清江流域旅游扶贫可持续发展战略与评价研究
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摘要
清江流域自然风景奇特,气候宜人,历史文化悠久独特,是湖北省乃至华中地区旅游资源最富集的区域之一。20世纪80年代中后期,受长江三峡旅游业辐射的影响,清江流域旅游业开始起步。由于特殊的自然地理环境以及可进入性问题导致清江流域长期封闭,社会经济发展滞后,旅游业发展缓慢,旅游扶贫虽然提了多年,但还未产生显著的效果。2008年,湖北省提出建设“鄂西生态文化旅游圈”,鄂西旅游更进一步得到了重视,在“鄂西圈”旅游发展总体格局中,清江土苗民俗生态旅游板块与“一江两山”生态文化旅游板块、荆荆襄随文化旅游板块一起被列为整个鄂西生态文化旅游圈的三大旅游板块。2009年,湖北省鄂西生态文化旅游圈投资有限公司成立,专门负责鄂西地区与旅游发展有关的项目投资建设,清江流域也在重点投资的范围之内。2010年1月,沪蓉西高速公路湖北段全线通车,宜万铁路也将在年底竣工,鄂西地区从此打破无铁路的历史,清江流域的可进入性终于得到了质的提升,为旅游发展带来了新的机遇。但由于封闭了太久,流域整体社会经济和旅游发展水平与省内其它地区差距相当大。经过实地考察和资料分析发现,由于资源、区位、观念、经济发展程度等方面的差异,清江流域内部各县市的旅游发展也存在较大的差距。近几年来,虽然某些景点经过大力打造向外推介,市场反应良好,但流域整体旅游发展水平仍然较低,也未产生显著的旅游经济效应,因此,旅游开发要对整个流域产生可持续的扶贫效应并非易事。
本研究就是在这样一个背景下展开的。研究对象清江流域是一个特定的区域概念,它流经湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州的利川、恩施、宣恩、建始、巴东和宜昌市的五峰、长阳、宜都等县市,于宜都市陆城镇汇入长江。因此研究范围集中在鄂西,地跨恩施州和宜昌市两个地区,属于大尺度的旅游扶贫研究。本文的研究目的是希望透过清江流域社会经济、旅游发展以及旅游扶贫现状的表象找出制约旅游扶贫可持续发展的实质因素,从而对症下药,因地制宜地制定一套具有清江流域特色的旅游扶贫可持续发展战略与评价体系,为流域旅游扶贫发展献计献策。为此,本文从理论的角度出发,分析了旅游扶贫的国内外发展和研究现状,阐述了旅游扶贫可持续发展的相关理论,在引入“强”、“弱”旅游可持续发展观点的基础上进一步提出了旅游扶贫可持续发展的概念,分析清江流域社会经济和旅游发展现状、对流域中重点地区的旅游扶贫效应进行评估,综合分析找出制约旅游扶贫可持续发展的因素。在此基础上提出了“政府主导、超前推进型”的旅游扶贫可持续发展模式和集动力体系、执行体系、决策体系、保障体系四位一体的立体化扶贫战略(MEDS),针对该战略建立了清江流域旅游扶贫的决策支持系统(PPTDSS),构建了清江流域优先开发项目遴选和旅游扶贫可持续发展能力评价两套指标体系,并分别进行了实证分析。最后针对评价结论所反映出的问题,以小尺度地区为案例进行了旅游扶贫可持续发展战略和评价的实证研究。
本文一共分为八个章节,主要内容如下：
第一章概述研究问题的由来与意义。包括研究背景、国内外研究现状、研究思路与体系结构、研究方法和创新点。
第二章从三个方面对旅游扶贫可持续发展的相关理论进行了阐述,这三个方面是：可持续发展、旅游经济与旅游规划,它们是全文进行研究的基础。可持续发展理论是本文研究的基础理论,旅游经济理论是本文进行研究的指导理论,旅游规划理论是本文进行研究的方法论。主要包括可持续发展理论、旅游乘数效应理论、利益相关者理论与博弈论、区位发展理论、增长极理论、旅游地生命周期理论等。对旅游扶贫可持续发展进行了界定：它是在保持自然资源的质量和其所提供服务的前提下,以提高旅游业发展的经济效益为中心,通过旅游资源的合理规划与开发,达到旅游目的地经济效益增加、自然人文环境美化、配套设施健全等目标,从而带动当地社会经济的发展,帮助贫困地区人民脱贫或减贫。旅游扶贫可持续发展属于弱可持续发展的观点,它更倾向于可持续发展理论研究领域中经济学的观点,因此它更注重经济效益的可持续。
在上述理论背景分析的基础上,开始进入研究的主体部分第三章——第五章。
首先,第三章从流域社会经济和旅游发展的现状入手,对区域外部和内部的发展水平作了大致评价,结合评价结论对流域旅游扶贫的发展现状进行分析,最后总结出制约清江流域旅游扶贫可持续发展的因素,除了基本的社会经济和自然环境因素外,还包括资本投入不足、地方政府及私营企业开发管理不规范、旅游扶贫缺乏合理规划和科学决策等深层次的问题。
其次,第四章在前面对流域现状及问题剖析的基础上,基于弱可持续观点提出了“政府主导、超前推进型”旅游扶贫可持续发展模式,并构建了集动力体系、执行体系、决策体系、保障体系四位一体的立体化扶贫战略,该战略的具体内容是：以政府的强力主导为基础,从围绕旅游扶贫相关利益者的复杂系统出发,整合优化多部门的优势资源,以超前发展为理念,合理规划为手段,以扶贫项目的选择和开发为重点,全面探索旅游扶贫的手段和途径,做好扶贫规划和战略部署,建立扶贫重点项目遴选机制,形成一套特色鲜明、在整个流域范围内开展的、以扶贫动力体系(Motive System)、执行体系(Executive System)、决策体系(Decision System)、保障体系(Support System)为载体的立体化扶贫战略,简称MEDS战略。其中,基于动力体系论述了旅游扶贫的利益相关者特征和清江流域旅游扶贫的主体构成,搭建了扶贫主体的责任框架；基于执行体系提出了合理规划的重要性,并制定了清江流域旅游扶贫可持续发展的格局,构建了精品项目库,设计了精品项目开发的“倒金字塔”模式；基于决策体系讨论了信息管理手段在决策体系中的重要作用,引入了决策支持系统(DSS)；基于保障体系从政策支持、资金保障、管理完善、技术提升四个方面论述了清江流域旅游可持续发展的必要辅助。
