. (2007). Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum infecting eggplant in the Philippines. Phytopathology, 97, 1467~1475.
107. Li, J. G., Liu, H. X. Cao, J., Chen, L. F., Gu, C., Allen, C. & J. H. Guo. (2010). PopW of Ralstonia solanacearum, a new two-domain harpin targeting the plant cell wall. Molecular Plant Pathology, (in press).
108. Liu, Y., Kanda, A., Kiba, A., Hikichi, Y. & Ohnishi, K. Distribution of avirulence genes avrA and popP1 in 22 Japanese phylotype I strains of Ralstonia solanacearum. Journal of General Plant Pahtology, (in press).
109. Liu, H., Kang, Y., Genin, S., Schell, M. A. & Denny T. P. (2001). Twitching motility of Ralstonia solanacearum requires a type IV pilus system. Microbiology, 147, 3215~3229.
110. Liu, H., Zhang, S., Schell, M. A. & Denny, T.P. (2005). Pyramiding unmarked deletions in Ralstonia solanacearum shows that secreted proteins in addition to plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes contribute to virulence. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 18, 1296~1305.
111. Mahillon, J. & Chandler, M. (1998). Insertion sequences. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62, 725~774.
112. Mattr, C. & Cheng, K. (1998). EpsR modulates production of extracellular polysaccharides in the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum. Journal of Bacteriology, 180, 27~34.
113. McGarvey, J. A., Denny, T. P. & Schell, M. A. (1999). Spatial-temporal and quantitative analysis of growth and EPS I production by Ralstonia solanacearum in resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Phytopathology, 89, 1233~1239.
114. Meyer, D., Cunnac, S., Mareva, G. Declercq, C., Van Gijsegem, F. & Lauber, E. (2006). PopF1 and PopF2. Two proteins secreted by the type III protein secretion system of Ralstonia solanacearum, are translocators belonging to the HrpF/NopX family. Journal of Bacteriology, 188, 4903~4917.
115. Milling, A., Meng, F., Denny, T. P. & Allen. C. (2009). Interactions with hosts at cool temperatures, not cold tolerance, explain the unique epidemiology of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2. Phytopathology, 99, 1127~1134
116. Miyazaki, J., Ba-Thein, W., Kumao, T., Azaka, H. & Hayashi, H. (2002). Identification of a type III secretion system in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 212, 221~228.
117. Mole, B. M., Baltrus, D. A. & Dangl, J. L. (2007). Global virulence regulation networks in phytopathogenic bacteria. Trends in Microbiology, 15, 363~371.
118. Mudgett, M. B. & Staskawicz, B. J. (1998). Protein signing via typeⅢsecretion pathways in phytopathogenic bacteria. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 1,109~115.
119. Mukaihara, T. & Tamura, N. (2009). Identification of novel Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector proteins through translocation analysis of hrpB-regulated gene products. Microbiology, 155, 2235~2244.
120. Mukaihara, T., Tamura, N., Murata, Y. & Iwabuchi, M. (2004). Genetic screening of Hrp type III-related pathogenicity genes controlled by the HrpB transcriptional activator in Ralstonia solanacearum. Molecular Microbiology, 54, 863~875.
121. Nelson D. L. & Cox M. M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Third edition. New York: Worth Publishers, 2000, 931~977
122. Occhialini, A., Cunnac, S., Reymond, N., Genin, S. & Boucher, C. (2005). Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in Ralstonia solanacearum reveals that the hrpB gene acts as a regulatory switch controlling multiple virulence pathways. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, 18, 938~949.
123. Opina, N., Tavner, F., Hollway, G., Wang, J. F., Li, T. H., Maghirang, R., et al. (1997). A novel method for development of species and strain-specific DNA probes and PCR primers for identifying Burkholderia solanacearum. Asia and Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 5, 19~30.
124. Orgambide, G., Montrozier, H., Servin, P., Roussel, J., Trigalet-Demery, D. & Trigalet, A. (1991). Hightheterogeneity of the exopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas solanacearum strain GMI1000 and the complete structure of the major polysaccharide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 8312~8321.
125. Page, R. D. M. (1996). TREEVIEW: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 12, 357~358.
126. Pastrik, K. H. & Maiss, E. (2000). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tubers by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Phytopathology, 148, 619–626.
127. Pastrik, K. H., Elphinstone, J. G. & Pukall, R. (2002). Sequence analysis and detection of Ralstonia solanacearum by multiplex PCR amplification of 16S-23S ribosomal intergenic spacer region with internal positive control. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108, 831~842.
128. Pegg, K. G. & Moffett, M. (1971). Host range of the ginger strain of Pseudomonas solanacearum in Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 11, 696~698.
129. Poussier, S., Vandewalle, P. & Luisetti, J. (1999). Genetic diversity of African and worldwide strains of Ralstonia solanacearum as determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hrp gene region. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 2184~2194.
130. Poussier, S. & Luisetti, J. (2000a). Specific detection of biovars of Ralstonia solanacearum in plant tissues by Nested-PCR-RFLP. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 106, 225–265.
131. Poussier, S., Prior, P., Luisetti, J., Hayward, C. & Fegan, M. (2000b). Partial sequencing of the hrpB and endoglucanase genes confirms and expands the known diversity within the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 23, 479~486.
132. Poussier, S., Trigalet-Demery, D., Vandewalle, P., Goffinet, B., Luisetti, J. & Trigalet, A. (2000c). Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum as assessed by PCR-RFLP of the hrp gene region, AFLP and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and identification of an African subdivision. Microbiology, 146, 1679~1692.
133. Poueymiro, M., Cunnac, S., Barberis, P., Deslandes, L., Peeters, N., Cazale-Noel et al. (2009). Two type III secretion system effectors from Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 determine host-range Specificity on tobacco. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 22, 538~550.
134. Prior P., Allen C. & Elphinstone J. Bacterial wilt disease, molecular and ecological aspects, Berlin: Springer Verlarg, 1998, 420~430.
135. Prior, P. & Fegan, M. (2005a). Recent development in the phylogeny and classification of Ralstonia solanacearum. Acta Horticulturae, 695, 127~136.
136. Prior, P. & Fegan, M. (2005b). Diversity and molecular detection of Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 strains by multiplex PCR. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, & A. C. Hayward (Eds.), Bacterial wilt disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (pp. 405~414). Madison, WI: APS Press.
137. Raymundo, A. K., Ilagan, Y. A. & Denny, T. P. (1998). Analysis of genetic variation of a population of banana-infecting strains of Ralstonia solanacearum. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. Elphinstone (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects (pp. 56~60). Berlin: Springer.
138. Raymundo, A. K., Orlina, M. E., Lavina, W. A. & Opina, N. L. (2005). Comparative Genome Plasticity of Tomato and Banana Strain of Ralstonia solanacearum in the Philippines. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, & A. C. Hayward (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt: The Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex (pp. 387~393). St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.: American Phytopathological Society Press.
