千里光和额河千里光化学成分及生物活性研究
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摘要
千里光(Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham.)为菊科(Compositae)千里光属(Senecio L.)植物,主要分布于我国华东、中南、西南地区以及陕西和甘肃等地。千里光是我国应用历史悠久的常用中药,其性味苦、寒,入肺、肝、大肠经,具有清热解毒、凉血消肿、清肝明目等功效,主治疮疖痛肿、虫蛇咬伤、上呼吸道感染、扁桃体炎、咽喉炎、肺炎、眼结膜炎、痢疾以及骨髓造血功能障碍、脑炎、贫血等。额河千里光(Senecio argunensis Turcz.),又名羽叶千里光,斩龙草等,分布于我国东北、西北和华南等地区。地方药志中多有收载,以全草入药,具有清热解毒的功效,主治虫蛇咬伤、急性结膜炎、疮疖痈肿、骨髓造血功能障碍、脑炎、贫血等。本文初步研究了千里光和额河千里光的抗氧化及抗菌等生物活性,并对其脂溶性和挥发性化学成分进行了分析,主要研究结果如下:
(1)千里光和额河千里光茎、叶和花中挥发性成分的提取和分析挥发性成分采用水蒸馏法进行提取,气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术进行分析和鉴定。从千里光茎中鉴定出30种挥发性成分(主要为棕榈酸50.2%、亚油酸23.12%和亚麻酸甲酯15.52%),叶中鉴定出35种挥发性成分(主要为棕榈酸38.43%、亚麻酸甲酯18.35%、植醇11.13%和亚油酸9.02%),花中鉴定出36种挥发性成分(主要为棕榈酸37.14%和亚油酸7.47%);从额河千里光茎中鉴定出43种挥发性成分(主要为棕榈酸43.74%、β-荜澄茄烯21.38%和亚油酸13.15%),叶中鉴定出36种成分(主要为棕榈酸39.62%、亚麻酸甲酯23.39%和亚油酸14.85%),花中鉴定出36种成分(主要为β-荜澄茄烯18.68%和芹子烯内酯15.52%)。
(2)千里光和额河千里光根、茎、叶和花中脂溶性成分的提取和分析利用索氏提取法分别提取千里光和额河千里光根、茎、叶和花中的脂溶性成分,甲酯化处理之后,运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对其成分进行了分析和鉴定。从千里光根中鉴定出28种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸48.03%、棕榈酸22.19%和油酸10.51%),茎中鉴定出31种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸45.55%、棕榈酸20.05%和油酸18.85%),叶中鉴定出41种脂溶性成分(主要为亚麻酸34.27%、亚油酸27.75%和棕榈酸15.92%),花中鉴定出33种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸26.53%、棕榈酸24.06%和油酸22.53%);从额河千里光根中鉴定出32种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸50.69%和棕榈酸20.84%),茎中鉴定出33种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸45.76%、棕榈酸19.85%和亚麻酸14.39%),叶中鉴定出14种脂溶性成分(主要亚麻酸27.08%、亚油酸19.09%和棕榈酸15.97%),花中鉴定出21种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸18.44%、二十四烷13.78%和棕榈酸12.23%)。
(3)千里光和额河千里光提取物的体外抗氧化活性研究以千里光和额河千里光的根、茎、叶、花为材料,分别测定了两种植物不同器官以及额河千里光叶的不同极性溶剂提取物的总多酚含量、对DPPH·自由基的清除能力和对β-胡萝卜素/亚油酸体系的抗氧化作用。结果表明:在千里光和额河千里光不同器官提取物中,叶甲醇提取物的总多酚含量较高,在DPPH·自由基清除体系和β-胡萝卜素/亚油酸体系中抗氧化活性也较好。其中,千里光叶甲醇提取物对DPPH·自由基的清除能力与人工合成抗氧化剂BHT相当,其EC_(50)值分别为0.0209±0.0005(mg/mL)和0.0206±0.0004(mg/mL),额河千里光叶甲醇提取物的EC_(50)值为0.0354±0.0005(mg/mL)。在额河千里光叶三个不同极性溶剂的提取物中,乙酸乙酯提取物对DPPH·自由基的清除能力和在β-胡萝卜素/亚油酸体系中的抗氧化活性最强。
(4)千里光和额河千里光提取物的抑菌活性评价采用牛津杯法评价其根、茎、叶、花提取物的抑菌活性。实验结果表明,千里光和额河千里光的提取物对所试细菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。在所试浓度下,千里光不同器官甲醇提取物对表皮葡萄球菌的抑制作用均强于阳性对照盐酸四环素;额河千里光叶甲醇提取物对肺炎克雷伯氏菌的抑菌圈直径为16.3±1.2mm,接近盐酸四环素的抑菌圈(17.6±0.7mm);额河千里光叶乙酸乙酯提取物对所试细菌和酵母均有不同程度的抑制作用,其抑制效果明显优于石油醚、正丁醇和水提物,其中以普通变形菌最敏感,抑菌圈直径达22.0±2.4mm。
Senecio scandens Buch. -Ham., as one species of Senecio genus of Compositae family, distributes mainly in the East, South, South west, Shannxi and Gansu Province of Chian. The taste of this plant is biter and cool. It is a traditional Chinese medicine with the functions of clearing away heat and removing toxic substances, cooling blood to dissipate blood stasis and liver-clearing and improving acuity of sight. As one kind of folk medicines, it's usually used to treat furunculosis edema pain, bites of pest and snake, upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, laryngopharyngitis, pneumonia, eye conjunctivitis, dysentery, bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction, encephalitis and anemia. Senecio argunensis Turcz., whose another name is "Zhan Long Cao", as one species of Senecio genus of Compositae family, distributes mainly in the North east, North west and South of China. It has been registered in some local pharmacopeia. The whole herb has medicinal uses with the functions of clearing away heat and removing toxic substances. It's