基于节点位置和能量的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络作为一种全新的信息获取与处理技术,能够广泛应用在国防军事、环境监测、空间探索及物品跟踪等许多领域。无线传感器自身的特点及工作环境决定了节点的能量是严格受限的。如何有效地提高能量的利用效率,延长网络的生存时间,是无线传感器网络需要研究的首要问题。
本文在查阅相关文献的基础上,综述了无线传感器网络路由技术在国内外的研究现状。以LEACH路由协议为研究课题,在分析和比较现有主流无线传感器网络路由协议的优缺点,及其应用环境范围特点的基础上,对LEACH分层路由协议进行了详细具体的分析,指出了LEACH协议的优缺点。针对LEACH协议分簇过程中,簇头的随机产生,簇头在网络中的分布不合理的情况,本文进行了具体改进。
首先,本文对簇头数目比例的最优值进行了推导,得出在网络规模一定的情况下,簇头数目的最优比例。然后,通过对网络的区域进行划分,使簇头出现在固定区域内,以减少网络的能量消耗,并延长网络的生存时间。接着,以簇头间的距离作为出发点,在LEACH随机产生簇头的过程中,限制簇头间的距离,使簇头在网络中分布更加均匀,以此均衡网络的负载,减少能量的消耗,并延长网络的生存时间。
此外,本文还将网络中节点的位置信息与节点的剩余能量相结合,同时作为选簇考虑的指标,提出了一种LEACH改进算法,避免了原始LEACH算法随机选择簇头存在的缺点,降低了能量过低的节点成为簇头的概率,把传输消耗的能量尽可能平均地分担到各个节点。文中仿真结果的分析和比较表明,该改进算法在能量的节省及网络生存周期的延长等方面,性能得到明显提高。
最后,对本论文所作的工作进行了总结,指出了需要进一步研究的问题与方向。
As a new information capturing and processing technology, Wireless Sensor Networks can be widely applied in many areas, such as national military, environment monitoring, space exploration, indoor tracking etc. As WSN's own characteristics and the working conditions decide that the node's energy supply is strict limited, how to enhance the energy efficiency and prolong whole network's lifetime is the most important question needed to study.
Based on the analysis of related literatures, this thesis has summarized the domestic and the foreign present research status on WSN's routing protocols and selected the LEACH protocol as the main research topic. Based on the analysis and comparision of the mainstream WSN's routing protocols, including their application environment, We have studied the advantages and disanvantages of the LEACH protocol in detail. Aim at the disadvantages of LEACH, an improved protocol is proposed by stochastic selecting clusterheads, this make the clusterheads distributed uniformly.
First of all, the optimum number of the clusterheads is derived. Based on the dividision of the network cover region, the clusterheads are strained in the fixed area, and this has reduced the network's energy consumption and prolonged the network lifetime. Secondly, we have restricted the distance between clusterheads during the selecting process, made clusterheads uniformly distributed, the network load more even, the energy consumption more balanced, and the network lifetime is prolonged.
Besides, combining sensor's position information and the remain nodes energy, considering this two aspects as the standard of selecting clusterheads, an improved new algorithm which avoids the disadvantage of clusterheads random selecting is proposed. This algorithm reduce the possibility that the lower energy nodes to be the clusterhead, and average the transmission energy consumption of each node. The analysis and comparision of the simulation result show that this improved algorithm has obvious nice performance in network energy comsumption and the delay of network lifetime.
Finially, the main work of this thesis is summarized and the future research items of WSN routing protocols are prospected.