139. Roberts, D. P., Denny, T. P. & Schell, M. (1988). Cloning of the egl gene of Pseudomonas solanacearum and analysis of its role in phytopathogenicity. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 1445~1451.
140. Robertson, A. E, Wechter, W. P., Denny, T. P., Fortnum, B. A. & Kluepfel, D. A. (2004). Relationship between avirulence gene (avrA) diversity in Ralstonia solanacearum and bacterial wilt incidence. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 1376~1384.
141. Saile, E., McGarvey, J. & Schell, M. (1997). Role of extracellular polysaccharide and endoglucanase in root invasion and colonization of tomato plants by Ralstonia solanacearum. Phytopathology, 87, 1264~1271.
142. Salanoubat, M., Genin, S., Artiguenave, F., Gouzy, J., Mangenot, S. Arlat, M., et al. (2002). Genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Nature, 415, 497~502.
143. Sambrook, J. & Russell, D. W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual, Third edition. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, U.S.A.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
144. Schauder, S. & Bassler, B. L. (2001). The languages of bacteria. Genes and Development, 15, 1468~1480.
145. Schell, M. A. (2000). Control of Virulence and Pathogenicity Genes of Ralstonia solanacearum by an Elaborate Sensory Network. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 38, 263~292.
146. Schonfeld, J., Heuer, H., van Elsas, J. D. & Smalla, K. (2003). Specific and sensitive detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in soil on the basis of PCR amplification of fliC fragments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 7248–7256.
147. Schweizer, H. P. (2001). Triclosan: a widely used biocide and its link to antibiotics. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 202, 1~7.
148. Seal, S. E., Jackson, L. A. & Daniels, M. J. (1992). Use of tRNA consensus primers to indicate subgroups of Pseudomonas solanacearum by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 3759~3761.
149. Seal, S. E., Jackson, L. A., Young, J. P. W. & Daniels, M. J. (1993). Differentiation of Pseudomonas solanacearum, Pseudomonas syzygii, Pseudomonas pickettii and the blood disease bacterium by partial 16S rRNA sequencing: construction of oligonucleotide primers for sensitive detection by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of General Microbiology, 139, 1587~1594.
150. Seal, S. E., Taghavi, M., Fegan, N., Hayward, A. C. & Fegan, M. (1999). Determination of Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum rDNA subgroups by PCR tests. Plant Pathology, 48, 115~120.
151. Sequeira, L. (1992). Bacteria wilt: past, presents, and future. Bacteria wilt-proceedings of an international conference held at Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
152. Sequeira L. (1985). Surface components involved in bacterial pathogen-plant host recognition. The Journal of Cell Biology, 2, 301~316.
153. Smith, E. F. (1896). A bacterial disease of tomato,peper,eggplant and Irish potato (Bacillus solanacearum nov sp.). United States Department of Agriculture, Division Physiology and Pathology Bulletin, 12, 1~28.
154. Smith, J. J., Offord, L. C., Holderness, M. & Saddler, G. S. (1995). Genetic diversity of Burkholderia solanacearum (synonym Pseudomonas solanacearum) race 3 in Kenya. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 4263~4268.
155. Strider, D. L., Jones, R. K. & Haygood, R. A. (1981). Southern wilt of geranium caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Plant Disease, 65, 52~53.
156. Swanepoel, A. E. (1990). The effect of temperature on the development of wilting and on progeny tuber infection of potatoes inoculated with South-African strains of biovar-2 and biovar-3 of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Potato Research, 33, 287~290.
157. Swanson, J. K., Yao, J., Tans-Kersten, J. K. & Allen, C. (2005). Behavior of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 during latent and active infection of geranium. Phytopathology, 95, 136~143.
158. Taghavi, M., Hayward, C., Sly L. I. & Fegan, M. (1996). Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of strains of Burkholderia solanacearum, Pseudomonas syzygii, and the blood disease bacterium of banana based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46: 10~15.
159. Tamura, N., Murata, Y. & Mukaihara, T. (2005). Isolation of Ralstonia solanacearum hrpB constitutive mutants and secretion analysis of hrpB-regulated gene products that share homology with known type III effectors and enzymes. Microbiology, 151, 2873~2884
160. Tans-Kersten, J., Guan, Y. & Allen, C. (1998). Ralstonia solanacearum pectinmethylesterase is required for growth on methylated pectin but not for bacterial wilt virulence. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 4918~4923.
161. Tans-Kersten, J., Huang, H. & Allen, C. (2001). Ralstonia solanacearum needs motility for invasive virulence on tomato. Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 3597~3065.
162. Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673~4680.
163. Thurston, H. D. (1963). Bacterial wilt of potatoes in Columbia. American Potato Journal, 40, 381~390.
164. Thwaites, R., Eden-Green, S. J. & Black, R. D. Disease caused by bacteria. In: D. R. Jones (Eds.), Diseases of banana, abaca and enset. Oxon: CAB International, 2000: 213~221.
165. Timms-Wilson, T. M., Bryant, K. & Bailey, M. J. (2001). Strain characterization and 16S-23S probe development for differentiating geographically dispersed isolates of the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Environment Microbiology, 3, 785~797.
166. Triplett, L. R., Zhao, Y. & Sundin, G. W. (2006). Genetic differences between blight-causing Erwinia species with differing host specificities, identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 7359~7364.
167. Tusiime, G., Adipala, E., Opio, F. & Bhagsari, A. S. (1998). Weeds as latent hosts of Ralstonia solanacearum in highland Uganda: Implications to development of an integrated control package for bacterial wilt. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. G. Elphinstone (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects (pp. 413~419). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
168. Van der Wolf, J. M., Bonants, P. J. M., Smith, J. J., Hagenaar, M., Nijhuis, E., Van Beckhoven, J. R. et al. (1998). Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 in Western Europe determined by AFLP, RCPFGE and Rep-PCR. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. Elphinstone (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects (pp. 44~49). Paris, France: INRA Editions.
169. van Elsas, J. D., Kastelein, P., Bekkum, P. V., Wolf, J. M. v. d., Vries, P. M. & Overbeek, L. S. (2000). Survival of Ralstonia solanacearum Biovar 2, the causative agent of potato brown rot, in field and microcosm soils in temperate climates. Phytopathology, 90, 1358~1366.
170. van Elsas, J. D., Kastelein, P., de Vries, P. M. & Overbeek, L. S. (2001). Effects of ecological factors on the survival and physiology of Ralstonia solanacearum bv. 2 in irrigation water. Canadian journal of microbiology, 47, 842~854.
171. Vasse, J., Frey, P. & Trigalet, A. (1995). Microscopic studies of intercellular infection and protoxylem invasion of tomato roots by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8, 241~251.
