Ad hoc网络分层协议及其跨层设计
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摘要
Ad hoc网络是一种具有特殊结构的无线通信系统,它的通信不依赖于任何固定设施,而是依靠节点之间的相互协作以多跳方式完成,具有自组织、分布性、动态性等特点,因而能够在复杂多变的环境中实现快速部署和数据通信。移动自组织网络作为移动通信新崛起的一个重要分支,近几年发展迅速,应用于军事战术通信系统、紧急服务和灾难恢复等诸多领域,它的出现引起了世界许多国家的军事部门、工业界和学术界的极大关注。
然而,与其他传统通信网络相比,由于Ad hoc网络所具有的无中心和自组织性、动态的网络拓扑、多跳路由、无线传输等特性,需要为移动自组网设计专门的协议栈。论文分别对与移动自组织网络有关的数据链路层、网络层、传输层协议以及跨层设计等问题展开了深入分析和探讨,主要研究贡献归纳如下:
第一章主要介绍了Ad hoc网的发展历史、特性以及关键技术和热点问题、研究背景和意义、论文主要贡献和创新点、论文结构和内容安排。
第二章在详细介绍了IEEE 802.11和IEEE 802.11e的基础上,提出了一种满足流量均衡且保证高优先级业务QoS的EDCA改进机制——自适应EDCA(Adaptive EDCA)。该机制仍然采用竞争窗口(Contetion Window)来控制传送概率,而传送概率的乘积因子(Multiple Factor)的计算采用了令牌漏桶算法(Token Bucket algorithm)来均衡流量,且沿用IEEE 802.11e具有QoS保证的基于竞争的EDCA协议。
由于Ad hoc网络所处的无线环境受到带宽(Bandwidth)、时延(Delay)、抖动(Jitter)、帧丢失率(Loss)等因素的限制,可能高等级业务所处的无线环境并不适合业务传送,造成网络拥塞,使得总吞吐量下降,且高等级业务长期占用无线资源造成不公平问题。针对上述问题,我们进一步提出了具有业务区分功能的EDCA改进机制——改进EDCA机制(Improved EDCA)。该算法在计算竞争窗口时,引入了信道阻力的概念来度量冲突概率,考虑了业务传送的无线信道环境。
Ad hoc网络中使用的主动队列管理算法在设置参数时,存在算法和具体的网络有关,参数设置对网络的稳定性和动态性能影响较大的问题,我们提出的采用单神经元动态调整PID参数的ANNPID算法,解决了PID算法参数设置的难题。
第三章简述了当前用于Ad hoc网络的路由协议,主要包括主动式(proactive)、反应式(reactive)和混合式三种。我们提出了一种混合型的路由协议IAODV,具有Multipath和PA两种特性。它具有PA特征的源路由特性,允许节点侦听并记录路由消息。这种方法增加了路由包的大小,但是减少了传送次数。路由发现过程建立路由表,并维护路
由以防链路失效。由于多径特性的使用,减少了泛洪次数,能够有效的降低路由开销。第四章介绍了传输层基本的拥塞控制机制:慢启动、拥塞避免、快速重传和快速恢复。针对无线链路特点,根据其实现机制的不同,把TCP的改进方案分为:端到端的解决方案、分段的TCP连接方案和链路层解决方案。本章在介绍三种改进方案的基础上对端到端方案中常用的几种TCP改进算法进行了仿真实验,验证了SACK算法的优越性。
第五章介绍了Ad hoc网络中经常使用的跨层设计方法,并给出了Ad hoc网络跨层设计的一般方法。之后,又介绍了凸优化理论在Ad hoc网络中的应用,并给出了凸优化理论应用的一般方法。
接下来针对具体的多媒体业务提出相应的跨层设计算法。对于VoIP这类时延约束的业务而言,时延成为我们重点考虑的问题。我们提出了一种使用中间节点显示拥塞指示(ECN)的方法,联合传输层和数据链路层的TCP自适应机制(Adaptive TCP)。采用数据帧时延(FD)作为分组时延过大引起的数据包丢失率的判断标准,即使整体的数据包丢失率比较高,只要FD满足我们的要求,TCP发送窗口仍然保证不变。我们认为数据包丢失率较大是由无线链路误码引起的,而非网络拥塞。
基于凸规划算法在无线网络的资源分配方面的研究成果,则可以通过对网络中相关层次中参数的统一配置,来最优化网络的性能。我们使用跨层设计的方法,对如何通过联合的信源编码、功率控制以及端到端时延分配而最大化视频接收质量的问题进行了数学建模,随后基于凸优化理论得到了分布式的联合分配算法,通过理论分析证明了我们提出的算法可以收敛到全局最优解。
第六章是本论文的结论部分,对全文的工作进行了总结,并阐明了与本文相关的进一步研究工作。
Ad hoc networks are wireless communication systems with special structure; they don't depend on any fixed facilities, but depend on mutually cooperation of the nodes with several hops. They have the characteristics of self organization, distribution, dynamic state etc., so they can be deployed in complicate environment and perform data communication. Mobile Ad hoc network is an important branch of mobile communication. It is used in the military tactics, urgent service, disasters recover etc. It arouses high attention of many military sections, industrial fields and academic circles.
