E-Learning知识共享与适应性应用环境研究
|
摘要
本文针对e-Learning知识共享与适应性应用环境的构建问题，从体系结构、知识资源语义、知识资源管理、适应性知识集成等方面进行了深入研究。
采用层次结构建模方法，构建了一种基于元数据的e-Learning知识环境体系结构——KEEM，并分析了各层的功能和技术支持。通过建立由下到上的网络传输层、数据交换层、语法层、语义层、服务层和应用层，明确了e-Learning知识环境相关技术的集成方法，降低了系统分析和设计的复杂程度。KEEM体系结构具有模块化、开放性和有效性的特点，为建立不同层次的知识共享规范和知识应用方法奠定了体系结构基础。
以语义Web理论为基础，通过采用本体进行知识基建模，结合智能教学系统的有关理论和方法，建立了教育资源本体作为e-Learning知识资源语义体系，并对该体系中的各类本体进行了形式化定义和范例分析。该体系包括概念本体、知识本体、教学策略本体、学生模型本体、教学任务本体和教学应用本体。通过建立UML类图分析了教育资源本体的关联和协作能力。教育资源本体在适应性知识集成、基于本体的深度知识资源获取方面具有很好的支持能力。它为e-Learning全面知识共享和适应性应用提供了知识语义基础。
采用Web服务技术，在分析了分布式系统拓扑结构和Web信息服务方式的基础上，提出了一种新的基于Web服务的分布知识资源管理结构，并从Web服务定义、UDDI服务注册中心和LMS(学习管理系统)资源代理等方面探讨了服务层模型的各部分内容。采用UML顺序图分析了知识资源获取的应用流程，介绍了基于本体获取知识资源的方法。该结构综合了集中访问结构与点到点对等访问结构的优势，可以更好地满足知识资源的分布管理和开放获取。
首次探讨了可视化建模语言Petri网对适应性知识集成的支持。在定义了基本Petri网、着色Petri网、层次着色Petri网的基础上，建立了一个支持适应性知识集成的形式化模型——TeachNet。该模型采用色彩表现学生模型和知识特性，通过导航结构和条件表达式体现教学策略，可以实现在学生模型和教学策略支持下的适应性知识集成。它支持层次化、网状课程体第结构，并且具有形式化、可视化的特点，具有动态反映学生学习过程中的能力。该模型为适应性知识集成研究和可视化知识集成工具开发提供了一种新方法。
本文最后还介绍了一个e-Learning知识环境原型系统的实现，分析了系统总体结构、功能、数据模型以及相关实现技术，简介了几个主要模块。
This thesis aims at constructing an environment for knowledge sharing and adaptive application in e-Learning. Some investigations including architecture, knowledge semantic, knowledge management, knowledge services and knowledge aggregation are made.
A layered principle is suggested to model the e-Learning knowledge environment based on metadata. A layered architecture which consists six layers down to top: network transport layer, data exchange layer, syntax layer, semantic layer, services layer and application layer is proposed, the functions and techniques in several main layers and the relationships between adjacent layers are analyzed. It unifies the relative techniques such as network application, computer application, knowledge management and education technique in the same model. The layered model reduces the design complexity, and makes the system become modular, open and effective.
Based on semantic Web, ontology and knowledge base model are demonstrated, with regard to Intelligent Tutoring System techniques, education resource ontology are presented and defined in formalization, some examples are given. It includes concept ontology, domain knowledge ontology, pedagogical ontology, student model ontology, teach task ontology and teach application ontology, which provide semantic for knowledge sharing and adaptive application. The conjunction of education resource ontology are analyzed in UML (Unified Model Language), which shows education resource ontology can support well in knowledge sharing, knowledge capturing and knowledge adaptive application.
On the basis of analyzing the topology of distributed system, a new knowledge management structure are introduced based on Web services technique and some important aspects of it are discussed, such as the method of establishing knowledge services, UDDI service center, LMS (Learning Management System) resource agent. The procedures of knowledge capturing in several conditions are described in UML sequence diagram. This structure benefits from both Client/Server and Peer-to-peer network. It can fulfill the needs of distributed knowledge management and open services better.