172. Vasse, J., Genin, S., Frey, P., Boucher, C. & Brito, B. (2000). The hrpB and hrpG regulatory genes of Ralstonia solanacearum are required for different stages of the tomato root infection process. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, 13, 259~267
173. Villa, J. E., Tsuchiya, K., Horita, M., Natural, M., Opina, N. & Hyakumachi, M. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships of Ralstonia solanacearum species complex strains from Asia and other continents based on 16S rDNA, endoglucanase, and hrpB gene sequences. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 71, 39~46.
174. Wang, Y. D., Zhao, S. & Hill, C. W. (1998). Rhs elements comprise three subfamilies which diverged prior to acquisition by Escherichia coli. Jounal of Bacteriology, 180, 4102~4110.
175. Wang, G. F., Xie, G. L., Xu, F. S., Zhou, Q., Wang, J. X. & Liang, D. G. (2007). Description and discussion on some research issues in mulberry bacterial wilt. Science of Sericulture, 33, 321~324.
176. Weller, S. A., Elphinstone, J. G., Smith, N. G., Boonham, N. & Stead, D. E. (2000). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum strains with a quantitative, multiplex, real-time, fluorogenic PCR (TaqMan) assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 2853~2858.
177. Wullings, B. A., Van Beuningen, A. R., Janse, J. D. & Akkermans, A. D. (1998). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes brown rot of potato, by fluorescent in situ hybridization with 23S rRNA-targeted probes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 4546~4554.
178. Wicker, E., Grassart, L., Coranson-Beaudu, R., Mian, D., Guilbaud, C. & Fegan, M. et al. (2007). Ralstonia solanacearum strains from Martinique (French West Indies) exhibiting a new pathogenic potential. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 6790~6801.
179. Williamson, L., Nakaho, K., Hudelson, B. & Allen, C. (2002). Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 strains isolated from geranium are pathogenic on potato. Plant Disease, 86, 987~991.
180. Xu, J., Pan, Z. C., Prior, P., Xu, J. S., Zhang, Z. & Zhang, H., et al. (2009). Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum strains from China. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 186, 6186~6197.
181. Yabuuchi, E.Y., Kosako, H., & Oyaizu, I. (1992). Proposal of Burkholderia gen.nov; and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni & Holmes 1981) comb.nov. Microbiology and Immunology, 36, 1251~1275.
182. Yabuuchi, E., Kosako, Y., Yano I., Hotta, H. & Nishiuchi, Y. (1995). Transfer of two Burkholderia and an Alcaligenes species to Ralstonia gen. nov.: Proposal of Ralstonia pickettii (Ralston, Palleroni and Douderoff 1973) comb. nov., Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) comb. nov. and Ralstonia eutropha (Davis 1969) comb. nov. Microbiology and Immunology, 39, 897~904.
183. Zhang, Q., Melcher, U., Zhou, L., Najar, F. Z., Roe, B. A. & Fletcher, J. (2005). Genomic comparison of plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic Serratia marcescens strains by suppressive subtractive hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 7716~7723.
2.康耀卫,黄键中,毛国璋,何礼远, Mark A. Shell.利用转座子Tn5诱变植物青枯菌获得细胞外蛋白输出功能丧失突变体[J].植物病理学报, 1994, 24: 265~269.
3.孔凡玉.烟草青枯病的综合防治[J].烟草科技, 2003, 4 :42~48.
4.李双双,孙晓甜,翟静娟,郜刚,闫桂琴.青枯菌M5菌株特异基因组消减文库的构建[J].农业生物技术科学, 2008, 24: 62~66.
5.廖咏梅,农彦贤,周志权.首次报道一点红青枯病由茄青枯菌引起[J].广西植物, 2008, 24: 531~533.
6.刘焕利,何礼远,毛国璋,康耀卫.植物青枯菌胞外蛋白相关基因的克隆[J].植物病理学报,1999, 29: 110~113.
7.刘焕利,何礼远,毛国璋,罗君勇.植物青枯细菌胞外蛋白在致病中作用的研究[J].中国农业科学, 2000, 33: 57~61.
8.刘琼光,曾伟达,郑向华,陈泽鹏.广东省4种花卉青枯病的病原鉴定[J].华中农业大学学报, 2009, 28: 277~280.
9.吕志强,王汉荣,周勤,王连平,方丽,茹水江等.浙江省蚕区桑树“凋萎”症状病因诊断[J].蚕业科学, 2007, 33: 528~533.
10.王国芬,谢关林,徐福寿,周勤,王建新,梁大冈.桑青枯病描述及研究中的几个问题探讨[J].蚕业科学, 2007, 33: 321~324.
11.王涛,林纬,黄永禄,袁高庆,黎起秦.罗汉果青枯病病原菌株的鉴定[J].植物病理学报, 2009, 39: 318~320.
12.吴乃虎.基因工程原理[M].北京:科学出版社, 2001: 316.
13.徐丽慧, Praphat Kawicha,谢关林.桑青枯病致病性测定新方法[J].蚕桑通报, 2007, 38: 19.
14.徐丽慧,徐福寿,李芳, Praphat Kawicha,谢关林.桑细菌性青枯病病原及其生化型鉴定[J].植物保护学报, 2007, 34: 141~146.
15.朱贤朝,王彦亭,王智发.中国烟草病害.北京:中国农业出版社,2002: 152~162.
16.郑向华,邓海滨,刘琼光,陈泽鹏,陈永明,李华平.广东省烟草青枯菌的菌系和遗传多样性[J].华中农业大学学报, 2007, 26: 463~468.
17. Alfano, J. R., Charkowski, A. O., Deng, W. L., Badel, J. L., Petnicki-Ocwieja, T. & van Dijk, K. (2000). The Pseudomonas syringae Hrp pathogenicity island has a tripartite mosaic structure composed of a cluster of type III secretion genes bounded by exchangeable effector and conserved effector loci that contribute to parasitic fitness and patho-genicity in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 4856~4861.
18. Allen, C., Huang, Y. & Sequeira, L. (1991). Cloning of genes affecting polygalacturonase production in Pseudomonas solanacearum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 4, 147~154.
19. Allen, C., Kelman, A. & French, E. R. (2001). Brown rot of potatoes. In: W. R. Stevenson, R. Loria, G. D. Franc & D. P. Weingartner (Eds.), Compendium of Potato Diseases (pp 11~13). St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.: American Phytopathological Society Press.
20. Allenza, P., Lee, Y. N. & Lessie, T. G. (1982). Enzymes related to fructose utilization in Pseudomonas cepacia. Journal of Bacteriology, 150, 1348~1356.
