数控切削加工工艺参数及刀具运动轨迹的研究
|
摘要
随着科学技术的发展，制造业发生了翻天覆地的变化，各种先进制造技术正逐渐地应用于制造系统中。制造系统正向着数字化、集成化、并行化、网络化及柔性化的方向发展。在现代制造系统中，数控加工设备是制造系统的核心设备，是现代制造系统的重要组成部分。数控加工技术是现代自动化、柔性化及数字化生产加工技术的基础与关键技术。数控切削加工工艺参数及刀具运动轨迹优化是发挥数控加工设备生产效率的有效途径。
本文在数控切削加工工艺参数优化方面主要进行了基于加工特征的刀具选择的研究。首先研究确定了车削加工和铣削加工的加工特征；在此基础上，建立了基于加工特征的车刀选择知识规则和铣刀选择知识规则，并将其知识融入到已研制开发的数控加工工艺参数优化专家系统知识库中，实现数控刀具的优选；本文还增加了车刀选择解释器和铣刀选择解释器，完善了数控加工工艺参数优化专家系统。
数控加工刀具运动轨迹是确定数控加工工艺的重要环节。刀具运动轨迹设计质量的好坏，将直接影响零件的加工质量及加工成本。本文针对典型零件的铣削加工，以切削力波动小，表面质量精度高为优化目标对几种刀具运动轨迹进行优选。由于球头铣刀是复杂曲面加工的主要刀具，球头铣刀切削力是选择机床、刀具、夹具及实现铣削加工工艺参数优化的基础，切削力波动又是刀具轨迹优选的主要目标之一，故本文对球头铣刀的切削力进行了理论与试验研究，实现了基于切削力波动最小的刀具运动轨迹优选。
With the development of science and technology, great changes have taken place in the manufacturing. Every kinds of advanced manufacture technology are applying in the manufacture system now. The manufacture system is developing in the direction of numeric, integration, parallelize, network and flexible. In the system of modern manufacture, NC machining equipment is the core of the manufacture system and the important subassembly of the modern manufacture system. The technology of NC machining is the based and key machining technology of the modem automatic, flexible and numeric. The optimization of NC machining process parameters and the cutting tool path is the available approach of exerting the NC machining equipment productivity.
In this paper, we mostly discussed the cutting tool choice based on the feature of cutting process as belongs to the optimization of NC machining process parameters. Firstly we discussed and determined the feature of turning and milling process, based on which we set up the knowledge rules of the turning cutting tool and milling cutting tool choice. We applied the knowledge rules to the expert system of NC machining process parameters repository, which realized the cutting tool choice of NC machining. We also added the explaining implements of turning and milling tool and perfected the expert system of NC machining process parameters.
Cutting tool path of NC machining is one of the important parts to determine NC machining process. Whether the tool path quality is good or bad will directly affect the machining and the machining cost of part. The milling cutting tool path creative method of representative part is studied in this paper .We optimized several cutting tool paths of the representative part aiming at little fluctuation of cutting force and high precision of superficial quality. Ball-end milling cutting tool is the key cutting tool of the complex surface. The cutting power of Ball-end milling cutting tool is the base of choosing machine tool, cutting tool, clamp tool and realizing the optimizing of milling technical parameters and the cutting force fluctuating is one of the main aims of the cutting tool choice. In this paper, we studied the cutting force of
Ball-and milling based on theory and test, as realized the cutting tool choice based on the least cutting force fluctuating.