The visual language Petri nets is used in adaptive knowledge aggregation for the first time. After defining basic Petri nets, Coloured Petri nets and hierarchy Coloured Petri nets, a model for adaptive knowledge aggregation named TeachNet is proposed and defined in formalization. It denotes the character of domain knowledge and student mode in coloured tokens and expresses teaching strategies with navigation structure and condition expressions, so it can support adaptive knowledge aggregation involving student model and teaching strategy visual. It provides a new method for developing knowledge aggregation tools and gives a good reference for knowledge aggregation research.
At last, a prototype system for e-Learning knowledge environment are designed, the system structure, functions, data schema and some relative techniques for implementation are discussed.
采用层次结构建模方法，构建了一种基于元数据的e-Learning知识环境体系结构——KEEM，并分析了各层的功能和技术支持。通过建立由下到上的网络传输层、数据交换层、语法层、语义层、服务层和应用层，明确了e-Learning知识环境相关技术的集成方法，降低了系统分析和设计的复杂程度。KEEM体系结构具有模块化、开放性和有效性的特点，为建立不同层次的知识共享规范和知识应用方法奠定了体系结构基础。
以语义Web理论为基础，通过采用本体进行知识基建模，结合智能教学系统的有关理论和方法，建立了教育资源本体作为e-Learning知识资源语义体系，并对该体系中的各类本体进行了形式化定义和范例分析。该体系包括概念本体、知识本体、教学策略本体、学生模型本体、教学任务本体和教学应用本体。通过建立UML类图分析了教育资源本体的关联和协作能力。教育资源本体在适应性知识集成、基于本体的深度知识资源获取方面具有很好的支持能力。它为e-Learning全面知识共享和适应性应用提供了知识语义基础。
采用Web服务技术，在分析了分布式系统拓扑结构和Web信息服务方式的基础上，提出了一种新的基于Web服务的分布知识资源管理结构，并从Web服务定义、UDDI服务注册中心和LMS(学习管理系统)资源代理等方面探讨了服务层模型的各部分内容。采用UML顺序图分析了知识资源获取的应用流程，介绍了基于本体获取知识资源的方法。该结构综合了集中访问结构与点到点对等访问结构的优势，可以更好地满足知识资源的分布管理和开放获取。
首次探讨了可视化建模语言Petri网对适应性知识集成的支持。在定义了基本Petri网、着色Petri网、层次着色Petri网的基础上，建立了一个支持适应性知识集成的形式化模型——TeachNet。该模型采用色彩表现学生模型和知识特性，通过导航结构和条件表达式体现教学策略，可以实现在学生模型和教学策略支持下的适应性知识集成。它支持层次化、网状课程体第结构，并且具有形式化、可视化的特点，具有动态反映学生学习过程中的能力。该模型为适应性知识集成研究和可视化知识集成工具开发提供了一种新方法。
本文最后还介绍了一个e-Learning知识环境原型系统的实现，分析了系统总体结构、功能、数据模型以及相关实现技术，简介了几个主要模块。
This thesis aims at constructing an environment for knowledge sharing and adaptive application in e-Learning. Some investigations including architecture, knowledge semantic, knowledge management, knowledge services and knowledge aggregation are made.
A layered principle is suggested to model the e-Learning knowledge environment based on metadata. A layered architecture which consists six layers down to top: network transport layer, data exchange layer, syntax layer, semantic layer, services layer and application layer is proposed, the functions and techniques in several main layers and the relationships between adjacent layers are analyzed. It unifies the relative techniques such as network application, computer application, knowledge management and education technique in the same model. The layered model reduces the design complexity, and makes the system become modular, open and effective.