接下来,第五章根据立体化扶贫战略的要求构建了清江流域旅游扶贫的决策支持系统,简称PPTDSS,列出了数据库、模型库、方法库、知识库的重要信息内容,搭建了一套清江流域旅游扶贫决策支持系统的整体技术框架。在此基础上,分别针对旅游景区和旅游地的发展设计了两套评价模型运用于旅游扶贫决策支持系统之中。第一套是旅游景区发展潜力评价模型,包括三大层3个子系统10个评价指标,是一个较为简单、使用方便的模型,其使用针对的对象是旅游景区,设计的意义是辅助遴选优先投资开发的旅游项目；第二套是旅游扶贫可持续发展能力评价模型,它包括三层五大了系统25个指标因子,包含旅游地竞争力、旅游可持续发展、环境保护、经济发展等多项内容。其中还特别设计了多项具有清江流域特色的评价指标,并围绕本文的基本观点,即：旅游扶贫可持续发展是弱可持续发展与旅游经济的可持续发展观点,重点设计了与旅游和扶贫发展息息相关的各项社会经济评价指标。该指标体系针对的是旅游地,主要内容是旅游地的扶贫可持续发展能力评价,具有遴选、考核、评估和监测等功能。该模型的特点如下：首先,它突破了传统指标体系评价的计算方法,根据所建立的指标体系的不同层次分别运用了层次分析法与标准差系数法计算权重向量。层次分析法可根据分类指标数目的差异或问题的实际情况,按重要性程度对权重做适当的调整,标准差系数法意义明确,计算严格；其次,引入了增强计算精确度的非线性模型,根据S型生长曲线建立了5类单项评价指标的发展指数公式,并通过Logistic曲线拟合进行了指标参数的优化,确定出一套发展指数的普适公式；再次,基于Logistic曲线优化得出的单项指标发展指数普适公式不受分类指标个数的限制,具有广义的普适性。但该系列公式是建立在既定的分类指标的5级标准的基础上的,这5级标准是经过文献查阅、根据统计资料判断出来的,有些是客观标准,有些是主观判断制定,如果分类指标选取的分级标准与本文所列的差异很大,那么优化后的普适公式中参数a、b也会不同。因此,如何尽量减少主观因素的影响,制定出既能反映清江流域的特殊情况,又能反映旅游扶贫可持续发展实际规律的评价指标体系和评价标准,然后进行优化得出发展指数的普适公式,还有待于进一步的探索。
第六章对PPTDSS中设计的旅游地评价模型所进行了实证研究,运用第五章构建的综合评价模型、权重体系和发展指数普适公式对清江流域四大扶贫增长极县市进行评价。通过评价反映出长阳县虽然拥有丰富的资源和优越的区位,但其旅游发展后劲不足,作为扶贫增长极之一缺乏可持续发展的潜力。因此,以长阳县为例进行了旅游扶贫可持续发展的对策研究,并提出了长阳县旅游扶贫开发的新思路,该思路是清江流域“政府主导,超前发展”可持续旅游扶贫模式的具体践行。
最后,第七章在对全文的研究内容和基本观点进行总结的基础上,对今后的研究进行了展望。
Qingjiang River has beautiful landscape and pleasant climate, the unique historical and cultural value. It is one of the regions which hold the richest tourism resources in Hubei Province and even in central China. In the later 1980s, tourism industry in Qingjiang River progressed with the development of the Three Gorges'tourism development. Because of its special geographical location and natural environment, tourism was developing slowly, the results is not obvious although Pro-poor tourism has put forward for many years. Accessibility is the greatest factor which hinders the development of the socio-economic and tourism in Qingjiang River. In 2008, the government of Hubei province proposed to construct the "Eco-cultural Tourism Circle in Western Hubei ", and further attention has been paid in the tourism of western Hubei. Among the whole tourism development's situation of western Hubei, the section of Qingjiang Tujia-Miao Folk Ecology tourism together with the "One River and Two Mountains" eco-cultural tourism and the Jing-Jing-Xiang-Sui cultural tourism, were been classified as the three major tourism plates in the whole circle. In 2009, Western Hubei Eco-Cultural Tourism Circle Investment Co., Ltd. was established in Hubei province, specializing in the investment and construction related to tourism development in western Hubei. Qingjiang River is also within the scope of the key investment. In January 2010, the Hubei line of Shanghai-Chengdu Expressway is open to traffic basically; Yichang-Wanzhou Railway also will be completed, which will break the history of without railway in the region of western Hubei. The accessibility of Qingjiang River will get a qualitative upgrading finally. Therefore, the tourism of Qingjiang River is welcoming the new development opportunities. But because of long backwater, the development