本文在数控切削加工工艺参数优化方面主要进行了基于加工特征的刀具选择的研究。首先研究确定了车削加工和铣削加工的加工特征；在此基础上，建立了基于加工特征的车刀选择知识规则和铣刀选择知识规则，并将其知识融入到已研制开发的数控加工工艺参数优化专家系统知识库中，实现数控刀具的优选；本文还增加了车刀选择解释器和铣刀选择解释器，完善了数控加工工艺参数优化专家系统。
数控加工刀具运动轨迹是确定数控加工工艺的重要环节。刀具运动轨迹设计质量的好坏，将直接影响零件的加工质量及加工成本。本文针对典型零件的铣削加工，以切削力波动小，表面质量精度高为优化目标对几种刀具运动轨迹进行优选。由于球头铣刀是复杂曲面加工的主要刀具，球头铣刀切削力是选择机床、刀具、夹具及实现铣削加工工艺参数优化的基础，切削力波动又是刀具轨迹优选的主要目标之一，故本文对球头铣刀的切削力进行了理论与试验研究，实现了基于切削力波动最小的刀具运动轨迹优选。
With the development of science and technology, great changes have taken place in the manufacturing. Every kinds of advanced manufacture technology are applying in the manufacture system now. The manufacture system is developing in the direction of numeric, integration, parallelize, network and flexible. In the system of modern manufacture, NC machining equipment is the core of the manufacture system and the important subassembly of the modern manufacture system. The technology of NC machining is the based and key machining technology of the modem automatic, flexible and numeric. The optimization of NC machining process parameters and the cutting tool path is the available approach of exerting the NC machining equipment productivity.
In this paper, we mostly discussed the cutting tool choice based on the feature of cutting process as belongs to the optimization of NC machining process parameters. Firstly we discussed and determined the feature of turning and milling process, based on which we set up the knowledge rules of the turning cutting tool and milling cutting tool choice. We applied the knowledge rules to the expert system of NC machining process parameters repository, which realized the cutting tool choice of NC machining. We also added the explaining implements of turning and milling tool and perfected the expert system of NC machining process parameters.
Cutting tool path of NC machining is one of the important parts to determine NC machining process. Whether the tool path quality is good or bad will directly affect the machining and the machining cost of part. The milling cutting tool path creative method of representative part is studied in this paper .We optimized several cutting tool paths of the representative part aiming at little fluctuation of cutting force and high precision of superficial quality. Ball-end milling cutting tool is the key cutting tool of the complex surface. The cutting power of Ball-end milling cutting tool is the base of choosing machine tool, cutting tool, clamp tool and realizing the optimizing of milling technical parameters and the cutting force fluctuating is one of the main aims of the cutting tool choice. In this paper, we studied the cutting force of
Ball-and milling based on theory and test, as realized the cutting tool choice based on the least cutting force fluctuating.
引文
1 张俊，魏红根．数控技术发展趋势——智能化数控系统．制造技术与机床，1999，(4)
2 周德俭．使用PC的开放式计算机数控系统——CNC的发展方向．机电一体化，1997(7)
3 黄金秋．基于开放式结构的高性能数控系统的研制．制造技术与机，1998(8)