Based on semantic Web, ontology and knowledge base model are demonstrated, with regard to Intelligent Tutoring System techniques, education resource ontology are presented and defined in formalization, some examples are given. It includes concept ontology, domain knowledge ontology, pedagogical ontology, student model ontology, teach task ontology and teach application ontology, which provide semantic for knowledge sharing and adaptive application. The conjunction of education resource ontology are analyzed in UML (Unified Model Language), which shows education resource ontology can support well in knowledge sharing, knowledge capturing and knowledge adaptive application.
On the basis of analyzing the topology of distributed system, a new knowledge management structure are introduced based on Web services technique and some important aspects of it are discussed, such as the method of establishing knowledge services, UDDI service center, LMS (Learning Management System) resource agent. The procedures of knowledge capturing in several conditions are described in UML sequence diagram. This structure benefits from both Client/Server and Peer-to-peer network. It can fulfill the needs of distributed knowledge management and open services better.
The visual language Petri nets is used in adaptive knowledge aggregation for the first time. After defining basic Petri nets, Coloured Petri nets and hierarchy Coloured Petri nets, a model for adaptive knowledge aggregation named TeachNet is proposed and defined in formalization. It denotes the character of domain knowledge and student mode in coloured tokens and expresses teaching strategies with navigation structure and condition expressions, so it can support adaptive knowledge aggregation involving student model and teaching strategy visual. It provides a new method for developing knowledge aggregation tools and gives a good reference for knowledge aggregation research.
At last, a prototype system for e-Learning knowledge environment are designed, the system structure, functions, data schema and some relative techniques for implementation are discussed.
引文
[1] 何克抗，基于Internet的教育网络与21世纪的教育革新，http：//202．112．88．32/论著选摘/何克抗/JiYu-Internet．htm，1998。
[2] Ellen D. Wagner, PH.D. Emerging Technology Trends in eLearning, http://www.linezine.com,2000.5.
[3] 刘晓强，陈家训，Internet对远程教育的技术支持分析，电化教育研究，2000．12，40-42。
[4] Ashok Patel, ect. Designing Life-Long Learning Systems for Numeric Domains, Educational Technology, September-October, 1999, 8-11.
[5] Susanna Tsai and Paulo Machado, "E-Learning, Online Learning, Web-based Learning, or Distance Learning", http://www.elearning.org. 2002.4.
[6] H.Maurer, A Critical Look at Current Web Based Training Efforts, Proceedings of ICCE'98, 30-33.
[7] Gilbert J.E. and Han C.Y., Adapting Instruction in Search of 'A Significant Difference', Journal of Network and Computer Application, 22. 1999.
[8] Woolf, B. 1992. AI in Education. Encyclopedia of Artificial In Shapiro, S., ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 434-440.
[9] Carbonell J R. AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligent Approach to Computer-Aided Instruction. IEEE Trans on Man-Machine System, 1970,11 (4), 190～202.
[10] Burton J S, Burton R R, deKleer J. Pedalogical, Natural Language and Knowledge Engineering Techniques in SOPHIE Ⅰ, Ⅱ,Ⅲ. IN: D Sleeman, J S Brown eds. Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Newyork: Academia Press, 1982, 227～279.
[11] Shortliffe E H. Computer-based Medical Consultations: MYCIN. New York: American Elsecier, 1976.
[12] Clancey W J. The Epistemology of A Rule-based Expert System—A Framework for Explanation. Artificial Intellifence, 1983, 20(3): 215～251.
[13] Clancey W J. Knowledge-based Tutoring. Cambridge, MA MIT Press, 1987.
[14] TAO ITS Evaluates the Tactical Performance of Naval Officers, http://www.stottlerhenke.com/solutions/training/taoits.htm.
[15] Joseph Beck, Mia Stem, and Erik Haugsjaa, Applications of AI in Education, http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds3-1/aied.html, 2001.
[16] Jim Ong and Sowmya Ramaehandran, "Intelligent Tutoring System: The What and The How", http://www.learningcircuits.org/feb2000/ong.html, 2000.
[17] Design of Intelligent Education System Using Multi-Strata Modeling Concept. ICCE'98,Vol. 1,305-311.