level of socio-economic and tourism are not high in Qingjiang region. Through an on-the-spot investigation, we found that there has larger gap of tourism development between the counties in Qingjiang region because of varying degree with tourism resources, location, concepts, economic development level, etc. In recent years, some scenic spots in this region have achieved good market response after the strong building and overseas promotions. However, the overall development level of tourism in this region is still low and doesn't have a significant pro-poor effect. Through developing tourism to produce a sustainable pro-poor effect in the whole region is not an easy task.
The study was carried out under such a background. The study area, Qingjiang River is a specific concept, which flows through Lichuan in Enshi, Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Hubei Province, Enshi, Xuan'en, Jianshi, Badong and Wufeng, Changyang, Yidu and other cities and counties of Yichang City. It empties into the Yangtze in Yidu. Therefore, the scope of study concentrated in the Western Hubei, across the state of Enshi and Yichang City, which belongs to the large-scale study of the pro-poor tourism. This study aimed to develop the Qingjiang River from finding out the conditions of sustainable pro-poor development of tourism constraints factors in drawing up effective measures to formulate a set of local conditions with the characteristics of sustainabl pro-poor tourism development strategy and evaluation system of Qingjiang River for the regional pro-poor development brainstorming. In this paper, from a theoretical point of view, on the basis of the analysis of domestic and pro-poor tourism research, in the sum of domestic pro-poor tourism development of practice and theoretical study on the problems and development trends, proposed the concept of sustainable pro-poor tourism development. Meanwhile, we undertaken a situation analysis on the Qingjiang River tourism development and assessed the pro-poor tourism effects of the key areas of the basin. On this basis, we proposed the sustainable pro-poor tourism development model of "Government Control, Propel in Advance" and the set of motive System, executive System, decision System and support System (MEDS). For the strategy established the pro-poor tourism decision support system (PPTDSS) of Qingjiang River, constructed two sets of indicators of Qingjiang selection of priority development projects and sustainable pro-poor tourism development capability evaluation system, and conducted an empirical analysis respectively. As reflected in the final evaluation findings for the issues to the region as a case for small-scale sustainable pro-poor tourism development of specific countermeasures.
