三种苹果树形的冠层结构与果实品质的相关性研究
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摘要
本研究以垂柳形、小冠疏层形和主干疏层形富士苹果树为试材,采用了田间观测和室内生理生化测验相结合的方法,探讨富士苹果三种不同树形的冠层结构、光照分布体系与果实产量品质之间的相关性,从而为乔化密植果园改造、培养合理群体结构、改善果实品质,保持果园连续优质丰产等提供理论依据和果园常规管理技术指导。主要研究结果如下:
1.垂柳形苹果树枝类以短枝为主且全部下垂,短枝比例可达到86.6%;而主干疏层形修剪法仅进行枝组方位调整,骨干枝改造不彻底,光照条件虽有所改善,但效果不明显;小冠疏层形和主干疏层形短枝比例仅达到68.3%和59.3%。
2.垂柳形树冠内膛直接辐射透过系数和散射辐射透过系数均较大,分别达到0.18和0.16;相比之下,小冠疏层形与主干疏层形直接辐射透过系数和散射辐射透过系数明显偏低,与垂柳形差异显著。垂柳形冠层消光系数最低时只有0.675,使得中下部叶片可得到较好的光照,有利于果实产量和品质的提高;而小冠疏层形和主干疏层形的消光系数最低为0.848和0.830,对冠层中下部的光照强度影响很大,导致冠层中下部光照不足。垂柳形果树的叶面积指数也显著低于小冠疏层形与主干疏层形。
3.三种树形树冠内相对光照强度有明显的规律性,从上到下逐渐降低,并且各层次间差异显著;同一层次内相对光照强度从内膛到外围逐渐增大,但差异不显著。低效光区占其树冠体积的比例:垂柳形为13.89%、小冠疏层形为14.44%、主干疏层形为21.67%。
4.不同树形的苹果树,产量和果实的品质也存在较大差异。垂柳形苹果树的亩产量、果实着色、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、固酸比和糖酸比高于小冠疏层形,明显高于主干疏层形;硬度、果实含水量和可滴定酸含量则呈相反趋势;果型指数差异不明显。平均单果重和80以上果比例呈现出垂柳形优于主干疏层形优于小冠疏层形的趋势。
5.对于不同生长形态枝条来说,植物激素在枝条及叶片中含量不同。生长素(IAA)、玉米素(ZR)和赤霉素(GA)的含量呈现出下垂枝>水平枝>直立枝的趋势,而脱落酸(ABA)的含量恰恰相反。植物激素的含量与分布,对枝条生长形态影响重大。综上所述,垂柳形苹果树的光照分布体系、果园产量和果实品质均优于小冠疏层形和主干疏层形。综合分析所得数据,45% ~ 80%的相对光照强度是实现优质的最适光照取值。
The experiment had studied the relationship with canopy structure, relative light radiation intensity distribution, the fruit yield and quality within three canopy shapes of‘Fuji’Apple Tree ( Malus domestica Borkh cv. Red Fuji ) by using the methods of combining field biological and ecological investigation and indoor analysis. The three canopy shapes were weeping willow shape, small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape. This study provided theoretic base and instructively technical measures for reconstructing tree shape in denser planted orchards, cultivating reasonable population structure, improving fruit quality, maintaining continually high quality and fertility of orchards. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. The branches in weeping willow shape all dropped downhill and more than 86.6% of them were short shoot while the ratio was only 68.3% and 59.3% in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape. The effect was not obvious in the delay-open central leader shape although the condition of illumination had improved.
2. The TR and TD in the crown of the weeping willow shape were 0.18 and 0.16 and were significantly higher than that in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape. The K was only 0.675 while it was 0.848 and 0.830 in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape, therefore the illumination were better in the middle and lower layers of weeping willow shape than in other two shapes. On the contrary, The leaf area index was significantly lower.
3. The distribution of relative light intensity in the canopy gradually descended from upper to lower layer, from outer to inner layer. But the differences in horizontal direction were not as obvious as in vertical direction. The ratio of area of lower efficiency light was 13.89%、14.44% and 21.67% in weeping willow shape, small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape.
4. The yield and quality were quite different in different canopy shapes. The yield, pigmentation, soluble solids, soluble sugar, solids-acid ratio and sugar-acid ratio in weeping willow shape were significantly higher than those in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape, while the firmness, fruit water content and titratable acidity were significantly lower. The current of mean fruit and the proportion of over 80 fruit were better in weeping willow shape than in other two shapes.
5. The content of endogenous hormone in branches and leaves was different in diverse shapes of branches. It was the highest of the content of IAA, ZR and GA in downward branches and the lowest in upright branches, while the content of ABA was opposite. The content and distribution of endogenous hormone had an important effect on the modality of branches.