[18] Brusilovsky, P., Intelligent Tutoring Systems for World-Wide-Web. In Holzapfel, R. (ed.) Proc. Of Third International WWW Conference (Posters), Darmstadt, Fraunhofer Institute
for Computer Graphics, 1995, 42-45.
[19] Brusilovsky, P., Adaptive Educational Systems on the World Wide Web. In: Ayala, G. (ed.) Proc. Of WorkShop "Current trends and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Education" at the 14th World Congress on Expert Systems, Mexico City, mexico, ITESM, 1998, 9-16.
[20] Brusilovsky, P.Adaptive and Intelligent Technologies for Web-based Education. In C. Rollinger and C. Peylo (eds.), Special Issue on Intelligent Systems and Tele teaching, Künstliche Intelligenz, 4, 1999, 19-25.
[21] Anderson, J.R. and Reiser B.: The LISP tutor. Byte 10, 4, 1985, 159-175.
[22] Computer Support for Learns Using Intelligent Educational Agents: the Way Forward, Proceeding of ICCE'98, 1998, vol.1,211-219.
[23] Artificial Agents in Distance Education, International of Educational Telecommunications, 1995, (2/3), 263-282.
[24] Bayesian Student Modelling and Decision-Theoretic Selection of Tutorial Actions in Intelligent Tutoring Systems, A Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Compute Science in the University of Canterbury, 2001.
[25] Villano, M. Probabilistic Students Models: Bayesian Belief Networks and Knowledge Spac Theory. In Second International Conference on Intelligent tutoring System, Montreal, Canada, 1992, 491-498.
[26] Petrushin, V. A. And Sinista, K. M. Using Probabilistic Reasoning Techniques for Learner Modeling, World Conference on AI in Education, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1993, 418-425.
[27] Autores: Carro, R.M., Pulido, E., Rodriguez, P.A Co-operative Distributed Environment for Adaptive Web-based Education, Third Workshop on Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia, Denmark, 2001,203-204.
[28] Oda, T., Satoh, H., and Watanabe, S,: Searching Deadlocked Web Learners by Measuring Similarity of Learning Activities. In: Proc. Of Workshop "WWW-Based Tutoring" at 4th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS'98), San Antonio, TX, 1998.
[29] M. S. Vijay Kumar, Jeff Merriman, and Phillip D. Long, Building "Open Frameworks for Education". EduCAUSE review, November/December, 2001.
[30] The IMS Learning Resource Meta-data Information Model, http://www.imsglobal.org, 2001.10.
[31] LTSC IEEE, Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata, http://ltsc,ieee.org/doc/wgl2, 2002.
[32] Aviation Industry CBT Committee, AICC Guidelines & Recommendations for CMI, http://www.aicc.org/pages/down-docs-index.htm.
[33] Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) Documents, http://dublincore.org/documents.
[34] 孟晓峰，“Web数据管理研究综述”，计算机研究与发展，Vol．38，No．4，2001．4，385-395。
[35] Kokkoras F., Sampson D.G., and Vlahavas I:, CG-PerLS: Conceptual Graphs for
Personalized Learning Systems, 8th Panhellenic Conf. On Informatics, Cyprus, Nov.2001.
[36] N. Vassiliadis, F. Kokoras, I. Vlahavas and D.Sampson, "An Intelligent Educational Metadata Repository", in C. Leondes (Editor) Intelligent Systems: Technology and Applications, Databases and Learning Systems, CPC Press, vol 4, 2003, 297-337.
[37] Rosa María Carro, Estrella Pulido, Pilar Rodríguez, Designing Adaptive Web-based Courses with TANGOW, 7th International Conference on Computers in Education, ICCE'99,Proceedings, Chiba, Japan, Vol.2, 1999, 697-704.
[38] MIT Open Knowledge Initiative, http://web.mit.edu/oki.
[39] Wolfgang Nejdl etc, Personalized Access to Distributed Learning Repositories, http://www.learninglab.de/pdf/L3S_padlr_17.pdf , 2001.