21. Alvarez, A. (2005). Diversity and diagnosis of Ralstonia solanacearum. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, and A. C. Hayward (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt: The Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex (pp 437~447). St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.: American Phytopathological Society Press.
22. Araud-Razou, I. J., Vasse, H., Montrozier, C., Etchebar, C. & Trigalet, A. (1998). Detection and visualization of the major acidic exopolysaccharide of Ralstonia solanacearum and its role in tomato root infection and vascular colonization. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104, 795~809.
23. Angot, A., Peeters, N., Lechner, E., Vailleau, F., Baud, C., Gentzbittel, L. et al. (2006). Ralstonia solanacearum requires F-box-like domain-containing type III effectors to promote disease on several host plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 14620–14625.
24. Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E. Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3rd. Beijing: Science Press, 1998, 23~24.
25. Bertolla, F., Frostegard, A., Brito, B., Nesme, X. & Simonet, P. (1999). During infection of its host, the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum naturally develops a state of competence and exchanges genetic material. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 12, 467~472.
26. Bhatt, G. & Denny, T.P. (2004). Ralstonia solanacearum iron scavenging by the siderophore staphyloferrin B is controlled by PhcA, the global virulence regulator. Journal of Bacteriology, 186, 7896~7904.
27. Boucher, C. A., Gough, C. L. & Arlat, M. (1992). Molecular genetics of pathogenicity determinants of Pseudomonas solanacearum with special emphasis on hrp genes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30, 443~461.
28. Brown, D. G. & Allen, C. (2004). Ralstonia solanacearum genes induced during growth in tomato: an inside view of bacterial wilt. Molecular Microbiology, 53, 1641–1660.
29. Brumbley, S. M. & Denny, T.P. (1990). Cloning of wildtype Pseudomonas solanacearum phcA, a gene that when mutated alters expression of multiple traits that contribute to virulence. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 5677~5685.
30. Brumbley, S.M., Carney B. F. & Denny T. P. (1993). Phenotype conversion in Pseudomonas solanacearum due to spontaneous inactivation of phcA, a putative lysR transcriptional regulator. Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 5477~5487.
31. Buddenhagen, I. & Kelman, A. (1964). Biological and physiological aspects of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annual Reviuw of Phytopathology, 2, 203~230.
32. Buddenhagen, I., Sequeira, L. & Kelman, A. (1962). Designation of races in Pseudomonas solanacearum. Phytopathology, 52, 726.
33. Capecchi, M. R. (1989). Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science, 244, 1288~1292.
34. Carney, B. F. & Denny, T. P. (1990). A cloned avirulence gene from Pseudomonas solanacearum determines incompatibility on Nicotiana tabacum at the host species level. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 4836~4843.
35. Ciampi, L. & Sequeira, L. (1980). Influence of temperature on virulence of race 3 strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum. American Potato Journal, 57, 307~317.
36. Coenye, T. & Vandamme, P. (2003). Simple sequence repeats and compositional bias in the bipartite Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 genome. BMC Genomics, 4, 10.
37. Cook, D., Barlow, E. & Sequeira, L. (1989). Genetic diversity of Pseudomonas solanacearum: detection of restriction fragment polymorphisms with DNA probes that specify virulence and hypersensitive response. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 2, 113~121.
38. Cook, D. & Sequeira, L. (1994). Strain differentiation of Pseudomonas solanacearum by molecular genetic methods. In: A. C. Hayward & G. L. Hartman (Eds.), Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (pp. 77~93). United Kingdom: CAB International.
39. Coplin, D. L. & Cook, D. (1990). Molecular genetics of extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis in vascular phytopathogenic bacteria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 3, 271~279.
40. Cunnac, S., Boucher, C. & Genin, S. (2004a). Characterization of the cis-acting regulatory element controlling HrpB-mediated activation of the type III secretion system and effector genes in Ralstonia solanacearum. Journal of Bacteriology, 186, 2309~2318.
41. Cunnac, S., Occhialini, A., Barberis, P., Boucher, C. & Gennin, S. (2004b). Inventory and functional analysis of the large Hrp regulon in Ralstonia solanacearum: Identification of novel effector proteins translocated to plant host cells through the type III secretion system. Molecular Microbiology, 23, 115-128.
42. Deslandes, L, Olivier, J., Peeters, N., Feng, D. X., Khounlotham, M. & Boucher, C. (2003). Physical interaction between RRS1-R, a protein conferring resistance to bacterial wilt, and PopP2, a type III effector targeted to the plant nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 8024~8029.
43. Deslandes, L., Olivier, J. & Theulie` res, F. (2002). Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis thaliana is conferred by the recessive RRS1-R gene, a member of a novel family of resistancegenes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 2404~2409.
44. Denny, T. P. (1995). Involvement of Bacterial Polysaccharides in Plant Pathogenesis. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 33, 173~197.
45. Denny, T. P. (2000). Ralstonia solanacearum-a plant pathogen in touch with its host. Trends Microbiology, 8, 486~489.
46. Denny, T. P. & Baek, S.R. (1991). Genetic evidence that extracellular polysaccharide is a virulence factor of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 4, 198~206.
47. Denny, T. P., Carney, B. F. & Schell, M. A. (1990). Inactivation of multiple virulence genes reduces the ability of Pseudomonas solanacearum to cause wilt symptoms. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 3, 293~300.
48. Denny, T. P. (2006). Plant pathogenic Ralstonia species. In: S. S. Gnanamanickam (Eds.), Plant-Associated Bacteria (pp. 573~644). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer Publishing,.
49. Deslandes, L., Olivier, J., Peeters, N., Feng, D., Khounlotham, M., Boucher, C., et al. (2003). Physical interaction between RRS1-R, a protein conferring resistance to bacterial wilt, and PopP2, a type III effector targeted to the plant nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 8024~8029.
50. Diatchenko, L., Lau, Y. F. , Campbell, A. P. , Chenchik, A. Moqadam, F., Huang, B. , et al. (1996). Suppression subtractive hybridization: a method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 6025~6030.
51. Dilks, K., Rose, R. W., Hartmann, E. & Pohlschroder, M. (2003). Prokaryotic utilization of the twin-arginine translocation pathway: A genomic survey. Journal of Bacteriology, 185, 1478~83.
52. Elphinstone, J. G. (1996a). Survival and possibilities for extinction of Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith in cool climates. Potato Research, 39, 403~410.
53. Elphinstone, J. G. (2005). The current bacterial wilt situation: A global overview. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, & A. C. Hayward (Eds), Bacterial Wilt: The disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (pp. 9~28). St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.: American Phytopathological Society Press.
54. Elphinstone, J. G., Stanford, H. & Stead, D. E. (1998). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tubers, Solanum dulcamara and associated irrigation water. Pages 133~139 In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. G. Elphinstone (Eds), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and ecological aspects. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
55. Elphinstone, J. G., Hennessy, J., Wilson, J. K. & Stead, D. E. (1996b). Sensitivity of different methods for detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tuber extracts. EPPO Bulletin, 26, 663~678.