usually used to treat bites of pest and snake, acute conjunctivitis, furunculosis edema pain, bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction, encephalitis and anemia. Modern pharmaceutical studies showed that S. scandens possesses the effects on antibiotic, antivirus and antioxidant etc.. This paper preliminary studied the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extracts of S. scandens and S. argunensis using DPPH·free radical-scavenging systems,β-carotene/linoleic acid system and Oxford cup method. We also analyzed the fat-soluble constituents and volatile components of different parts of S. scandens and S. argunensis by gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The main results were as follows:
(1) Volatile components from the stems, leaves and flowers of S. scandens and S. argunensis were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 30, 35 and 36 compounds were identified in stems, leaves and flowers of S. scandens, respectively.The main volatile compounds in stems of S. scandens were palmitic acid (50.2%), linoleic acid (23.12%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (15.52%). The main volatile compounds in leaves of S. scandens were palmitic acid (50.2%), linolenic acid methyl ester (18.35%), phytol (11.13%) and linoleic acid (9.02%). The main volatile compounds in flowers of 5. scandens were palmitic acid (37.14%) and linoleic acid (7.47%). 43, 36 and 36 compounds were identified in stems, leaves and flowers of S. argunensis, respectively. The main volatile compounds in stems of S. argunensis were palmitic acid (43.74%),β-cubebene (21.38%) and linoleic acid (13.15%). The main volatile compounds in leaves of S. argunensis were palmitic acid (39.62%), linolenic acid methyl ester (23.39%) and linoleic acid (14.85%). The main volatile compounds in flowers of S. argunensis wereβ-cubebene (18.68%) and selina-6-en-4-ol (15.52%).
(2) Fat-soluble constituents from the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of S. scandens and S. argunensis were obtained by Soxlet extraction, derivated by methyl esterification and identified by gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 28, 31, 41 and 33 compounds were identified in roots, stems, leaves and flowers of S. scandens, respectively. The main fat-soluble compounds in roots of S. scandens were linoleic acid (48.03%), palmitic acid (22.19%) and oleic acid (10.51%). The main fat-soluble compounds in stems of S. scandens were linoleic acid (45.55%), palmitic acid (20.05%) and oleic acid (18.85%). The main fat-soluble compounds in leaves of S. scandens were linolenic acid (34.27%), linoleic acid (27.75%) and palmitic acid (15.92%). The main fat-soluble compounds in flowers of S. scandens were linoleic acid (26.53%), palmitic acid (24.06%) and oleic acid (22.53%). 32, 33, 14 and 21 compounds were identified in roots, stems, leaves and flowers of S. argunensis, respectively. The main fat-soluble compounds in roots of S. argunensis were linoleic acid (50.69%) and palmitic acid (20.84%). The main fat-soluble compounds in stems of S. argunensis were linoleic acid (45.76%), palmitic acid (19.85%) and linolenic acid (14.39%). The main fat-soluble compounds in leaves of S. argunensis were linolenic acid (27.08%), linoleic acid (19.09%) and palmitic acid (15.97%). The main fat-soluble compounds in flowers of S. argunensis were linoleic acid (18.44%), tetracosane (13.78%) and palmitic acid (12.23%).