The results illustrated that the relative light radiation intensity distribution and the fruit yield and quality in weeping willow shape were all better than those in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape. The optimum range of relative light intensity for good quality in‘Fuji’apple was 45% ~ 80%.
1.垂柳形苹果树枝类以短枝为主且全部下垂,短枝比例可达到86.6%;而主干疏层形修剪法仅进行枝组方位调整,骨干枝改造不彻底,光照条件虽有所改善,但效果不明显;小冠疏层形和主干疏层形短枝比例仅达到68.3%和59.3%。
2.垂柳形树冠内膛直接辐射透过系数和散射辐射透过系数均较大,分别达到0.18和0.16;相比之下,小冠疏层形与主干疏层形直接辐射透过系数和散射辐射透过系数明显偏低,与垂柳形差异显著。垂柳形冠层消光系数最低时只有0.675,使得中下部叶片可得到较好的光照,有利于果实产量和品质的提高;而小冠疏层形和主干疏层形的消光系数最低为0.848和0.830,对冠层中下部的光照强度影响很大,导致冠层中下部光照不足。垂柳形果树的叶面积指数也显著低于小冠疏层形与主干疏层形。
3.三种树形树冠内相对光照强度有明显的规律性,从上到下逐渐降低,并且各层次间差异显著;同一层次内相对光照强度从内膛到外围逐渐增大,但差异不显著。低效光区占其树冠体积的比例:垂柳形为13.89%、小冠疏层形为14.44%、主干疏层形为21.67%。
4.不同树形的苹果树,产量和果实的品质也存在较大差异。垂柳形苹果树的亩产量、果实着色、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、固酸比和糖酸比高于小冠疏层形,明显高于主干疏层形;硬度、果实含水量和可滴定酸含量则呈相反趋势;果型指数差异不明显。平均单果重和80以上果比例呈现出垂柳形优于主干疏层形优于小冠疏层形的趋势。
5.对于不同生长形态枝条来说,植物激素在枝条及叶片中含量不同。生长素(IAA)、玉米素(ZR)和赤霉素(GA)的含量呈现出下垂枝>水平枝>直立枝的趋势,而脱落酸(ABA)的含量恰恰相反。植物激素的含量与分布,对枝条生长形态影响重大。综上所述,垂柳形苹果树的光照分布体系、果园产量和果实品质均优于小冠疏层形和主干疏层形。综合分析所得数据,45% ~ 80%的相对光照强度是实现优质的最适光照取值。
The experiment had studied the relationship with canopy structure, relative light radiation intensity distribution, the fruit yield and quality within three canopy shapes of‘Fuji’Apple Tree ( Malus domestica Borkh cv. Red Fuji ) by using the methods of combining field biological and ecological investigation and indoor analysis. The three canopy shapes were weeping willow shape, small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape. This study provided theoretic base and instructively technical measures for reconstructing tree shape in denser planted orchards, cultivating reasonable population structure, improving fruit quality, maintaining continually high quality and fertility of orchards. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. The branches in weeping willow shape all dropped downhill and more than 86.6% of them were short shoot while the ratio was only 68.3% and 59.3% in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape. The effect was not obvious in the delay-open central leader shape although the condition of illumination had improved.
2. The TR and TD in the crown of the weeping willow shape were 0.18 and 0.16 and were significantly higher than that in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape. The K was only 0.675 while it was 0.848 and 0.830 in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape, therefore the illumination were better in the middle and lower layers of weeping willow shape than in other two shapes. On the contrary, The leaf area index was significantly lower.
3. The distribution of relative light intensity in the canopy gradually descended from upper to lower layer, from outer to inner layer. But the differences in horizontal direction were not as obvious as in vertical direction. The ratio of area of lower efficiency light was 13.89%、14.44% and 21.67% in weeping willow shape, small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape.
4. The yield and quality were quite different in different canopy shapes. The yield, pigmentation, soluble solids, soluble sugar, solids-acid ratio and sugar-acid ratio in weeping willow shape were significantly higher than those in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape, while the firmness, fruit water content and titratable acidity were significantly lower. The current of mean fruit and the proportion of over 80 fruit were better in weeping willow shape than in other two shapes.
5. The content of endogenous hormone in branches and leaves was different in diverse shapes of branches. It was the highest of the content of IAA, ZR and GA in downward branches and the lowest in upright branches, while the content of ABA was opposite. The content and distribution of endogenous hormone had an important effect on the modality of branches.
The results illustrated that the relative light radiation intensity distribution and the fruit yield and quality in weeping willow shape were all better than those in small canopy shape and delay-open central leader shape. The optimum range of relative light intensity for good quality in‘Fuji’apple was 45% ~ 80%.
引文
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