56. Etchebar, C., Trigalet-Demery, D., van Gijsegem, F., Vasse, J. & Trigalet, A. (1998). Xylem colonization by an HrcV-mutant of Ralstonia solanacearum is a key factor for the efficient Biological control of tomato bacterial wilt. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 869~877.
57. Fegan, M., Holoway, G., Hayward, A.C. & Timmis, J. (1998a) Development of a diagnostic test based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify strains of R. solanacearum exhibiting the biovar 2 genotype. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. Elphinstone (Eds), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and ecological aspects (pp. 34). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
58. Fegan, M., Taghavi, M., Sly L. I. & Hayward A. C. (1998b). Phylogeny, diversity and molecular diagnostics of Ralstonia solanacearum. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. Elphinstone (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and ecological aspects (pp.19~33). Paris, France: INRA Editions.
59. Fegan, M. & Prior, P. (2005). How complex is the“Ralstonia solanacearum species complex”. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, & A. C. Hayward (Eds.), Bacterial wilt disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (pp. 449–462). St Paul MN, USA: APS Press.
60. Fegan, M. & Prior, P. (2006). Diverse members of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex cause bacterial wilts of banana. Australasian Plant Pathology, 35, 93~101.
61. Feng, J., Liu, H. L. & Kang, Y. W. (2006). Identification of a gsp gene cluster associated with TypeⅡsecretion pathways in Ralstonia solanacearum. Proceedings of the 15th International Plant Protection Congress, 82.
62. Fessehaie, A., De Boer, S. H., & Lévesque, C. A. (2003). An oligonucleotide array for the identification and differentiation of bacteria pathogenic on potato. Phytopathology, 93, 262~269.
63. French, E. R. & L. Sequeira. (1970). Strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum from Central and South America: a comparative study. Phytopathology, 70, 506~512.
64. Galas, D. J. & Chandler, M. (1989). Bacterial insertion sequences. In: D. E. Berg & M. M. Howe (Eds.), Mobile DNA (pp.109–162). Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology.
65. Castillo, J. & Greenberg, J. T. (2007). Evolutionary dynamics of Ralstonia solanacearum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 1225~1238.
66. Gabriel, D. W., Allen, C., Schell, M., Denny, T. P., Greenberg, J. T., Duan, Y. P. et al. (2006). Identification of Open Reading Frames Unique to a Select Agent: Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 19, 69~79.
67. Genin, S. & Boucher, C. (2004). Lessons learned the genome analysis of Ralstonia solanacearum. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 42, 107~134.
68. Genin, S., Brito, B., Denny, T. P. & Boucher, C. (2005). Control of the Ralstonia solanacearum Type III secretion system (Hrp) genes by the global virulence regulator PhcA. FEBS Letters. 579, 2077~2081.
69. Gillings, M., Fahy, P. & Davies, C. (1993). Restriction analysis of an amplified polygalacturonase gene fragment differentiates strains of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum. Letters in Applied Microbiology 17, 44~48.
70. Gillings, M. R. & Fahy, P. (1994). Genomic fingerprinting: towards a unified view of the Pseudomonas solanacearum species complex. In: A. C. Hayward, & G. L. Hartman (Eds.),Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (pp. 95~112). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International, Wallingford.
71. Gonzalez, E.T. & Allen, C. (2003). Characterization of a Ralstonia solanacearum operon required for polygalacturonate degradation and uptake of galacturonic acid. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16, 536~544.
72. Gonzalez, E. T., Brown, D. G., Swanson, J. K. & Allen, C. (2007). Using the R. solanacearum Tat secretome to search for additional contributors to bacterial wilt virulence. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 3779~3786.
73. Guidot, A., Elbaz, M., Carrère, S., Siri, M. I., Pianzzola, M. J. & P. Prior, et al. (2009). Specific genes from the potato brown rot strains of Ralstonia solanacearum and their potential use for strain detection. Phytopathology, 99, 1105~1112.
74. Guidot, A., Prior, P., Schoenfeld, J., Carre`re, S., Genin, S. & Boucher, C. (2007). Genomic structure and phylogeny of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum inferred from gene distribution analysis. Journal of Bacteriology, 189, 377–387.
75. Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95~98.
76. Harakava, R. & D. W. Gabriel. (2003). Genetic differences between two strains of Xylella fastidiosa revealed by suppression subtractive hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 1315~1319.
77. Hayward, A. C. (1964). Characteristics of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 27, 265~277.
78. Hayward, A. C. (1991). Biology and epidemiology of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 29, 67~87.
79. Hayward, A. C. (1994). Systematics and phylogeny of Pseudomonas solanacearum and related bacteria. In: A. C. Hayward, G. L. Hartman (Eds.), Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (pp. 123~135). United Kingdom: CAB International.
80. Hayward A. C. (1994). The hosts of Pseudomonas solanacearum. In: A. C. Hayward & G. L.Hartman (Eds.), Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (pp. 9~24). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
81. Hayward, A. C. (2000). Ralstonia solanacearum. In: J. Lederberg (Eds.), Encyclopedia of microbiology (pp. 32~42). San Diego: Academic Press.
82. He, L. Y., Sequeira, L. & Kelman, A. (1983). Characteristics of strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Plant Disease, 67, 1357~1361.
83. He, L. Y. (1985). Bacterial Wilt in the People’s Republic of China. In: G. J. Perley (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease in Asia and the South Pacific (pp. 40~48). Proceedings of an international workshop held at PCARRD, Los Banos, Philippine, 8~10 October 1985.
84. Heuer, H., Yin, Y. N., Xue, Q. Y., Smalla, K. & Guo, J. H. (2007). Repeat domain diversity of avrBs3-like genes in Ralstonia solanacearum strains and association with host preferences in the field. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 4379~4384.
85. Huang Q. & Allen, C. (1997). An exo-poly-a-D-galacturonosidase, PehB, is required for wildtype virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Jounal of Bacteriology, 179, 7369~7378.
86. Huang Q. & Allen, C. (2000). Polygalacturonases are required for rapid colonization and full virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum on tomato plants. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 57, 77~83.
87. Huang, J., Carney, B. F., Denny, T. P. Weissinger, A. K. & Schell M. A. (1995). A complex network regulates expression of eps and other virulence genes in Pseudomonas solanacearum. Jounal of Bacteriology, 177, 1259~1267.
88. Hueck, C. J. (1998). Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62, 379–433.
89. Husain, A. K. & Kelman, A. (1958). Relation of slime production to mechanism of wilting and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Phytopathology, 48, 155~165.