There are eight chapters altogether as follows:
The research background, research status quo, research tought and whole-length structure, research methods and innovative points are introduced in chapterⅠ.Then we analyzed the two basic concepts of pro-poor tourism in chaperⅡ, which were tourism planning and tourism system. And we also discussed the relevant theoretical basis of pro-poor tourism:location development theory, growth pole theory, competence theory, tourist sites life cycle theory, theory of the multiplier effect of tourism, stakeholder theory and game theory, sustainable development theory and so on. The concept of Sustainable Pro-Poor Tourism Development was defined: under the premise of maintaining the quality of natural resources and the provision of services while taking the economic benefits of tourism development as the central, through rational planning and development of tourism resources to achieve the objectives of economic benefits increase of tourism destination, beautification of natural landscape and human environment, and sound ancillary facilities thus boosting the local socio-economic development and help the poor people in the region out of poverty or poverty reduction. Sustainable Pro-Poor Tourism development is a weak point of view of sustainable development which is more inclined to the views of economics in the field of sustainable development, so it is more focusd on sustainable economic benefits.
On the basis of the analysis of the theory backgroud described previously, we moved to the main section of our research.
Firstly, we demonstrated that the limit factors of sustainable pro-poor tourism development in Qingjiang River were not only the history problems but also included low economical developing level, insufficient tourism investment and irregular investment management by using data summary and quantitative methods to analysis the present situation of social economy and tourism development of the region. Due to these factors, tourism system was failed to form and it possessed a low compatibility with tourism industry in Qingjiang River. As a tuorism destination, the significant scenic spots and steady tourism market were lacked, therefor the efficiency of pro-poor tourism was not significant.
In addition, on the basis of analysing current situation and problems of the region, from the view of weak sustainlable development, we have proposed a sustainable developement model of pro-poor tourism namely "Government Control, Propel in Advance". We have constructed a multi-demensional pro-poor tourism strategy which combined Motive System, Executive System, Decision System and Support System together. This strategy is based on the provincial government's leading role, developed by a complex system of stakeholders of pro-poor tourism, and integrating advantage resources of multiple departments. Following the idea of developing in advance through rational planning, we have to focus on selecting and developing pro-poor projects for strategic planning, seek all the ways and methods of pro-poor tourism, and then establish the selection system for key pro-poor projects in order to get a unique and multi-dimensional pro-poor strategy which can be implemented in the whole vally, and be combined by Motive System, Executive System, Decision System and Support System. That is MEDS for short. The motive model of sustainable Pro-poor tourism of Qingjiang River was created in view of motive system. The sustainable Pro-poor tourism development arrangement was set in view of executive system, and a database with high quality projects was meticulously made. In view of support system, the main content of policy support, capital arrangement, management optimization and technology advance were included in quarters. The Pro-poor tourism decision support system (PPTDSS) was introduced in view of decision system. Laid out the important content of data base, model base, arithmetic base and knowledge base, made a whole PPTDSS technology structure of Qingjiang River. By means of setting up an evaluation index system about development potentiality of tourist spots, the priority selection PPTDSS of Qingjiang River was established. Then the decision matrix was gotten and the standard feature vector of the matrix was calculated. Ultimately the power of the sum index was obtained to decide the development priority of the tourist spots.
After established detailed sustainable pro-poor development pattern and strategy of Qingjiang River, another evaluation mechanism was needed to chech the pro-poor tourism development to be efficient or not. So, we evaluated the sustainable ability of the four counties in the pro-poor tourism development strategy. The evaluation contents of the sustainable development ability of Qingjiang River were firstly elaborated, including the tourism competition, tourism sustainable development, environment protecting, economy developing and so on. Secondly, based on all these, the evaluation system of sustainable pro-poor tourism development ability of Qingjiang River was built. There were 3 layers,5 subsystem and 25 index factors, especially some evaluation indexes with the features of Qingjiang were also included. Centered on the basic point of the paper, which was that pro-poor tourism development is a kind of weak sustainable development and sustainable economy development, different kinds of economy evaluation indexes concerned with tourism and pro-poor development were designed. Thirdly, evaluation model of comprehensive index was developed using weighting method obtaining standard deviation coefficient algorithm and analytic hierarchy process for different structer. Nonliner model was introducted to increase accuracy agginst traditional algorithm. Five kinds of exponential formulas for single evaluation index were created through indicators parameters optimization by fitting the Logistic curve and a set of universal development exponential formulas were finally proposed. Then we took the four pro-poor growth poles as examples to do an empirical analysis, and found that the evaluation index and the caculation model were accurate for us to seek a lot of deep-seated problems from representation. It was sharp and pratical, besides, the universal development exponential formulas were not only applicable for the case in this study but also suitable for other cases which had increased indexs; they were universal without index numbers limit. They can be operated in PPTDSS to evaluate the capacity of sustainable pro-poor tourism development.