However, comparing to other traditional communication networks, Ad hoc networks have the characteristics of self organization, dynamic topology, routing in several hops, transmission in the wireless condition etc. So a special protocol stack is required to be designed for it. In this thesis, the data link layer, network layer, transportation layer and cross-layer design of Ad hoc networks are analysised and researched respectively. The main contributions are introduced as follows:
Chapter 1 introduces the history, characteristics, key technology and hot problems of Ad hoc networks. Research background, contribution and structure of this thesis are also presented in this chapter.
Chapter 2 introduces the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.11e and proposes an AEDCA (Adaptive EDCA) with traffic balance and QoS guarantee. This mechanism still adopts contention window (CW) to control deliver probability, and involves Token Bucket Algorithm (TBA) computing the multiple factor (MF) to balance the traffic, and follows the QoS mechanism used in IEEE 802.11e EDCA.
Ad hoc network is subjected to bandwidth, delay, jitter, frame loss, etc. As a result, high class service is not suitable for transmission sometimes. This situation makes network congestion and low throughput, and unfair problem raised by high class service not sharing the bandwidth resource. An improved EDCA (IEDCA) mechanism with services differentiations is proposed. Channel resistance coefficient is introduced to compute the collision probability in this algorithm, considering the wireless characteristics.
The parameters setting of active queue management (AQM) in Ad hoc networks is correspondence to the network, and has important impact on the stability and dynamic state function. We proposed an ANNPID algorithm to solve the problem of parameters setting of PID algorithm.
Chapter 3 introduces the Ad hoc network routing protocols, including proactive routing, reactive routing and hybrid routing. We proposed a hybrid IAODV routing protocol with multipath and PA characteristics. It has the source routing feature of PA characteristics, allowing nodes listening and recording the route information. This method increased the size of data packet, but decreased the transmission times. The route table is established in route discovery process, and maintains the route to prevent expiration. The overhead of route discovery process is reduced by using multipath.
Chapter 4 introduces basic congestion control mechanism in the transportation layer: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmission and fast recovery. Aiming at the characteristic of the wireless link, three methods of improvement of TCP can be implemented: end-to-end solution, wired-wireless-combined TCP solution, TCP with data link improvement solution. Based on the introduction of the three main improve methods, the simulation of the main end-to-end TCP algorithms is done. The result proves the best performance of SACK algorithm.
Chapter 5 introduces the cross-layer design in Ad hoc network and its common design method. The convex optimizing theory in Ad hoc network and its common application is then introduced.
We proposed a cross-layer design in multimedia service. Delay is critical problem for delay-constrained service such as VoIP. Explicit congestion notice (ECN) is used to propose a joint transportation and data link layer adaptive TCP mechanism. Adaptive TCP involves frame delay (FD) as the criterion to judge the packet loss. TCP transmitting window is fixed as long as the FD satisfy our criterion, even though packet loss is high. We suppose that the packet loss is caused by wireless bit error not network congestion.