本文在查阅相关文献的基础上,综述了无线传感器网络路由技术在国内外的研究现状。以LEACH路由协议为研究课题,在分析和比较现有主流无线传感器网络路由协议的优缺点,及其应用环境范围特点的基础上,对LEACH分层路由协议进行了详细具体的分析,指出了LEACH协议的优缺点。针对LEACH协议分簇过程中,簇头的随机产生,簇头在网络中的分布不合理的情况,本文进行了具体改进。
首先,本文对簇头数目比例的最优值进行了推导,得出在网络规模一定的情况下,簇头数目的最优比例。然后,通过对网络的区域进行划分,使簇头出现在固定区域内,以减少网络的能量消耗,并延长网络的生存时间。接着,以簇头间的距离作为出发点,在LEACH随机产生簇头的过程中,限制簇头间的距离,使簇头在网络中分布更加均匀,以此均衡网络的负载,减少能量的消耗,并延长网络的生存时间。
此外,本文还将网络中节点的位置信息与节点的剩余能量相结合,同时作为选簇考虑的指标,提出了一种LEACH改进算法,避免了原始LEACH算法随机选择簇头存在的缺点,降低了能量过低的节点成为簇头的概率,把传输消耗的能量尽可能平均地分担到各个节点。文中仿真结果的分析和比较表明,该改进算法在能量的节省及网络生存周期的延长等方面,性能得到明显提高。
最后,对本论文所作的工作进行了总结,指出了需要进一步研究的问题与方向。
As a new information capturing and processing technology, Wireless Sensor Networks can be widely applied in many areas, such as national military, environment monitoring, space exploration, indoor tracking etc. As WSN's own characteristics and the working conditions decide that the node's energy supply is strict limited, how to enhance the energy efficiency and prolong whole network's lifetime is the most important question needed to study.
Based on the analysis of related literatures, this thesis has summarized the domestic and the foreign present research status on WSN's routing protocols and selected the LEACH protocol as the main research topic. Based on the analysis and comparision of the mainstream WSN's routing protocols, including their application environment, We have studied the advantages and disanvantages of the LEACH protocol in detail. Aim at the disadvantages of LEACH, an improved protocol is proposed by stochastic selecting clusterheads, this make the clusterheads distributed uniformly.
First of all, the optimum number of the clusterheads is derived. Based on the dividision of the network cover region, the clusterheads are strained in the fixed area, and this has reduced the network's energy consumption and prolonged the network lifetime. Secondly, we have restricted the distance between clusterheads during the selecting process, made clusterheads uniformly distributed, the network load more even, the energy consumption more balanced, and the network lifetime is prolonged.
Besides, combining sensor's position information and the remain nodes energy, considering this two aspects as the standard of selecting clusterheads, an improved new algorithm which avoids the disadvantage of clusterheads random selecting is proposed. This algorithm reduce the possibility that the lower energy nodes to be the clusterhead, and average the transmission energy consumption of each node. The analysis and comparision of the simulation result show that this improved algorithm has obvious nice performance in network energy comsumption and the delay of network lifetime.
Finially, the main work of this thesis is summarized and the future research items of WSN routing protocols are prospected.
引文
[1]Akyildiz IF.Su W.Sankarasubramaniam Y. Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks [J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,8(2):102-116.
[2]Chee-Yee Chong, Srikanta P. Kumar, Sensor Networks:Evolution, Opportunities, and Challenges[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.91(8),1247-1256, Aug.2003
[3]Shijin D, Xiaorong J, Lemin L.Research and Analysis on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems Proceedings, 2005.407-411.
[4]AKKAYA K, YOUNIS M. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks [J].Ad hoc Networks,2005,3(3):325-349.
[5]黎洪生,冯兴,刘苏敏.基于分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议分析.[J].机电产品开发与创新.Vol.21(6)Nov.2008.149-151
[6]Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A nantha P, Hari Balakrishnan. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks [J]. IEEE Trans on Wireless Communications,2002, 1(4):660-670.
[7]Manjeshwar A, Agrawal DP. TEEN:A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. Proceedings of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium[C]. San Francisco:IEEE Computer Society,2001.2009-2015.
[8]S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, PEGASIS:Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems, IEEE Aerospace Conf. Proc.,2002, vol.3,9-16, pp.1125-30.
[9]Younis O, Fahmy S.Heed:A hybrid,energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3(4):660-669.
[10]Kaihua Xu, Yongcan Jia, Yuhua Liu. A Novel Hierarchical Clustering Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Internet Computing in Science and Engineering,2008. International Conference on28-29 Jan.2008
[11]Guitang Wang, Honglei Zhu,Hui Dai, Liming Wu, Banghong Xiong. The Clustering Algorithm of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Multi-Hop between Clusters.2009 World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering.177-181.
[12]孙利民,李建中等.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社.北京.2005年5月.
[13]Melodia T,Pompili D,Akyildiz I F.On the Interdependence of distributed topology control and geographical routing in ad hoc and sensor networks.IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications,2005,23(3):520-533
[14]王殊,阎毓杰,胡富平,曲晓旭.无线传感器网络的理论及应用.2007年7月.