(3) The extracts from different organs (roots, stems, leaves and flowers) of S. scandens and S. argunensis, and extracts of different solevents from leaves of S. argunensis were subjected to screening for their possible in vitro antioxidant activities by using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) free radical-scavenging assays andβ-carotene /linoleic acid system. And the contents of total phennolic compounds of different extracts were also determined. The results showed that all the extracts have dose-effect relationship in DPPH·free radical-scavenging assays. Among them, the extracts of the leaves both from S. scandens and S. argunensis exhibited the highest antioxidant activities among all of the extracts. The EC_(50) value of the extracts from leaves from S. scandens is 0.0209±0.0005 (mg/mL), which is equivalent to synthetic antioxidant BHT (EC_(50): 0.0206±0.0004 (mg/mL)). And the EC_(50) value of extracts from leaves of S. argunensis is 0.0354±0.0005 (mg/mL). Among the extracts with different polarity solevents from leaves of S. argunensis and extracts with acetoacetate have the highest antioxidant activities both in DPPH·free radical-scavenging system andβ-carotene/linoleic acid system.
(4) The extracts from different organs (roots, stems, leaves and flowers) of S. scandens and S. argunensis, and extracts of different solevents from leaves of S. argunensis were subjected to a screening for their possible antimicrobial activities by using the method of Oxford cup. The results showed that all the extracts were found to inhibit the growth of tested bacteria in some extent. At the tested concentration, the antimicrobial activities of extracts from different organs of S. scandens to Staphylococcus epidermidis are better than positive control Tetracycline hydrochloride. The Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae was sensitive to methanol extracts from leaves of S. argunensis, and the inhibition zone is 16.3±1.2 mm, which is close to Tetracycline hydrochloric-de(17.6±0.7 mm). The results also showed that the ethyl acetate extracts were found to inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested. And the inhibition effect of ethyl acetate extracts is better than n-butanol, water and petroleum ether extracts. Among these, Proteus vulgaris was the most sensitive bacteria, and it's inhibition zone is 22±2.4 mm.
(1)千里光和额河千里光茎、叶和花中挥发性成分的提取和分析挥发性成分采用水蒸馏法进行提取,气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术进行分析和鉴定。从千里光茎中鉴定出30种挥发性成分(主要为棕榈酸50.2%、亚油酸23.12%和亚麻酸甲酯15.52%),叶中鉴定出35种挥发性成分(主要为棕榈酸38.43%、亚麻酸甲酯18.35%、植醇11.13%和亚油酸9.02%),花中鉴定出36种挥发性成分(主要为棕榈酸37.14%和亚油酸7.47%);从额河千里光茎中鉴定出43种挥发性成分(主要为棕榈酸43.74%、β-荜澄茄烯21.38%和亚油酸13.15%),叶中鉴定出36种成分(主要为棕榈酸39.62%、亚麻酸甲酯23.39%和亚油酸14.85%),花中鉴定出36种成分(主要为β-荜澄茄烯18.68%和芹子烯内酯15.52%)。
(2)千里光和额河千里光根、茎、叶和花中脂溶性成分的提取和分析利用索氏提取法分别提取千里光和额河千里光根、茎、叶和花中的脂溶性成分,甲酯化处理之后,运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对其成分进行了分析和鉴定。从千里光根中鉴定出28种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸48.03%、棕榈酸22.19%和油酸10.51%),茎中鉴定出31种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸45.55%、棕榈酸20.05%和油酸18.85%),叶中鉴定出41种脂溶性成分(主要为亚麻酸34.27%、亚油酸27.75%和棕榈酸15.92%),花中鉴定出33种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸26.53%、棕榈酸24.06%和油酸22.53%);从额河千里光根中鉴定出32种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸50.69%和棕榈酸20.84%),茎中鉴定出33种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸45.76%、棕榈酸19.85%和亚麻酸14.39%),叶中鉴定出14种脂溶性成分(主要亚麻酸27.08%、亚油酸19.09%和棕榈酸15.97%),花中鉴定出21种脂溶性成分(主要为亚油酸18.44%、二十四烷13.78%和棕榈酸12.23%)。