90. Hutcheson, S. W. (1999). The hrp cluster of Pseudomonas syringae: A pathogenicity island encoding a type III protein translocation complex? In: J. B. Kaper, & J. Hacker (Eds.), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements (pp. 309~329). Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology.
91. Janse, J. D., Beld, H. E. v. d., Elphinstone, J., Simpkins, S., Tjou-Tam-Sin, N. A. A. & Vaerenbergh, J. V. (2004). Introduction to Europe of Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2, race 3 in Pelargonium zonale cuttings. Journal of Plant Pathology, 86, 147~155.
92. Jeong, E. L. & Timmis, J. N. (2000). Novel insertion sequence elements associated with genetic heterogeneity and phenotype conversion in Ralstonia solanacearum. Jounal of Bacteriology, 182, 4673~4676
93. Jukes, T. H. & Cantor, C. R. (1969). Evolution of protein molecules. In: H. N. Munro (Eds.), Mammalian protein metabolism (pp. 121~132). New York, USA: Academic Press.
94. Kanda A, Ohnishi S. & Tomiyama H. (2003). Type III secretion machinery-deficient mutants of Ralstonia solanacearum lose their ability to colonize resulting in loss of pathogenicity. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 69, 250~257.
95. Kang, Y., Liu, H., Genin, S., Schell, M. A. & Denny T. P. (2002). Ralstonia solanacearum requires type 4 pili to adhere to multiple surfaces and for natural transformation and virulence. Molecular Microbiology, 46, 427–437.
96. Kang, Y. W., Huang, J., Mao, G. Z., He, L. Y. & Schell, M.A. (1994). Dramatically reduced virulence of mutants of Pseudomonas solanacearum defective in export of extracellular proteins across the outer membrane. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 7: 370~377.
97. Kao C. C., Barlow E. & Sequeira L. (1992). Extracellular polysaccharide is required for wild-type virulence of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Jounal of Bacteriology, 174, 1068~1071.
98. Kelman, A. (1954). The relationship of pathogenicity in in Pseudomonas solanacearum to colony appearance on a tetrazolium chloride medium. Phytopathology, 44, 693~695.
99. Kim, S. H., Olson, T. N., Schaad, N. W. & Moorman, G. W. (2003). Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, biovar 2, the causal agent of brown rot of potato, identified in geranium in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Connecticut. Plant Disease, 87, 450.
100. Kumar, S., Tamura, K. & Nei, M. (2004). MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform, 5, 150~163.
101. Lavie, M., Seunes, B., Prior, P. & Boucher, C. (2004). Distribution and Sequence Analysis of a Family of Type III-Dependent Effectors Correlate with the Phylogeny of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 931–940.
102. Lavie, M., Shillington, E., Eguiluz, C., Grimsley, N. & Boucher, C. (2002). PopP1, a new member of the YopJ/AvrRxv family of type III effector proteins, acts as a host-specificity factor and modulates aggressiveness of Ralstonia solanacearum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 15, 1058~1068.
103. Lozano, J. C. & Sequeira, L. (1970). Differentiation of races of Pseudomonas solanacearum by a leaf infiltration technique. Phytopathology, 60, 833~838.
104. Lee, Y. A., Fan, S. C., Chiu, L. Y., & Hsia, K. C. (2001). Isolation of an insertion sequence from Rastonia solanacearum race 1 and its potential use for strain characterization and detection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 3943~3950.
105. Lee, Y. A. & Wang, C. C. (2000). The design of specific primers for the detection of Rastonia solanacearum in soil samples by polymerase chain reaction. Botanical Bulletin. Academia Sinica., 41, 121~128.
106. Lewis Ivey, M. L., McSpadden Gardener, B. B., Opina, N. & Miller, S. A. (2007). Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum infecting eggplant in the Philippines. Phytopathology, 97, 1467~1475.
107. Li, J. G., Liu, H. X. Cao, J., Chen, L. F., Gu, C., Allen, C. & J. H. Guo. (2010). PopW of Ralstonia solanacearum, a new two-domain harpin targeting the plant cell wall. Molecular Plant Pathology, (in press).
108. Liu, Y., Kanda, A., Kiba, A., Hikichi, Y. & Ohnishi, K. Distribution of avirulence genes avrA and popP1 in 22 Japanese phylotype I strains of Ralstonia solanacearum. Journal of General Plant Pahtology, (in press).
109. Liu, H., Kang, Y., Genin, S., Schell, M. A. & Denny T. P. (2001). Twitching motility of Ralstonia solanacearum requires a type IV pilus system. Microbiology, 147, 3215~3229.
110. Liu, H., Zhang, S., Schell, M. A. & Denny, T.P. (2005). Pyramiding unmarked deletions in Ralstonia solanacearum shows that secreted proteins in addition to plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes contribute to virulence. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 18, 1296~1305.
111. Mahillon, J. & Chandler, M. (1998). Insertion sequences. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62, 725~774.
112. Mattr, C. & Cheng, K. (1998). EpsR modulates production of extracellular polysaccharides in the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum. Journal of Bacteriology, 180, 27~34.
113. McGarvey, J. A., Denny, T. P. & Schell, M. A. (1999). Spatial-temporal and quantitative analysis of growth and EPS I production by Ralstonia solanacearum in resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Phytopathology, 89, 1233~1239.
114. Meyer, D., Cunnac, S., Mareva, G. Declercq, C., Van Gijsegem, F. & Lauber, E. (2006). PopF1 and PopF2. Two proteins secreted by the type III protein secretion system of Ralstonia solanacearum, are translocators belonging to the HrpF/NopX family. Journal of Bacteriology, 188, 4903~4917.
115. Milling, A., Meng, F., Denny, T. P. & Allen. C. (2009). Interactions with hosts at cool temperatures, not cold tolerance, explain the unique epidemiology of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2. Phytopathology, 99, 1127~1134
116. Miyazaki, J., Ba-Thein, W., Kumao, T., Azaka, H. & Hayashi, H. (2002). Identification of a type III secretion system in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 212, 221~228.
117. Mole, B. M., Baltrus, D. A. & Dangl, J. L. (2007). Global virulence regulation networks in phytopathogenic bacteria. Trends in Microbiology, 15, 363~371.
118. Mudgett, M. B. & Staskawicz, B. J. (1998). Protein signing via typeⅢsecretion pathways in phytopathogenic bacteria. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 1,109~115.
119. Mukaihara, T. & Tamura, N. (2009). Identification of novel Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector proteins through translocation analysis of hrpB-regulated gene products. Microbiology, 155, 2235~2244.
120. Mukaihara, T., Tamura, N., Murata, Y. & Iwabuchi, M. (2004). Genetic screening of Hrp type III-related pathogenicity genes controlled by the HrpB transcriptional activator in Ralstonia solanacearum. Molecular Microbiology, 54, 863~875.