[15]Niculescu D, Americ N L.Communication paradigms for sensor networks [J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2005,43(3):116-122.
[16]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2005：222-244.
[17]MaoYe,Chengfa Li; Gui liai,Chen Wu, EECS:An energy effieient clustering seheme in wireless sensor networks. Peribrmanee, ComPuting, and Conununieations Conference,2005. IPCCC 2005.24th IEEE International 7-9 April 2005.535 - 540
[18]He T,Huang C,Blum B M,Stankovic J A,Abdelzaher T.Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks.In:Proc 9th Annual Int'l Conf on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),San Diego,CA.2003.81-35
[19]Miremadi S S,Fazeli M.Patooghyl A.et,al. Perfortmnce Evaluation of a Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,2006.220-230
[20]Zude Zhou, Wenjun Xu, Fangmin Li. Directed Diffusion Based on Link-Stabilizing Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks. To appear the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing, Hong Kong, China, July 11-13,2007.
[21]佘静涛,胡同森.无线传感器网络路由协议的研究与改进[J],计算机系统用用.2009.02：30-35
[22]Mhatre V, Rosenberg C. Design Guidelines for Wireless Sensor Networks:Communication, Clustering and Aggregation[J].AdHoc Networks,2004,2(1):45-63
[23]Deborah Estrin et al. Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing:A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report,UCLA-CSD TR-01-0023. May 2001
[24]Tian He, Stankovic J A, Chenyang Lu, et al. SPEED:a stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks.In:Proceedings 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.Los Alamitos, CA, USA:IEEE.Comput.Soc,2002.46-55
[25]陈闻杰,陈迅,高丽强,陈章龙,涂时亮.无线传感器网络成簇算法研究[J].小型微型计算机系统,2008,29(2)：219-225
[26]Ameer Ahmed Abbasi, Mohamed Younis.A Survey on Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks [J].Computer Communications,2007,30 (14):2826-2841.
[27]Tiand I, Nicolas D, Georgan S.A node scheduling scheme for energy conservation in large wireless sensor networks [J]. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2003,3(2):271-290
[28]Al-Karaki JN, Kamal AE. Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks:a survey, Wireless Communications., IEEE,2004,11, (6),6-28
[29]Shujuan Jin, Keqiu Li. LBCS:A Load Balanced Clustering Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks.2009 Third International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering.2009.4:221-226
[30]Chia-Hung Lin, Ming-Jer Tsai.A Comment on HEED:A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks'; Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on Volume 5, Issue 10, Oct.2006 Page(s):1471-1472
[31]M. Perillo, Z. Cheng, and W. Heinzelman, On the Problem of Unbalanced Load Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks, in Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops on Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks,2004, pp.74-79.
[32]Ye Mao, Li Cheng Fa, Chen Gui Hai, Wu Jie. An energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks [J]. International J ournal of Ad Hoc&Sensor Wireless Networks,2006,2.
[33]Du Sheng-Yong, Chai Qiao-Lin, Wang Hua. Clustering algorithm based on convergence degree.[J].Computer Applications,2006,(4):948-950
[34]Handy MJ, Haase M, Timmermann D. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic clusterhead selection [A]. Proc of the 4th IEEE Conf on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks[C].Stockholm:IEEE Communications Society,2002.368-372.
[35]周文安.无线通信原理与应用(第二版).北京：电子工业出版社,2004
[36]Xinhua Liu, Fangmin Li, Hailan Kuang, Xuehong Wu. The study of directed diffusion routing protocol based on clustering for wireless sensor network, Proc. Of the 6th WCICA. Dalian, China, June 2006.5120-5124.
[37]Liang Y, Zeng P, Yu H. Energy Adaptive Cluster-Head Selection for Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. 2006,35(2):141
[38]Tang qiang, Wang bingwen, Dai zhicheng. MS-Leach:A Routing Protocol Combining Multi-hop Transmissions and Single-hop Transmissions[C].2009 Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuits,Communications and System.2009.5:107-110
[39]周贤伟.无线传感器网络的路由算法研究[J].传感器学报,2006,19(2)：463-467
[40]DESCHR IJV ER G,KERRE E E,On the relationship between some extensions of fuzzy set theory[J].Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2003,133(2):227-235
[41]丁睿,南建国.基于LEACH协议簇头选择算法的改进[J].微计算机信息.2009.25-8(3).189-192
[42]Sanli O, Cam H H. Energy efficient differentiable coverage service protoco ls for wireless sensor network s [C]. Pervasive Computing and Communications Work shops,2005. PerCom 2005 Workshops. Third IEEE International Conference on,2005,406-410.