[40] Darrell Woelk, E-Learning, Semantic web Services and Competency ontologies, Proceedings of the ED-MEDIA World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Denver, CO, June 2002.
[41] The SCORM Content Aggregation Version 1.2 MetaData Model, http://www.adlnet.org, 2001.10.
[42] ADL Technical Team, SCORM Version 1.2 XML Controlling Document Advanced Distributed Learning SCORM Version 1.2 Content Packaging XML XSD, 2001.
[43] LRN 3.0 Toolkit, http://www.microsoft.com/elearn/.
[44] JA-SIG--Java in Administration Special Interest Group, http://www.ja-sig.org/.
[45] 李昇暾，林居鸿等，开放式元件化符合 SCORM标准之即时多媒体串流e-Learning系统, http://www.cse.nsysu.edu.tw/softwarecontest/introduction/file 12.doc 。
[46] Gurer D W Jardins M Schlager M. Representing a Student Learning States and Transitions. AAAI Spring Symp on Representing Mental States and Mechanisms, Standford CA 1995.
[47] Brusilovsky, P., Pesin, L., ISIS-Tutor: An Intelligent Learning Enviroment for CDS/ISIS Users. CLCE'94, Finland, http://cs.joensuu.fi/～mtuki/www-clce.270296/Brusilov.html, 1994.
[48] Stern, M.: The Difficulties in Web-Based Tutoring, and Some Possible Solutions. Workshop on Intelligent Educational Systems on the WWW, Eighth World Conference of the AIED Society, Japan. http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/～plb/AIED97_workshop/Stern.html, 1997.
[49]. Beaumont, I.H. User Modelling in the Interactive Anatomy Tutoring System ANATOM- TUTOR. Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia. Kluwer Academic Pub, 1998, 91-116.
[50] Goldberg, M.W., Salari, S., Swoboda, P.: World Wide Web - Course Tool: An Environment for Building WWW-Based Courses. Fifth International WWW Conference, Paris, France, http://www5conf.inria.fr/fich_html/papers/P29/Overview.html, 1996.
[51] Vassileva, J, Dynamic Courseware Generation: at the Cross Point of CAL, ITS and Authoring. Proceedings of International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE'95), Singapoore, 1995, 290-297.
[52] Vassileva, J., Dynamic Courseware Generation on the WWW, Proceedings 8th World
Conference of the AIED Society. Kobe, Japan, 1997, 498-505.
[53] Weber, G. and Specht, M. User modeling and Adaptive Navigation Support in WWW based Tutoring Systems. Proceedings 6th International Conference on User Modeling (UM97). Sardinia, Italy, 1997.
[54] Macros, J.A. and Castells, P. Interactive Design of Adaptive Courses. 2° Simposio International de Informática Educativa (SIIE'2000). Puertollano, 2000.
[55] José A. Macías and Pablo Castells, An Authoring Tool for Building Adaptive Learning Guidance Systems on the Web, Proceedings of The Sixth International Computer Science Conference on Active Media Technology (AMT'01), Hong Kong, 2001.
[56] Speteh, M., Kravcik, M., Pesin, L., Klemke, R. Authoring Adaptive Educational Hypermedia in WINDS. ABIS-Workshop 2001 in "Lernen - Lehren - Wissen - Adaptivitt" (LLWA 01)o 8-10. Dortmund, Germany, 2001.
[57] Carro R.M., E. and Rodriguez, P. Dynamic Generation of Adaptive Internet-based Courses. Journal of Network and Computer Application. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 1999, 249-257.
[58] 周晓军，黄河燕，张普，职能教学系统中的知识树增长模型，计算机研究与发展，Vol38，NO．10，2001，1217-1223。
[59] Rosa M. Carro, Estrella Pulido, Pilar Rodriguez, Object Orientation in the TANGOW System: Working with Dynamic Task Trees, Argentine Symposium on Object Orientation, ASOO'99, 1999, 35-46.