From the result of evaluation, we found that there were some differences between two kinds of conclusions. In connection with the problems which were reflected from the evaluation, we took Changyang country as an example to demonstrate specific measures of sustainable pro-poor tourism development. The practical mode of "Government Control, Propel in Advance" was discussed and the advanced developing way for tourism resources integration was proposed, too. Finally, we predicted the economic benefit of pro-poor tourism in Changyang country.
On the base of summing up context and opinion for the paper, chapterⅦcarries out future research prospects.
本研究就是在这样一个背景下展开的。研究对象清江流域是一个特定的区域概念,它流经湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州的利川、恩施、宣恩、建始、巴东和宜昌市的五峰、长阳、宜都等县市,于宜都市陆城镇汇入长江。因此研究范围集中在鄂西,地跨恩施州和宜昌市两个地区,属于大尺度的旅游扶贫研究。本文的研究目的是希望透过清江流域社会经济、旅游发展以及旅游扶贫现状的表象找出制约旅游扶贫可持续发展的实质因素,从而对症下药,因地制宜地制定一套具有清江流域特色的旅游扶贫可持续发展战略与评价体系,为流域旅游扶贫发展献计献策。为此,本文从理论的角度出发,分析了旅游扶贫的国内外发展和研究现状,阐述了旅游扶贫可持续发展的相关理论,在引入“强”、“弱”旅游可持续发展观点的基础上进一步提出了旅游扶贫可持续发展的概念,分析清江流域社会经济和旅游发展现状、对流域中重点地区的旅游扶贫效应进行评估,综合分析找出制约旅游扶贫可持续发展的因素。在此基础上提出了“政府主导、超前推进型”的旅游扶贫可持续发展模式和集动力体系、执行体系、决策体系、保障体系四位一体的立体化扶贫战略(MEDS),针对该战略建立了清江流域旅游扶贫的决策支持系统(PPTDSS),构建了清江流域优先开发项目遴选和旅游扶贫可持续发展能力评价两套指标体系,并分别进行了实证分析。最后针对评价结论所反映出的问题,以小尺度地区为案例进行了旅游扶贫可持续发展战略和评价的实证研究。
本文一共分为八个章节,主要内容如下：
第一章概述研究问题的由来与意义。包括研究背景、国内外研究现状、研究思路与体系结构、研究方法和创新点。
第二章从三个方面对旅游扶贫可持续发展的相关理论进行了阐述,这三个方面是：可持续发展、旅游经济与旅游规划,它们是全文进行研究的基础。可持续发展理论是本文研究的基础理论,旅游经济理论是本文进行研究的指导理论,旅游规划理论是本文进行研究的方法论。主要包括可持续发展理论、旅游乘数效应理论、利益相关者理论与博弈论、区位发展理论、增长极理论、旅游地生命周期理论等。对旅游扶贫可持续发展进行了界定：它是在保持自然资源的质量和其所提供服务的前提下,以提高旅游业发展的经济效益为中心,通过旅游资源的合理规划与开发,达到旅游目的地经济效益增加、自然人文环境美化、配套设施健全等目标,从而带动当地社会经济的发展,帮助贫困地区人民脱贫或减贫。旅游扶贫可持续发展属于弱可持续发展的观点,它更倾向于可持续发展理论研究领域中经济学的观点,因此它更注重经济效益的可持续。
在上述理论背景分析的基础上,开始进入研究的主体部分第三章——第五章。
首先,第三章从流域社会经济和旅游发展的现状入手,对区域外部和内部的发展水平作了大致评价,结合评价结论对流域旅游扶贫的发展现状进行分析,最后总结出制约清江流域旅游扶贫可持续发展的因素,除了基本的社会经济和自然环境因素外,还包括资本投入不足、地方政府及私营企业开发管理不规范、旅游扶贫缺乏合理规划和科学决策等深层次的问题。
其次,第四章在前面对流域现状及问题剖析的基础上,基于弱可持续观点提出了“政府主导、超前推进型”旅游扶贫可持续发展模式,并构建了集动力体系、执行体系、决策体系、保障体系四位一体的立体化扶贫战略,该战略的具体内容是：以政府的强力主导为基础,从围绕旅游扶贫相关利益者的复杂系统出发,整合优化多部门的优势资源,以超前发展为理念,合理规划为手段,以扶贫项目的选择和开发为重点,全面探索旅游扶贫的手段和途径,做好扶贫规划和战略部署,建立扶贫重点项目遴选机制,形成一套特色鲜明、在整个流域范围内开展的、以扶贫动力体系(Motive System)、执行体系(Executive System)、决策体系(Decision System)、保障体系(Support System)为载体的立体化扶贫战略,简称MEDS战略。其中,基于动力体系论述了旅游扶贫的利益相关者特征和清江流域旅游扶贫的主体构成,搭建了扶贫主体的责任框架；基于执行体系提出了合理规划的重要性,并制定了清江流域旅游扶贫可持续发展的格局,构建了精品项目库,设计了精品项目开发的“倒金字塔”模式；基于决策体系讨论了信息管理手段在决策体系中的重要作用,引入了决策支持系统(DSS)；基于保障体系从政策支持、资金保障、管理完善、技术提升四个方面论述了清江流域旅游可持续发展的必要辅助。
接下来,第五章根据立体化扶贫战略的要求构建了清江流域旅游扶贫的决策支持系统,简称PPTDSS,列出了数据库、模型库、方法库、知识库的重要信息内容,搭建了一套清江流域旅游扶贫决策支持系统的整体技术框架。在此基础上,分别针对旅游景区和旅游地的发展设计了两套评价模型运用于旅游扶贫决策支持系统之中。第一套是旅游景区发展潜力评价模型,包括三大层3个子系统10个评价指标,是一个较为简单、使用方便的模型,其使用针对的对象是旅游景区,设计的意义是辅助遴选优先投资开发的旅游项目；第二套是旅游扶贫可持续发展能力评价模型,它包括三层五大了系统25个指标因子,包含旅游地竞争力、旅游可持续发展、环境保护、经济发展等多项内容。其中还特别设计了多项具有清江流域特色的评价指标,并围绕本文的基本观点,即：旅游扶贫可持续发展是弱可持续发展与旅游经济的可持续发展观点,重点设计了与旅游和扶贫发展息息相关的各项社会经济评价指标。该指标体系针对的是旅游地,主要内容是旅游地的扶贫可持续发展能力评价,具有遴选、考核、评估和监测等功能。该模型的特点如下：首先,它突破了传统指标体系评价的计算方法,根据所建立的指标体系的不同层次分别运用了层次分析法与标准差系数法计算权重向量。层次分析法可根据分类指标数目的差异或问题的实际情况,按重要性程度对权重做适当的调整,标准差系数法意义明确,计算严格；其次,引入了增强计算精确度的非线性模型,根据S型生长曲线建立了5类单项评价指标的发展指数公式,并通过Logistic曲线拟合进行了指标参数的优化,确定出一套发展指数的普适公式；再次,基于Logistic曲线优化得出的单项指标发展指数普适公式不受分类指标个数的限制,具有广义的普适性。但该系列公式是建立在既定的分类指标的5级标准的基础上的,这5级标准是经过文献查阅、根据统计资料判断出来的,有些是客观标准,有些是主观判断制定,如果分类指标选取的分级标准与本文所列的差异很大,那么优化后的普适公式中参数a、b也会不同。因此,如何尽量减少主观因素的影响,制定出既能反映清江流域的特殊情况,又能反映旅游扶贫可持续发展实际规律的评价指标体系和评价标准,然后进行优化得出发展指数的普适公式,还有待于进一步的探索。