[43]Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing[C]. Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2001,70-84.
[44]Fan Xiangning, Song Yulin, Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network,2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications.2007.10:260-265
[45]马玉刚,周群彪.基于LEACH的无线传感器网络节能算法[J].计算机应用Vol.29 No.6.June 2009
[46]S. Soro, W. Heinzelman, Prolonging the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks via Unequal Clustering, Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS),2005.
[47]姜少峰,王明花CDCS一种基于质心的分布式成簇算法[J].计算机应用,2007,27(1)：1-6.
[48]QING L, ZHU Q, WANG M. A distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[J]. Journal of Software,2006,3.
[49]Yong Ma, James H A ylor. System lifetime optimization for heterogeneous sensor networks with a hub-spoke topology [J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3(3):286-294
[50]王伟伟,高仲合,王一飞.无线传感器网络的一种双簇头设计的拓扑控制算法[J].电脑与信息技术.2008,16(3)：40-43
[2]Chee-Yee Chong, Srikanta P. Kumar, Sensor Networks:Evolution, Opportunities, and Challenges[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.91(8),1247-1256, Aug.2003
[3]Shijin D, Xiaorong J, Lemin L.Research and Analysis on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems Proceedings, 2005.407-411.
[4]AKKAYA K, YOUNIS M. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks [J].Ad hoc Networks,2005,3(3):325-349.
[5]黎洪生,冯兴,刘苏敏.基于分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议分析.[J].机电产品开发与创新.Vol.21(6)Nov.2008.149-151
[6]Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A nantha P, Hari Balakrishnan. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks [J]. IEEE Trans on Wireless Communications,2002, 1(4):660-670.
[7]Manjeshwar A, Agrawal DP. TEEN:A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. Proceedings of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium[C]. San Francisco:IEEE Computer Society,2001.2009-2015.
[8]S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, PEGASIS:Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems, IEEE Aerospace Conf. Proc.,2002, vol.3,9-16, pp.1125-30.
[9]Younis O, Fahmy S.Heed:A hybrid,energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3(4):660-669.
[10]Kaihua Xu, Yongcan Jia, Yuhua Liu. A Novel Hierarchical Clustering Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Internet Computing in Science and Engineering,2008. International Conference on28-29 Jan.2008
[11]Guitang Wang, Honglei Zhu,Hui Dai, Liming Wu, Banghong Xiong. The Clustering Algorithm of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Multi-Hop between Clusters.2009 World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering.177-181.
[12]孙利民,李建中等.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社.北京.2005年5月.
[13]Melodia T,Pompili D,Akyildiz I F.On the Interdependence of distributed topology control and geographical routing in ad hoc and sensor networks.IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications,2005,23(3):520-533
[14]王殊,阎毓杰,胡富平,曲晓旭.无线传感器网络的理论及应用.2007年7月.
[15]Niculescu D, Americ N L.Communication paradigms for sensor networks [J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2005,43(3):116-122.
[16]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2005：222-244.
[17]MaoYe,Chengfa Li; Gui liai,Chen Wu, EECS:An energy effieient clustering seheme in wireless sensor networks. Peribrmanee, ComPuting, and Conununieations Conference,2005. IPCCC 2005.24th IEEE International 7-9 April 2005.535 - 540
[18]He T,Huang C,Blum B M,Stankovic J A,Abdelzaher T.Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks.In:Proc 9th Annual Int'l Conf on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),San Diego,CA.2003.81-35
[19]Miremadi S S,Fazeli M.Patooghyl A.et,al. Perfortmnce Evaluation of a Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,2006.220-230
[20]Zude Zhou, Wenjun Xu, Fangmin Li. Directed Diffusion Based on Link-Stabilizing Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks. To appear the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing, Hong Kong, China, July 11-13,2007.