121. Nelson D. L. & Cox M. M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Third edition. New York: Worth Publishers, 2000, 931~977
122. Occhialini, A., Cunnac, S., Reymond, N., Genin, S. & Boucher, C. (2005). Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in Ralstonia solanacearum reveals that the hrpB gene acts as a regulatory switch controlling multiple virulence pathways. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, 18, 938~949.
123. Opina, N., Tavner, F., Hollway, G., Wang, J. F., Li, T. H., Maghirang, R., et al. (1997). A novel method for development of species and strain-specific DNA probes and PCR primers for identifying Burkholderia solanacearum. Asia and Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 5, 19~30.
124. Orgambide, G., Montrozier, H., Servin, P., Roussel, J., Trigalet-Demery, D. & Trigalet, A. (1991). Hightheterogeneity of the exopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas solanacearum strain GMI1000 and the complete structure of the major polysaccharide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 8312~8321.
125. Page, R. D. M. (1996). TREEVIEW: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 12, 357~358.
126. Pastrik, K. H. & Maiss, E. (2000). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tubers by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Phytopathology, 148, 619–626.
127. Pastrik, K. H., Elphinstone, J. G. & Pukall, R. (2002). Sequence analysis and detection of Ralstonia solanacearum by multiplex PCR amplification of 16S-23S ribosomal intergenic spacer region with internal positive control. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108, 831~842.
128. Pegg, K. G. & Moffett, M. (1971). Host range of the ginger strain of Pseudomonas solanacearum in Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 11, 696~698.
129. Poussier, S., Vandewalle, P. & Luisetti, J. (1999). Genetic diversity of African and worldwide strains of Ralstonia solanacearum as determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hrp gene region. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 2184~2194.
130. Poussier, S. & Luisetti, J. (2000a). Specific detection of biovars of Ralstonia solanacearum in plant tissues by Nested-PCR-RFLP. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 106, 225–265.
131. Poussier, S., Prior, P., Luisetti, J., Hayward, C. & Fegan, M. (2000b). Partial sequencing of the hrpB and endoglucanase genes confirms and expands the known diversity within the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 23, 479~486.
132. Poussier, S., Trigalet-Demery, D., Vandewalle, P., Goffinet, B., Luisetti, J. & Trigalet, A. (2000c). Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum as assessed by PCR-RFLP of the hrp gene region, AFLP and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and identification of an African subdivision. Microbiology, 146, 1679~1692.
133. Poueymiro, M., Cunnac, S., Barberis, P., Deslandes, L., Peeters, N., Cazale-Noel et al. (2009). Two type III secretion system effectors from Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 determine host-range Specificity on tobacco. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 22, 538~550.
134. Prior P., Allen C. & Elphinstone J. Bacterial wilt disease, molecular and ecological aspects, Berlin: Springer Verlarg, 1998, 420~430.
135. Prior, P. & Fegan, M. (2005a). Recent development in the phylogeny and classification of Ralstonia solanacearum. Acta Horticulturae, 695, 127~136.
136. Prior, P. & Fegan, M. (2005b). Diversity and molecular detection of Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 strains by multiplex PCR. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, & A. C. Hayward (Eds.), Bacterial wilt disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (pp. 405~414). Madison, WI: APS Press.
137. Raymundo, A. K., Ilagan, Y. A. & Denny, T. P. (1998). Analysis of genetic variation of a population of banana-infecting strains of Ralstonia solanacearum. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. Elphinstone (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects (pp. 56~60). Berlin: Springer.
138. Raymundo, A. K., Orlina, M. E., Lavina, W. A. & Opina, N. L. (2005). Comparative Genome Plasticity of Tomato and Banana Strain of Ralstonia solanacearum in the Philippines. In: C. Allen, P. Prior, & A. C. Hayward (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt: The Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex (pp. 387~393). St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.: American Phytopathological Society Press.
139. Roberts, D. P., Denny, T. P. & Schell, M. (1988). Cloning of the egl gene of Pseudomonas solanacearum and analysis of its role in phytopathogenicity. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 1445~1451.
140. Robertson, A. E, Wechter, W. P., Denny, T. P., Fortnum, B. A. & Kluepfel, D. A. (2004). Relationship between avirulence gene (avrA) diversity in Ralstonia solanacearum and bacterial wilt incidence. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 1376~1384.
141. Saile, E., McGarvey, J. & Schell, M. (1997). Role of extracellular polysaccharide and endoglucanase in root invasion and colonization of tomato plants by Ralstonia solanacearum. Phytopathology, 87, 1264~1271.
142. Salanoubat, M., Genin, S., Artiguenave, F., Gouzy, J., Mangenot, S. Arlat, M., et al. (2002). Genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Nature, 415, 497~502.
143. Sambrook, J. & Russell, D. W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual, Third edition. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, U.S.A.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
144. Schauder, S. & Bassler, B. L. (2001). The languages of bacteria. Genes and Development, 15, 1468~1480.
145. Schell, M. A. (2000). Control of Virulence and Pathogenicity Genes of Ralstonia solanacearum by an Elaborate Sensory Network. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 38, 263~292.
146. Schonfeld, J., Heuer, H., van Elsas, J. D. & Smalla, K. (2003). Specific and sensitive detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in soil on the basis of PCR amplification of fliC fragments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 7248–7256.
147. Schweizer, H. P. (2001). Triclosan: a widely used biocide and its link to antibiotics. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 202, 1~7.
148. Seal, S. E., Jackson, L. A. & Daniels, M. J. (1992). Use of tRNA consensus primers to indicate subgroups of Pseudomonas solanacearum by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 3759~3761.
149. Seal, S. E., Jackson, L. A., Young, J. P. W. & Daniels, M. J. (1993). Differentiation of Pseudomonas solanacearum, Pseudomonas syzygii, Pseudomonas pickettii and the blood disease bacterium by partial 16S rRNA sequencing: construction of oligonucleotide primers for sensitive detection by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of General Microbiology, 139, 1587~1594.
150. Seal, S. E., Taghavi, M., Fegan, N., Hayward, A. C. & Fegan, M. (1999). Determination of Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum rDNA subgroups by PCR tests. Plant Pathology, 48, 115~120.
151. Sequeira, L. (1992). Bacteria wilt: past, presents, and future. Bacteria wilt-proceedings of an international conference held at Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
152. Sequeira L. (1985). Surface components involved in bacterial pathogen-plant host recognition. The Journal of Cell Biology, 2, 301~316.
153. Smith, E. F. (1896). A bacterial disease of tomato,peper,eggplant and Irish potato (Bacillus solanacearum nov sp.). United States Department of Agriculture, Division Physiology and Pathology Bulletin, 12, 1~28.
154. Smith, J. J., Offord, L. C., Holderness, M. & Saddler, G. S. (1995). Genetic diversity of Burkholderia solanacearum (synonym Pseudomonas solanacearum) race 3 in Kenya. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 4263~4268.