4 姜彬．数控切削加工工艺参数优化的研究．哈尔滨理工大学硕士论文，2001：1～5
5 王永章．机床的数字控制技术．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1995
6 李浙昆．NC加工刀具轨迹设计中的几个优化问题．机械设计与制造，1999，(4)37～38
7 Kunwoo Lee, etal. Generation of toolpath with selection of proper tools for rough cutting process. Computer-Aided Design, 1994,126(11):822～831
8 Suh,YS,et al. NC milling tool path generationg for arbitrary pockets defined by sculptured surfaces. Computer-Aided Design, 1990,122(5): 273～284
9 Tlusty, J et al. New NC routines for quality in milling,Ann.CIRP 1990,139(4):315～326
10 Bala,M, et al.Automatic cutter selection and option and optimal cutter path generation for prismatic parts,Int J. Prod.Res, 1991, 129(11): 127～221
11 Millan K Yeung, et al. Curve fitting with arc splines for NC toolpath generation, Computer-Aided Ddsign, 1994,126(11):845～849
12 周济，周艳红．数控加工技术．国防工业出版社，2002：1～70
13 田文健．现代CAD中公差信息表示方法的研究概况．中国机械工程，1996，7(4)：59～62
14 马卫东等．基于实例与知识的智能CAPP策略．华中理工大学学报，1995，(2)：41～45
15 蔡力钢等．CAD／CAM集成环境下的回转类零件CAPP系统HZ—RCAP．华中理工大学学报，1995，(6)：83～87
16 胡庆夕等．用于DFM的工艺咨询方法的研究．华中理工大学学报，1996，(10)：15～18
17 邓超等．基于设备环境模型的多工艺方案决策．华中理工大学学报，1997，(3)：11～13
18 贾秀杰．回转体零件CAPP的工艺创成方法．机械工程师，2000，(3)：17～18
19 蔡青．机械工业中CAD／CAM现状与发展趋势．机械工程，1998，(3)：37～40
20 黄开亮．中国机械工业先进制造技术发展战略思考．机械与电子，1995，(1)：42～44
21 杨学桐等．我国数控产业现状与发展举措．中国机械工程，1999，10(3)：1081～1083
22 杨皖苏，严鸿和．机械科学与技术，1997，26(4)：1～6
23 陈玉祥．中国机械工程，1998，9(5)：1～4
24 周延佑．中国机械工程，1998，9(5)：5～24
25 Min-yang Y, Heeduck P. The prediction of cutting force in ball-end milling [J]. Int J Mach Tools Manufact, 1991,31(1):45～54.
26 仇启源，庞思勤。现代金属切削技术[M]．机械工业出版社，1992
27 Lee P, Altingtas Y. Prediction of ball-end forces from orthogonal cutting data [J]. Int J Mach Tools Manufact, 1996,36(9): 1059～1072
28 Yucesan G, Altingtas Y. Prediction of ball end milling forces [J]. ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry, 1996,118:95～103
29 Altingtas Y, Lee P. A general mechanics and dynamics model for helical end mills [J]. Annals of the CIRP, 1996, 45(1):59～64
30 Budak E, Altingtas Y. Prediction of milling force coefficients from orthogonal cutting data [J]. Asme journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 1996,118:216～224
31 Abrari F, Elbestawi M A, Spence A D.On the dynamics of ball-end milling:modeling of cutting forces and stability analysis[J]. Int J Mach Tools Manufact, 1998,38(3):215～237
32 马万太等．刚性的球头铣刀切削力模型．机械科学与技术，1998，17(3)422～424
33 P．Lee，y．Altintas．利用正交切削参数预测球头铣削力．国外金属加工 1997，(2)：14～22
34 MINYANG YANG，HEEDUCK PARK球头立铣中的切削力预测．国外金属加工，1993(1)：14～18
35 冯志勇，张大卫．一种新型的广义铣削力模型．中国机械工程，1998，9(4)：41～
53
36 Armargo E J A, Deshpardo N P. Computerized End Milling Force predictions with cutting Models Allowing for Eccentricity and Cutter Deflections. Annals of the CIRP, 1991,40(1):25～29
37 Bayoumi A E, Yucesan G, Kendall L A. Analytic Mechanistic Cutting Force Model for milling Operations:A Theory and Methodology.Trans.ASME,J.of Engineering for Industry, 1994,116(8):324～330