Based on the convex optimizing theory used in wireless resource allocation, we are able to optimize the network performance through adjust parameter cross layer. We utilize cross-layer design and joint source code, power control, end-to-end delay allocation to set up a math mode to maximize the quality of video. Then our algorithm is proved can converge to the best value through theory discussion.
Chapter 6 is the conclusion. We summarize the whole thesis, and discuss our further research.
然而,与其他传统通信网络相比,由于Ad hoc网络所具有的无中心和自组织性、动态的网络拓扑、多跳路由、无线传输等特性,需要为移动自组网设计专门的协议栈。论文分别对与移动自组织网络有关的数据链路层、网络层、传输层协议以及跨层设计等问题展开了深入分析和探讨,主要研究贡献归纳如下:
第一章主要介绍了Ad hoc网的发展历史、特性以及关键技术和热点问题、研究背景和意义、论文主要贡献和创新点、论文结构和内容安排。
第二章在详细介绍了IEEE 802.11和IEEE 802.11e的基础上,提出了一种满足流量均衡且保证高优先级业务QoS的EDCA改进机制——自适应EDCA(Adaptive EDCA)。该机制仍然采用竞争窗口(Contetion Window)来控制传送概率,而传送概率的乘积因子(Multiple Factor)的计算采用了令牌漏桶算法(Token Bucket algorithm)来均衡流量,且沿用IEEE 802.11e具有QoS保证的基于竞争的EDCA协议。
由于Ad hoc网络所处的无线环境受到带宽(Bandwidth)、时延(Delay)、抖动(Jitter)、帧丢失率(Loss)等因素的限制,可能高等级业务所处的无线环境并不适合业务传送,造成网络拥塞,使得总吞吐量下降,且高等级业务长期占用无线资源造成不公平问题。针对上述问题,我们进一步提出了具有业务区分功能的EDCA改进机制——改进EDCA机制(Improved EDCA)。该算法在计算竞争窗口时,引入了信道阻力的概念来度量冲突概率,考虑了业务传送的无线信道环境。
Ad hoc网络中使用的主动队列管理算法在设置参数时,存在算法和具体的网络有关,参数设置对网络的稳定性和动态性能影响较大的问题,我们提出的采用单神经元动态调整PID参数的ANNPID算法,解决了PID算法参数设置的难题。
第三章简述了当前用于Ad hoc网络的路由协议,主要包括主动式(proactive)、反应式(reactive)和混合式三种。我们提出了一种混合型的路由协议IAODV,具有Multipath和PA两种特性。它具有PA特征的源路由特性,允许节点侦听并记录路由消息。这种方法增加了路由包的大小,但是减少了传送次数。路由发现过程建立路由表,并维护路
由以防链路失效。由于多径特性的使用,减少了泛洪次数,能够有效的降低路由开销。第四章介绍了传输层基本的拥塞控制机制:慢启动、拥塞避免、快速重传和快速恢复。针对无线链路特点,根据其实现机制的不同,把TCP的改进方案分为:端到端的解决方案、分段的TCP连接方案和链路层解决方案。本章在介绍三种改进方案的基础上对端到端方案中常用的几种TCP改进算法进行了仿真实验,验证了SACK算法的优越性。
第五章介绍了Ad hoc网络中经常使用的跨层设计方法,并给出了Ad hoc网络跨层设计的一般方法。之后,又介绍了凸优化理论在Ad hoc网络中的应用,并给出了凸优化理论应用的一般方法。
接下来针对具体的多媒体业务提出相应的跨层设计算法。对于VoIP这类时延约束的业务而言,时延成为我们重点考虑的问题。我们提出了一种使用中间节点显示拥塞指示(ECN)的方法,联合传输层和数据链路层的TCP自适应机制(Adaptive TCP)。采用数据帧时延(FD)作为分组时延过大引起的数据包丢失率的判断标准,即使整体的数据包丢失率比较高,只要FD满足我们的要求,TCP发送窗口仍然保证不变。我们认为数据包丢失率较大是由无线链路误码引起的,而非网络拥塞。
基于凸规划算法在无线网络的资源分配方面的研究成果,则可以通过对网络中相关层次中参数的统一配置,来最优化网络的性能。我们使用跨层设计的方法,对如何通过联合的信源编码、功率控制以及端到端时延分配而最大化视频接收质量的问题进行了数学建模,随后基于凸优化理论得到了分布式的联合分配算法,通过理论分析证明了我们提出的算法可以收敛到全局最优解。
第六章是本论文的结论部分,对全文的工作进行了总结,并阐明了与本文相关的进一步研究工作。
Ad hoc networks are wireless communication systems with special structure; they don't depend on any fixed facilities, but depend on mutually cooperation of the nodes with several hops. They have the characteristics of self organization, distribution, dynamic state etc., so they can be deployed in complicate environment and perform data communication. Mobile Ad hoc network is an important branch of mobile communication. It is used in the military tactics, urgent service, disasters recover etc. It arouses high attention of many military sections, industrial fields and academic circles.