(3)千里光和额河千里光提取物的体外抗氧化活性研究以千里光和额河千里光的根、茎、叶、花为材料,分别测定了两种植物不同器官以及额河千里光叶的不同极性溶剂提取物的总多酚含量、对DPPH·自由基的清除能力和对β-胡萝卜素/亚油酸体系的抗氧化作用。结果表明:在千里光和额河千里光不同器官提取物中,叶甲醇提取物的总多酚含量较高,在DPPH·自由基清除体系和β-胡萝卜素/亚油酸体系中抗氧化活性也较好。其中,千里光叶甲醇提取物对DPPH·自由基的清除能力与人工合成抗氧化剂BHT相当,其EC_(50)值分别为0.0209±0.0005(mg/mL)和0.0206±0.0004(mg/mL),额河千里光叶甲醇提取物的EC_(50)值为0.0354±0.0005(mg/mL)。在额河千里光叶三个不同极性溶剂的提取物中,乙酸乙酯提取物对DPPH·自由基的清除能力和在β-胡萝卜素/亚油酸体系中的抗氧化活性最强。
(4)千里光和额河千里光提取物的抑菌活性评价采用牛津杯法评价其根、茎、叶、花提取物的抑菌活性。实验结果表明,千里光和额河千里光的提取物对所试细菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。在所试浓度下,千里光不同器官甲醇提取物对表皮葡萄球菌的抑制作用均强于阳性对照盐酸四环素;额河千里光叶甲醇提取物对肺炎克雷伯氏菌的抑菌圈直径为16.3±1.2mm,接近盐酸四环素的抑菌圈(17.6±0.7mm);额河千里光叶乙酸乙酯提取物对所试细菌和酵母均有不同程度的抑制作用,其抑制效果明显优于石油醚、正丁醇和水提物,其中以普通变形菌最敏感,抑菌圈直径达22.0±2.4mm。
Senecio scandens Buch. -Ham., as one species of Senecio genus of Compositae family, distributes mainly in the East, South, South west, Shannxi and Gansu Province of Chian. The taste of this plant is biter and cool. It is a traditional Chinese medicine with the functions of clearing away heat and removing toxic substances, cooling blood to dissipate blood stasis and liver-clearing and improving acuity of sight. As one kind of folk medicines, it's usually used to treat furunculosis edema pain, bites of pest and snake, upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, laryngopharyngitis, pneumonia, eye conjunctivitis, dysentery, bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction, encephalitis and anemia. Senecio argunensis Turcz., whose another name is "Zhan Long Cao", as one species of Senecio genus of Compositae family, distributes mainly in the North east, North west and South of China. It has been registered in some local pharmacopeia. The whole herb has medicinal uses with the functions of clearing away heat and removing toxic substances. It's usually used to treat bites of pest and snake, acute conjunctivitis, furunculosis edema pain, bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction, encephalitis and anemia. Modern pharmaceutical studies showed that S. scandens possesses the effects on antibiotic, antivirus and antioxidant etc.. This paper preliminary studied the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extracts of S. scandens and S. argunensis using DPPH·free radical-scavenging systems,β-carotene/linoleic acid system and Oxford cup method. We also analyzed the fat-soluble constituents and volatile components of different parts of S. scandens and S. argunensis by gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The main results were as follows:
(1) Volatile components from the stems, leaves and flowers of S. scandens and S. argunensis were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 30, 35 and 36 compounds were identified in stems, leaves and flowers of S. scandens, respectively.The main volatile compounds in stems of S. scandens were palmitic acid (50.2%), linoleic acid (23.12%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (15.52%). The main volatile compounds in leaves of S. scandens were palmitic acid (50.2%), linolenic acid methyl ester (18.35%), phytol (11.13%) and linoleic acid (9.02%). The main volatile compounds in flowers of 5. scandens were palmitic acid (37.14%) and linoleic acid (7.47%). 43, 36 and 36 compounds were identified in stems, leaves and flowers of S. argunensis, respectively. The main volatile compounds in stems of S. argunensis were palmitic acid (43.74%),β-cubebene (21.38%) and linoleic acid (13.15%). The main volatile compounds in leaves of S. argunensis were palmitic acid (39.62%), linolenic acid methyl ester (23.39%) and linoleic acid (14.85%). The main volatile compounds in flowers of S. argunensis wereβ-cubebene (18.68%) and selina-6-en-4-ol (15.52%).