38 刘雄伟等，数控加工理论与编程技术．第二版．机械工业出版社，2000：80～125
39 Chin-Ching Lo.A new approach to CNC tool path generation. Computer-Aided Design 1998,30(8):649～655
40 张力等，环切区域加工分步式刀具轨迹生成算法研究．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，1999，11(6)：500～503
41 Yong Seok Suh, Kunwoo Lee. NC milling tool path generation for arbitrary pockets defined by sculptured surfaces. Computer-Aided Design, 199022(5):273～284
42 汤进等，一种基于等参线裁剪的刀具轨迹规划算法．华中理工大学学报，2000，28(4)：14～16
43 王知行等．一种新的数控加工刀具轨迹生成算法的研究．机械设计，2000，(11)：20～22
44 Y.-J.Lin,T.S.Lee.An adaptive tool path generation algorithm for precision surface machining. Computer-Aided Design, 1999,(31):303～315
45 D.C.H.Yang, Z.Han. Interference detection and optimal tool selection in 3-axis NC machining of free-form surfaces. Computer-Aided Design, 1999,(31):303～315
46 Alan C.Lin, Hai-Terng Liu. Automatic generation of NC cutter path from massive data points. Computer-Aided Design, 1998,30(1):77～90
47 杨光友等．数控车削加工刀具轨迹自动生成的算法研究．机械，2000，27(3)：12～13
48 马宏余等．基于铣削特征的刀具轨迹生成方法．华东船舶工业学院学报，2000，14(1)：60～66
49 赵葛霄．数控加工中刀具的选择与切削用量的确定．CAD／CAM，2000，(11)：46～48．
50 北京联合大学机械工程学院编．机夹可转位刀具手册．机械工业出版社，1998．
51 袁哲俊．金属切削刀具．上海科学技术出版社，1992．
52 杨广勇．金属切削原理与刀具[M]．北京理工大学出版社，1994，8．
53 太原市技术切削刀具协会．金属切削使用刀具技术．机械工业出版社，1993
2 周德俭．使用PC的开放式计算机数控系统——CNC的发展方向．机电一体化，1997(7)
3 黄金秋．基于开放式结构的高性能数控系统的研制．制造技术与机，1998(8)
4 姜彬．数控切削加工工艺参数优化的研究．哈尔滨理工大学硕士论文，2001：1～5
5 王永章．机床的数字控制技术．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1995
6 李浙昆．NC加工刀具轨迹设计中的几个优化问题．机械设计与制造，1999，(4)37～38
7 Kunwoo Lee, etal. Generation of toolpath with selection of proper tools for rough cutting process. Computer-Aided Design, 1994,126(11):822～831
8 Suh,YS,et al. NC milling tool path generationg for arbitrary pockets defined by sculptured surfaces. Computer-Aided Design, 1990,122(5): 273～284
9 Tlusty, J et al. New NC routines for quality in milling,Ann.CIRP 1990,139(4):315～326
10 Bala,M, et al.Automatic cutter selection and option and optimal cutter path generation for prismatic parts,Int J. Prod.Res, 1991, 129(11): 127～221
11 Millan K Yeung, et al. Curve fitting with arc splines for NC toolpath generation, Computer-Aided Ddsign, 1994,126(11):845～849
12 周济，周艳红．数控加工技术．国防工业出版社，2002：1～70
13 田文健．现代CAD中公差信息表示方法的研究概况．中国机械工程，1996，7(4)：59～62
14 马卫东等．基于实例与知识的智能CAPP策略．华中理工大学学报，1995，(2)：41～45
15 蔡力钢等．CAD／CAM集成环境下的回转类零件CAPP系统HZ—RCAP．华中理工大学学报，1995，(6)：83～87
16 胡庆夕等．用于DFM的工艺咨询方法的研究．华中理工大学学报，1996，(10)：15～18
17 邓超等．基于设备环境模型的多工艺方案决策．华中理工大学学报，1997，(3)：11～13
18 贾秀杰．回转体零件CAPP的工艺创成方法．机械工程师，2000，(3)：17～18
19 蔡青．机械工业中CAD／CAM现状与发展趋势．机械工程，1998，(3)：37～40
20 黄开亮．中国机械工业先进制造技术发展战略思考．机械与电子，1995，(1)：42～44
21 杨学桐等．我国数控产业现状与发展举措．中国机械工程，1999，10(3)：1081～1083
22 杨皖苏，严鸿和．机械科学与技术，1997，26(4)：1～6
23 陈玉祥．中国机械工程，1998，9(5)：1～4
24 周延佑．中国机械工程，1998，9(5)：5～24
25 Min-yang Y, Heeduck P. The prediction of cutting force in ball-end milling [J]. Int J Mach Tools Manufact, 1991,31(1):45～54.