[60] 中华人民共和国教育部，《现代远程教育工程教育资源开发标准》，2000．5．
[61] D.J. Mullier, D. J. Hobbs, D. J. Moore, A Hybrid Semantic/Connectionist Approach to Adaptivity in Educational Hypermedia Systems, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA'99, Seattle, WA. 1999.
[62] Hadhami Dhraief, wolfgang Nejdl, Boris Wolf, Martin Wolpers, Open Learning Repositories and Metadata Modeling, International Semantic Web Working Symposium (SWWS), Stanford University, California, USA, 2001,
[63] 王永庆，人工智能原理与方法，西安交通大学出版社，2001，53-56。
[64] Rael Dornfest, Dan Brickley, "The Power of Metadata", http://www.openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2001/O1/18/metadata.html, Jan 2001.
[65] Mikael Nilsson, Matthias Palmer ect. "Semantic Web Metadata for e-Learning -Some Architectural Guidelines", The Eleventh In International World World Wide Web Conference, Sheraton Waikiki Hotel, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2002.
[66] T. Berners-Le, Metadata Architecture,http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Metadata.html, 1997.
[67] Metadata: IAFA - IAFA Template metadata class, http://search.cpan.org/author/DJBECKETT/Metadata-0.24/lib/Metadata/IAFA.pm, 1997.
[68] The Common Data Format, http://nssdc.gsfe.nasa.gov/cdf/cdf_home.html.
[69] XML WebCollections, http ://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-XMLsubmit.html, 1997.
[70] W3 Consortium, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 Recommendation, htttp://www.w3.org/2001/TR/REC-xml, Oct 2000.
[71] W3 Consortium, Semantic Web Activity Statement, http://www.w3,org/2001/sw/Activity.
[72] Ora Lassila and Ralph R. Swick (eds). Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification. W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/, 1999.
[73] IMS Global Learning Consortium, Learner Information Package (LIP) Specification, Version 1.0, Final Specification, Mar 2001, http://www.imsglobal.org/profiles/index.html.
[74] IMS Global Learning Consortium, Question & Test Interoperability: ASI information Model Specification Version 1.2, February 2002.
[75] IMS Content Packaging Information Model, 2003, http://www.imsglobal.org/content/packaging/index.cfm.
[76] The SCORM Content Aggregation Version 1.2 MetaData Model", http://www.adlnet.org, 2001.10.
[77] Ambjorn Naeve, Mikael Nilsson, E-Learning In the Semantic Age, 2002, http://kmr.nada.kth.se/papers/SemanticWeb/e-Learning-in-The-SA.pdf.
[78] Wilson, S., The Next Big Thing? Three Architectural Frameworks for Learning Technologies, CETIS, 2001, http://www.cetis.ac.uk/content/20010828163808/viewArticle.
[79] Blackboard CourseInfo Homepage, http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/LTC/blackboa.htm.
[80] Goldberg, M.W., Salari, S., Swoboda, P., World Wide Web - Course Tool: An Environment for Building WWW-Based Courses. Fifth International WWW Conference, Paris, France, 1996, Available at: http://www5conf.inria.fr/fich_html/papers/P29/Overview.html.
[81] IS O 7498, Open System Interconnection Model, 1994, http://www.acm.org/sigcomm/standards/iso_stds/OSI_MODEL.
[82] Sergey Melnik, Stefan Decker, A Layered Approach to Information Modeling and Interoperability on the Web, Database Group, Stanford University. Sep 4, 2000.
[83] Learning Services Architecture and Demonstration, I/ITSEC, Orlando, FL, 2001.
[84] Daradoumis, T. and Marquès, J.M., A Methodologucal Approach to Networked Collaborative Learning :Design and Pedagogic Issues. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Conference on Networked Learning, ,Lancaster University, England, 2000.
[85]. English, S., Yazdani M. : Computer Supported Cooperative Learning in a Virtual University. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. Vol. 15,1999, 282-292 3.
[86] Laleuf, J.R. and Spalter, A.M. A Component Repository for Learning Objects: A Progress Report. JCDL 2001, Roanoke, VA. 2001.