155. Strider, D. L., Jones, R. K. & Haygood, R. A. (1981). Southern wilt of geranium caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Plant Disease, 65, 52~53.
156. Swanepoel, A. E. (1990). The effect of temperature on the development of wilting and on progeny tuber infection of potatoes inoculated with South-African strains of biovar-2 and biovar-3 of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Potato Research, 33, 287~290.
157. Swanson, J. K., Yao, J., Tans-Kersten, J. K. & Allen, C. (2005). Behavior of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 during latent and active infection of geranium. Phytopathology, 95, 136~143.
158. Taghavi, M., Hayward, C., Sly L. I. & Fegan, M. (1996). Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of strains of Burkholderia solanacearum, Pseudomonas syzygii, and the blood disease bacterium of banana based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46: 10~15.
159. Tamura, N., Murata, Y. & Mukaihara, T. (2005). Isolation of Ralstonia solanacearum hrpB constitutive mutants and secretion analysis of hrpB-regulated gene products that share homology with known type III effectors and enzymes. Microbiology, 151, 2873~2884
160. Tans-Kersten, J., Guan, Y. & Allen, C. (1998). Ralstonia solanacearum pectinmethylesterase is required for growth on methylated pectin but not for bacterial wilt virulence. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 4918~4923.
161. Tans-Kersten, J., Huang, H. & Allen, C. (2001). Ralstonia solanacearum needs motility for invasive virulence on tomato. Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 3597~3065.
162. Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673~4680.
163. Thurston, H. D. (1963). Bacterial wilt of potatoes in Columbia. American Potato Journal, 40, 381~390.
164. Thwaites, R., Eden-Green, S. J. & Black, R. D. Disease caused by bacteria. In: D. R. Jones (Eds.), Diseases of banana, abaca and enset. Oxon: CAB International, 2000: 213~221.
165. Timms-Wilson, T. M., Bryant, K. & Bailey, M. J. (2001). Strain characterization and 16S-23S probe development for differentiating geographically dispersed isolates of the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Environment Microbiology, 3, 785~797.
166. Triplett, L. R., Zhao, Y. & Sundin, G. W. (2006). Genetic differences between blight-causing Erwinia species with differing host specificities, identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 7359~7364.
167. Tusiime, G., Adipala, E., Opio, F. & Bhagsari, A. S. (1998). Weeds as latent hosts of Ralstonia solanacearum in highland Uganda: Implications to development of an integrated control package for bacterial wilt. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. G. Elphinstone (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects (pp. 413~419). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
168. Van der Wolf, J. M., Bonants, P. J. M., Smith, J. J., Hagenaar, M., Nijhuis, E., Van Beckhoven, J. R. et al. (1998). Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 in Western Europe determined by AFLP, RCPFGE and Rep-PCR. In: P. Prior, C. Allen, & J. Elphinstone (Eds.), Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects (pp. 44~49). Paris, France: INRA Editions.
169. van Elsas, J. D., Kastelein, P., Bekkum, P. V., Wolf, J. M. v. d., Vries, P. M. & Overbeek, L. S. (2000). Survival of Ralstonia solanacearum Biovar 2, the causative agent of potato brown rot, in field and microcosm soils in temperate climates. Phytopathology, 90, 1358~1366.
170. van Elsas, J. D., Kastelein, P., de Vries, P. M. & Overbeek, L. S. (2001). Effects of ecological factors on the survival and physiology of Ralstonia solanacearum bv. 2 in irrigation water. Canadian journal of microbiology, 47, 842~854.
171. Vasse, J., Frey, P. & Trigalet, A. (1995). Microscopic studies of intercellular infection and protoxylem invasion of tomato roots by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8, 241~251.
172. Vasse, J., Genin, S., Frey, P., Boucher, C. & Brito, B. (2000). The hrpB and hrpG regulatory genes of Ralstonia solanacearum are required for different stages of the tomato root infection process. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, 13, 259~267
173. Villa, J. E., Tsuchiya, K., Horita, M., Natural, M., Opina, N. & Hyakumachi, M. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships of Ralstonia solanacearum species complex strains from Asia and other continents based on 16S rDNA, endoglucanase, and hrpB gene sequences. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 71, 39~46.
174. Wang, Y. D., Zhao, S. & Hill, C. W. (1998). Rhs elements comprise three subfamilies which diverged prior to acquisition by Escherichia coli. Jounal of Bacteriology, 180, 4102~4110.
175. Wang, G. F., Xie, G. L., Xu, F. S., Zhou, Q., Wang, J. X. & Liang, D. G. (2007). Description and discussion on some research issues in mulberry bacterial wilt. Science of Sericulture, 33, 321~324.
176. Weller, S. A., Elphinstone, J. G., Smith, N. G., Boonham, N. & Stead, D. E. (2000). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum strains with a quantitative, multiplex, real-time, fluorogenic PCR (TaqMan) assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 2853~2858.
177. Wullings, B. A., Van Beuningen, A. R., Janse, J. D. & Akkermans, A. D. (1998). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes brown rot of potato, by fluorescent in situ hybridization with 23S rRNA-targeted probes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 4546~4554.
178. Wicker, E., Grassart, L., Coranson-Beaudu, R., Mian, D., Guilbaud, C. & Fegan, M. et al. (2007). Ralstonia solanacearum strains from Martinique (French West Indies) exhibiting a new pathogenic potential. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 6790~6801.
179. Williamson, L., Nakaho, K., Hudelson, B. & Allen, C. (2002). Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 strains isolated from geranium are pathogenic on potato. Plant Disease, 86, 987~991.
180. Xu, J., Pan, Z. C., Prior, P., Xu, J. S., Zhang, Z. & Zhang, H., et al. (2009). Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum strains from China. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 186, 6186~6197.
181. Yabuuchi, E.Y., Kosako, H., & Oyaizu, I. (1992). Proposal of Burkholderia gen.nov; and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni & Holmes 1981) comb.nov. Microbiology and Immunology, 36, 1251~1275.
182. Yabuuchi, E., Kosako, Y., Yano I., Hotta, H. & Nishiuchi, Y. (1995). Transfer of two Burkholderia and an Alcaligenes species to Ralstonia gen. nov.: Proposal of Ralstonia pickettii (Ralston, Palleroni and Douderoff 1973) comb. nov., Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) comb. nov. and Ralstonia eutropha (Davis 1969) comb. nov. Microbiology and Immunology, 39, 897~904.
183. Zhang, Q., Melcher, U., Zhou, L., Najar, F. Z., Roe, B. A. & Fletcher, J. (2005). Genomic comparison of plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic Serratia marcescens strains by suppressive subtractive hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 7716~7723.