第六章对PPTDSS中设计的旅游地评价模型所进行了实证研究,运用第五章构建的综合评价模型、权重体系和发展指数普适公式对清江流域四大扶贫增长极县市进行评价。通过评价反映出长阳县虽然拥有丰富的资源和优越的区位,但其旅游发展后劲不足,作为扶贫增长极之一缺乏可持续发展的潜力。因此,以长阳县为例进行了旅游扶贫可持续发展的对策研究,并提出了长阳县旅游扶贫开发的新思路,该思路是清江流域“政府主导,超前发展”可持续旅游扶贫模式的具体践行。
最后,第七章在对全文的研究内容和基本观点进行总结的基础上,对今后的研究进行了展望。
Qingjiang River has beautiful landscape and pleasant climate, the unique historical and cultural value. It is one of the regions which hold the richest tourism resources in Hubei Province and even in central China. In the later 1980s, tourism industry in Qingjiang River progressed with the development of the Three Gorges'tourism development. Because of its special geographical location and natural environment, tourism was developing slowly, the results is not obvious although Pro-poor tourism has put forward for many years. Accessibility is the greatest factor which hinders the development of the socio-economic and tourism in Qingjiang River. In 2008, the government of Hubei province proposed to construct the "Eco-cultural Tourism Circle in Western Hubei ", and further attention has been paid in the tourism of western Hubei. Among the whole tourism development's situation of western Hubei, the section of Qingjiang Tujia-Miao Folk Ecology tourism together with the "One River and Two Mountains" eco-cultural tourism and the Jing-Jing-Xiang-Sui cultural tourism, were been classified as the three major tourism plates in the whole circle. In 2009, Western Hubei Eco-Cultural Tourism Circle Investment Co., Ltd. was established in Hubei province, specializing in the investment and construction related to tourism development in western Hubei. Qingjiang River is also within the scope of the key investment. In January 2010, the Hubei line of Shanghai-Chengdu Expressway is open to traffic basically; Yichang-Wanzhou Railway also will be completed, which will break the history of without railway in the region of western Hubei. The accessibility of Qingjiang River will get a qualitative upgrading finally. Therefore, the tourism of Qingjiang River is welcoming the new development opportunities. But because of long backwater, the development level of socio-economic and tourism are not high in Qingjiang region. Through an on-the-spot investigation, we found that there has larger gap of tourism development between the counties in Qingjiang region because of varying degree with tourism resources, location, concepts, economic development level, etc. In recent years, some scenic spots in this region have achieved good market response after the strong building and overseas promotions. However, the overall development level of tourism in this region is still low and doesn't have a significant pro-poor effect. Through developing tourism to produce a sustainable pro-poor effect in the whole region is not an easy task.