26 仇启源，庞思勤。现代金属切削技术[M]．机械工业出版社，1992
27 Lee P, Altingtas Y. Prediction of ball-end forces from orthogonal cutting data [J]. Int J Mach Tools Manufact, 1996,36(9): 1059～1072
28 Yucesan G, Altingtas Y. Prediction of ball end milling forces [J]. ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry, 1996,118:95～103
29 Altingtas Y, Lee P. A general mechanics and dynamics model for helical end mills [J]. Annals of the CIRP, 1996, 45(1):59～64
30 Budak E, Altingtas Y. Prediction of milling force coefficients from orthogonal cutting data [J]. Asme journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 1996,118:216～224
31 Abrari F, Elbestawi M A, Spence A D.On the dynamics of ball-end milling:modeling of cutting forces and stability analysis[J]. Int J Mach Tools Manufact, 1998,38(3):215～237
32 马万太等．刚性的球头铣刀切削力模型．机械科学与技术，1998，17(3)422～424
33 P．Lee，y．Altintas．利用正交切削参数预测球头铣削力．国外金属加工 1997，(2)：14～22
34 MINYANG YANG，HEEDUCK PARK球头立铣中的切削力预测．国外金属加工，1993(1)：14～18
35 冯志勇，张大卫．一种新型的广义铣削力模型．中国机械工程，1998，9(4)：41～
53
36 Armargo E J A, Deshpardo N P. Computerized End Milling Force predictions with cutting Models Allowing for Eccentricity and Cutter Deflections. Annals of the CIRP, 1991,40(1):25～29
37 Bayoumi A E, Yucesan G, Kendall L A. Analytic Mechanistic Cutting Force Model for milling Operations:A Theory and Methodology.Trans.ASME,J.of Engineering for Industry, 1994,116(8):324～330
38 刘雄伟等，数控加工理论与编程技术．第二版．机械工业出版社，2000：80～125
39 Chin-Ching Lo.A new approach to CNC tool path generation. Computer-Aided Design 1998,30(8):649～655
40 张力等，环切区域加工分步式刀具轨迹生成算法研究．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，1999，11(6)：500～503
41 Yong Seok Suh, Kunwoo Lee. NC milling tool path generation for arbitrary pockets defined by sculptured surfaces. Computer-Aided Design, 199022(5):273～284
42 汤进等，一种基于等参线裁剪的刀具轨迹规划算法．华中理工大学学报，2000，28(4)：14～16
43 王知行等．一种新的数控加工刀具轨迹生成算法的研究．机械设计，2000，(11)：20～22
44 Y.-J.Lin,T.S.Lee.An adaptive tool path generation algorithm for precision surface machining. Computer-Aided Design, 1999,(31):303～315
45 D.C.H.Yang, Z.Han. Interference detection and optimal tool selection in 3-axis NC machining of free-form surfaces. Computer-Aided Design, 1999,(31):303～315
46 Alan C.Lin, Hai-Terng Liu. Automatic generation of NC cutter path from massive data points. Computer-Aided Design, 1998,30(1):77～90
47 杨光友等．数控车削加工刀具轨迹自动生成的算法研究．机械，2000，27(3)：12～13
48 马宏余等．基于铣削特征的刀具轨迹生成方法．华东船舶工业学院学报，2000，14(1)：60～66
49 赵葛霄．数控加工中刀具的选择与切削用量的确定．CAD／CAM，2000，(11)：46～48．
50 北京联合大学机械工程学院编．机夹可转位刀具手册．机械工业出版社，1998．
51 袁哲俊．金属切削刀具．上海科学技术出版社，1992．
52 杨广勇．金属切削原理与刀具[M]．北京理工大学出版社，1994，8．
53 太原市技术切削刀具协会．金属切削使用刀具技术．机械工业出版社，1993