[21]佘静涛,胡同森.无线传感器网络路由协议的研究与改进[J],计算机系统用用.2009.02：30-35
[22]Mhatre V, Rosenberg C. Design Guidelines for Wireless Sensor Networks:Communication, Clustering and Aggregation[J].AdHoc Networks,2004,2(1):45-63
[23]Deborah Estrin et al. Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing:A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report,UCLA-CSD TR-01-0023. May 2001
[24]Tian He, Stankovic J A, Chenyang Lu, et al. SPEED:a stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks.In:Proceedings 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.Los Alamitos, CA, USA:IEEE.Comput.Soc,2002.46-55
[25]陈闻杰,陈迅,高丽强,陈章龙,涂时亮.无线传感器网络成簇算法研究[J].小型微型计算机系统,2008,29(2)：219-225
[26]Ameer Ahmed Abbasi, Mohamed Younis.A Survey on Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks [J].Computer Communications,2007,30 (14):2826-2841.
[27]Tiand I, Nicolas D, Georgan S.A node scheduling scheme for energy conservation in large wireless sensor networks [J]. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2003,3(2):271-290
[28]Al-Karaki JN, Kamal AE. Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks:a survey, Wireless Communications., IEEE,2004,11, (6),6-28
[29]Shujuan Jin, Keqiu Li. LBCS:A Load Balanced Clustering Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks.2009 Third International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering.2009.4:221-226
[30]Chia-Hung Lin, Ming-Jer Tsai.A Comment on HEED:A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks'; Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on Volume 5, Issue 10, Oct.2006 Page(s):1471-1472
[31]M. Perillo, Z. Cheng, and W. Heinzelman, On the Problem of Unbalanced Load Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks, in Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops on Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks,2004, pp.74-79.
[32]Ye Mao, Li Cheng Fa, Chen Gui Hai, Wu Jie. An energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks [J]. International J ournal of Ad Hoc&Sensor Wireless Networks,2006,2.
[33]Du Sheng-Yong, Chai Qiao-Lin, Wang Hua. Clustering algorithm based on convergence degree.[J].Computer Applications,2006,(4):948-950
[34]Handy MJ, Haase M, Timmermann D. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic clusterhead selection [A]. Proc of the 4th IEEE Conf on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks[C].Stockholm:IEEE Communications Society,2002.368-372.
[35]周文安.无线通信原理与应用(第二版).北京：电子工业出版社,2004
[36]Xinhua Liu, Fangmin Li, Hailan Kuang, Xuehong Wu. The study of directed diffusion routing protocol based on clustering for wireless sensor network, Proc. Of the 6th WCICA. Dalian, China, June 2006.5120-5124.
[37]Liang Y, Zeng P, Yu H. Energy Adaptive Cluster-Head Selection for Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. 2006,35(2):141
[38]Tang qiang, Wang bingwen, Dai zhicheng. MS-Leach:A Routing Protocol Combining Multi-hop Transmissions and Single-hop Transmissions[C].2009 Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuits,Communications and System.2009.5:107-110
[39]周贤伟.无线传感器网络的路由算法研究[J].传感器学报,2006,19(2)：463-467
[40]DESCHR IJV ER G,KERRE E E,On the relationship between some extensions of fuzzy set theory[J].Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2003,133(2):227-235
[41]丁睿,南建国.基于LEACH协议簇头选择算法的改进[J].微计算机信息.2009.25-8(3).189-192
[42]Sanli O, Cam H H. Energy efficient differentiable coverage service protoco ls for wireless sensor network s [C]. Pervasive Computing and Communications Work shops,2005. PerCom 2005 Workshops. Third IEEE International Conference on,2005,406-410.
[43]Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing[C]. Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2001,70-84.
[44]Fan Xiangning, Song Yulin, Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network,2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications.2007.10:260-265
[45]马玉刚,周群彪.基于LEACH的无线传感器网络节能算法[J].计算机应用Vol.29 No.6.June 2009
[46]S. Soro, W. Heinzelman, Prolonging the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks via Unequal Clustering, Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS),2005.
[47]姜少峰,王明花CDCS一种基于质心的分布式成簇算法[J].计算机应用,2007,27(1)：1-6.
[48]QING L, ZHU Q, WANG M. A distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[J]. Journal of Software,2006,3.
[49]Yong Ma, James H A ylor. System lifetime optimization for heterogeneous sensor networks with a hub-spoke topology [J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3(3):286-294
[50]王伟伟,高仲合,王一飞.无线传感器网络的一种双簇头设计的拓扑控制算法[J].电脑与信息技术.2008,16(3)：40-43