The study was carried out under such a background. The study area, Qingjiang River is a specific concept, which flows through Lichuan in Enshi, Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Hubei Province, Enshi, Xuan'en, Jianshi, Badong and Wufeng, Changyang, Yidu and other cities and counties of Yichang City. It empties into the Yangtze in Yidu. Therefore, the scope of study concentrated in the Western Hubei, across the state of Enshi and Yichang City, which belongs to the large-scale study of the pro-poor tourism. This study aimed to develop the Qingjiang River from finding out the conditions of sustainable pro-poor development of tourism constraints factors in drawing up effective measures to formulate a set of local conditions with the characteristics of sustainabl pro-poor tourism development strategy and evaluation system of Qingjiang River for the regional pro-poor development brainstorming. In this paper, from a theoretical point of view, on the basis of the analysis of domestic and pro-poor tourism research, in the sum of domestic pro-poor tourism development of practice and theoretical study on the problems and development trends, proposed the concept of sustainable pro-poor tourism development. Meanwhile, we undertaken a situation analysis on the Qingjiang River tourism development and assessed the pro-poor tourism effects of the key areas of the basin. On this basis, we proposed the sustainable pro-poor tourism development model of "Government Control, Propel in Advance" and the set of motive System, executive System, decision System and support System (MEDS). For the strategy established the pro-poor tourism decision support system (PPTDSS) of Qingjiang River, constructed two sets of indicators of Qingjiang selection of priority development projects and sustainable pro-poor tourism development capability evaluation system, and conducted an empirical analysis respectively. As reflected in the final evaluation findings for the issues to the region as a case for small-scale sustainable pro-poor tourism development of specific countermeasures.
There are eight chapters altogether as follows:
The research background, research status quo, research tought and whole-length structure, research methods and innovative points are introduced in chapterⅠ.Then we analyzed the two basic concepts of pro-poor tourism in chaperⅡ, which were tourism planning and tourism system. And we also discussed the relevant theoretical basis of pro-poor tourism:location development theory, growth pole theory, competence theory, tourist sites life cycle theory, theory of the multiplier effect of tourism, stakeholder theory and game theory, sustainable development theory and so on. The concept of Sustainable Pro-Poor Tourism Development was defined: under the premise of maintaining the quality of natural resources and the provision of services while taking the economic benefits of tourism development as the central, through rational planning and development of tourism resources to achieve the objectives of economic benefits increase of tourism destination, beautification of natural landscape and human environment, and sound ancillary facilities thus boosting the local socio-economic development and help the poor people in the region out of poverty or poverty reduction. Sustainable Pro-Poor Tourism development is a weak point of view of sustainable development which is more inclined to the views of economics in the field of sustainable development, so it is more focusd on sustainable economic benefits.