However, comparing to other traditional communication networks, Ad hoc networks have the characteristics of self organization, dynamic topology, routing in several hops, transmission in the wireless condition etc. So a special protocol stack is required to be designed for it. In this thesis, the data link layer, network layer, transportation layer and cross-layer design of Ad hoc networks are analysised and researched respectively. The main contributions are introduced as follows:
Chapter 1 introduces the history, characteristics, key technology and hot problems of Ad hoc networks. Research background, contribution and structure of this thesis are also presented in this chapter.
Chapter 2 introduces the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.11e and proposes an AEDCA (Adaptive EDCA) with traffic balance and QoS guarantee. This mechanism still adopts contention window (CW) to control deliver probability, and involves Token Bucket Algorithm (TBA) computing the multiple factor (MF) to balance the traffic, and follows the QoS mechanism used in IEEE 802.11e EDCA.
Ad hoc network is subjected to bandwidth, delay, jitter, frame loss, etc. As a result, high class service is not suitable for transmission sometimes. This situation makes network congestion and low throughput, and unfair problem raised by high class service not sharing the bandwidth resource. An improved EDCA (IEDCA) mechanism with services differentiations is proposed. Channel resistance coefficient is introduced to compute the collision probability in this algorithm, considering the wireless characteristics.
The parameters setting of active queue management (AQM) in Ad hoc networks is correspondence to the network, and has important impact on the stability and dynamic state function. We proposed an ANNPID algorithm to solve the problem of parameters setting of PID algorithm.
Chapter 3 introduces the Ad hoc network routing protocols, including proactive routing, reactive routing and hybrid routing. We proposed a hybrid IAODV routing protocol with multipath and PA characteristics. It has the source routing feature of PA characteristics, allowing nodes listening and recording the route information. This method increased the size of data packet, but decreased the transmission times. The route table is established in route discovery process, and maintains the route to prevent expiration. The overhead of route discovery process is reduced by using multipath.
Chapter 4 introduces basic congestion control mechanism in the transportation layer: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmission and fast recovery. Aiming at the characteristic of the wireless link, three methods of improvement of TCP can be implemented: end-to-end solution, wired-wireless-combined TCP solution, TCP with data link improvement solution. Based on the introduction of the three main improve methods, the simulation of the main end-to-end TCP algorithms is done. The result proves the best performance of SACK algorithm.
Chapter 5 introduces the cross-layer design in Ad hoc network and its common design method. The convex optimizing theory in Ad hoc network and its common application is then introduced.
We proposed a cross-layer design in multimedia service. Delay is critical problem for delay-constrained service such as VoIP. Explicit congestion notice (ECN) is used to propose a joint transportation and data link layer adaptive TCP mechanism. Adaptive TCP involves frame delay (FD) as the criterion to judge the packet loss. TCP transmitting window is fixed as long as the FD satisfy our criterion, even though packet loss is high. We suppose that the packet loss is caused by wireless bit error not network congestion.
Based on the convex optimizing theory used in wireless resource allocation, we are able to optimize the network performance through adjust parameter cross layer. We utilize cross-layer design and joint source code, power control, end-to-end delay allocation to set up a math mode to maximize the quality of video. Then our algorithm is proved can converge to the best value through theory discussion.
Chapter 6 is the conclusion. We summarize the whole thesis, and discuss our further research.
引文
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