(2) Fat-soluble constituents from the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of S. scandens and S. argunensis were obtained by Soxlet extraction, derivated by methyl esterification and identified by gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 28, 31, 41 and 33 compounds were identified in roots, stems, leaves and flowers of S. scandens, respectively. The main fat-soluble compounds in roots of S. scandens were linoleic acid (48.03%), palmitic acid (22.19%) and oleic acid (10.51%). The main fat-soluble compounds in stems of S. scandens were linoleic acid (45.55%), palmitic acid (20.05%) and oleic acid (18.85%). The main fat-soluble compounds in leaves of S. scandens were linolenic acid (34.27%), linoleic acid (27.75%) and palmitic acid (15.92%). The main fat-soluble compounds in flowers of S. scandens were linoleic acid (26.53%), palmitic acid (24.06%) and oleic acid (22.53%). 32, 33, 14 and 21 compounds were identified in roots, stems, leaves and flowers of S. argunensis, respectively. The main fat-soluble compounds in roots of S. argunensis were linoleic acid (50.69%) and palmitic acid (20.84%). The main fat-soluble compounds in stems of S. argunensis were linoleic acid (45.76%), palmitic acid (19.85%) and linolenic acid (14.39%). The main fat-soluble compounds in leaves of S. argunensis were linolenic acid (27.08%), linoleic acid (19.09%) and palmitic acid (15.97%). The main fat-soluble compounds in flowers of S. argunensis were linoleic acid (18.44%), tetracosane (13.78%) and palmitic acid (12.23%).
(3) The extracts from different organs (roots, stems, leaves and flowers) of S. scandens and S. argunensis, and extracts of different solevents from leaves of S. argunensis were subjected to screening for their possible in vitro antioxidant activities by using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) free radical-scavenging assays andβ-carotene /linoleic acid system. And the contents of total phennolic compounds of different extracts were also determined. The results showed that all the extracts have dose-effect relationship in DPPH·free radical-scavenging assays. Among them, the extracts of the leaves both from S. scandens and S. argunensis exhibited the highest antioxidant activities among all of the extracts. The EC_(50) value of the extracts from leaves from S. scandens is 0.0209±0.0005 (mg/mL), which is equivalent to synthetic antioxidant BHT (EC_(50): 0.0206±0.0004 (mg/mL)). And the EC_(50) value of extracts from leaves of S. argunensis is 0.0354±0.0005 (mg/mL). Among the extracts with different polarity solevents from leaves of S. argunensis and extracts with acetoacetate have the highest antioxidant activities both in DPPH·free radical-scavenging system andβ-carotene/linoleic acid system.
(4) The extracts from different organs (roots, stems, leaves and flowers) of S. scandens and S. argunensis, and extracts of different solevents from leaves of S. argunensis were subjected to a screening for their possible antimicrobial activities by using the method of Oxford cup. The results showed that all the extracts were found to inhibit the growth of tested bacteria in some extent. At the tested concentration, the antimicrobial activities of extracts from different organs of S. scandens to Staphylococcus epidermidis are better than positive control Tetracycline hydrochloride. The Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae was sensitive to methanol extracts from leaves of S. argunensis, and the inhibition zone is 16.3±1.2 mm, which is close to Tetracycline hydrochloric-de(17.6±0.7 mm). The results also showed that the ethyl acetate extracts were found to inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested. And the inhibition effect of ethyl acetate extracts is better than n-butanol, water and petroleum ether extracts. Among these, Proteus vulgaris was the most sensitive bacteria, and it's inhibition zone is 22±2.4 mm.
引文
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