On the basis of the analysis of the theory backgroud described previously, we moved to the main section of our research.
Firstly, we demonstrated that the limit factors of sustainable pro-poor tourism development in Qingjiang River were not only the history problems but also included low economical developing level, insufficient tourism investment and irregular investment management by using data summary and quantitative methods to analysis the present situation of social economy and tourism development of the region. Due to these factors, tourism system was failed to form and it possessed a low compatibility with tourism industry in Qingjiang River. As a tuorism destination, the significant scenic spots and steady tourism market were lacked, therefor the efficiency of pro-poor tourism was not significant.
In addition, on the basis of analysing current situation and problems of the region, from the view of weak sustainlable development, we have proposed a sustainable developement model of pro-poor tourism namely "Government Control, Propel in Advance". We have constructed a multi-demensional pro-poor tourism strategy which combined Motive System, Executive System, Decision System and Support System together. This strategy is based on the provincial government's leading role, developed by a complex system of stakeholders of pro-poor tourism, and integrating advantage resources of multiple departments. Following the idea of developing in advance through rational planning, we have to focus on selecting and developing pro-poor projects for strategic planning, seek all the ways and methods of pro-poor tourism, and then establish the selection system for key pro-poor projects in order to get a unique and multi-dimensional pro-poor strategy which can be implemented in the whole vally, and be combined by Motive System, Executive System, Decision System and Support System. That is MEDS for short. The motive model of sustainable Pro-poor tourism of Qingjiang River was created in view of motive system. The sustainable Pro-poor tourism development arrangement was set in view of executive system, and a database with high quality projects was meticulously made. In view of support system, the main content of policy support, capital arrangement, management optimization and technology advance were included in quarters. The Pro-poor tourism decision support system (PPTDSS) was introduced in view of decision system. Laid out the important content of data base, model base, arithmetic base and knowledge base, made a whole PPTDSS technology structure of Qingjiang River. By means of setting up an evaluation index system about development potentiality of tourist spots, the priority selection PPTDSS of Qingjiang River was established. Then the decision matrix was gotten and the standard feature vector of the matrix was calculated. Ultimately the power of the sum index was obtained to decide the development priority of the tourist spots.
After established detailed sustainable pro-poor development pattern and strategy of Qingjiang River, another evaluation mechanism was needed to chech the pro-poor tourism development to be efficient or not. So, we evaluated the sustainable ability of the four counties in the pro-poor tourism development strategy. The evaluation contents of the sustainable development ability of Qingjiang River were firstly elaborated, including the tourism competition, tourism sustainable development, environment protecting, economy developing and so on. Secondly, based on all these, the evaluation system of sustainable pro-poor tourism development ability of Qingjiang River was built. There were 3 layers,5 subsystem and 25 index factors, especially some evaluation indexes with the features of Qingjiang were also included. Centered on the basic point of the paper, which was that pro-poor tourism development is a kind of weak sustainable development and sustainable economy development, different kinds of economy evaluation indexes concerned with tourism and pro-poor development were designed. Thirdly, evaluation model of comprehensive index was developed using weighting method obtaining standard deviation coefficient algorithm and analytic hierarchy process for different structer. Nonliner model was introducted to increase accuracy agginst traditional algorithm. Five kinds of exponential formulas for single evaluation index were created through indicators parameters optimization by fitting the Logistic curve and a set of universal development exponential formulas were finally proposed. Then we took the four pro-poor growth poles as examples to do an empirical analysis, and found that the evaluation index and the caculation model were accurate for us to seek a lot of deep-seated problems from representation. It was sharp and pratical, besides, the universal development exponential formulas were not only applicable for the case in this study but also suitable for other cases which had increased indexs; they were universal without index numbers limit. They can be operated in PPTDSS to evaluate the capacity of sustainable pro-poor tourism development.
From the result of evaluation, we found that there were some differences between two kinds of conclusions. In connection with the problems which were reflected from the evaluation, we took Changyang country as an example to demonstrate specific measures of sustainable pro-poor tourism development. The practical mode of "Government Control, Propel in Advance" was discussed and the advanced developing way for tourism resources integration was proposed, too. Finally, we predicted the economic benefit of pro-poor tourism in Changyang country.
On the base of summing up context and opinion for the paper, chapterⅦcarries out future research prospects.
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