[87] Conlan, O., Hockemeyer, C., Lefrere, P., Wade, V., & Albert, D., Extending Educational Metadata Schemas to Describe Adaptive Learning Resources, In Hugh Davies, Yellowlees Douglas, & David G. Durand, Editors, Hypertext 01: Proceedings of The Twelfth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, 2001, 161-162.
[88] Decker, S., et, al, "The Semantic Web: The Roles of XML and RDF", IEEE Internet Computing 4, September/October 2000, 63-74.
[89] Tim Berners-Lee, Semantic Web Road map, http ://www.w3 .org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html,S ept, 1998.
[90] T.B. Lee Semantic web Architecture, http ://www.w3 .org/2000/talks/1206-xml2k-tbl/silde10-0.html,2001.
[91] Gruber, T.R. A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 5(2), 1993, 199-220。
[92] Stefan Decker, Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen, Knowledge Representation on the Web, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Description Logics (DL2000), 2000.
[93] Perez A G, Benjamins V R. Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components: Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods. In: Stockholm V R, Benjamins B, Chandrasekaran A, eds. Proceedings of the IJCAI-99 Work Shop in Ontologies and Problem Solving, 1999.
[94] Lai Jin, Mitsuru IKEDA, Riichiro MIZOGUCHI, Ontological Issues on Computer-based Training. PRICAI-95 Workshop, 1995.
[95] S. Staab and A. Maedche, Axioms are Objects, too—Ontology Engineering beyond the Modeling of Concepts and Relations, ECAI'2000 Workshop on Applications of Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods, Berlin, 2000.
[96] Mizoguchi, R. A Step Towards Ontological Engineering, the 12 th National Conference on AI of JSAI, 1998, 24-31, http://www.ei.sanken.osakau,ac.jp/english/ step-onteng.htm.
[97] Guarino N, Semantic Formal Ontological Distinctions for Information Organization, Extraction, and Integration. In: Pazienza M T, eds. Information Extraction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information technology, Springer Verlag, 1997, 139-170.
[98] Fellbaum C. (ed.) (1998) WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database, MIT Press, ISBN0-262-06197-X.
[99] Gruber T R. Towards Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knnowledge Sharing. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 1995, 43:907～928.
[100] Kiger,M., Lansen, G.,& Wu, J.(1995).Logieal Foundations of Object-oriented and Frame-based Languages. Journal of ACM, 42:741-843.
[101] Peterson, T. Introduction to the Art & Architecture Thesaurus, OUP, 1994.
[102] T. Gruber and R. Olsen. An ontology for ehgineering mathematics. Technical report, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, CA, 1994.
[103] W. N. B orst. Construction of Engineering Ontologies. PhD thesis, University of Twente, Enschede,1997.
[104] Fellbanm C. (ed.) WordNet: An Electronic Lexieal Database, MIT Press, ISBN0-262-06197-Ⅹ, 1998.
[105] Leslie Carr, Scan Bechhofer, Carole GoNe, Wndy hall, Conceptual Linking:Ontology-based Open Hypermedia, Proceedings of the Tenth International World Wide Web Conference, Hongkong, May 2001.
[106] Brigitte Bi'ebow and Sylvie Szulman, TERMINAE: A Method and A Tool to Build a Domain Ontology, 2000, http://gollem.swi.psy.uva.nl/workshops/ka2-99/camready/biebow.pdf.
[107] Bloom, B. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Vol. 1. David McKay Co., NewYork, 1956.
[108] Gagne, R. The Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction. Holt, Rinehard, and Winstion. NewYork, 1985.
[109] Russell, D., Moran, T. & Jordan, D. The Instructional Design Environment. In Psotka, Massey, & Mutter (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Lessons Learned, Hillsdale, N J:Lawrence Erlbaum,1988.
[110] Van Marcke, K. Instructional Expertise. In Frasson, C., Gauthier, G., & McCalla, G.I. (Eds.) Procs. of Intelligent Tutoring Systems '92. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1992.
[111] Cheikes, B. Should ITS Designers be Looking for a Few Good Agents? In AIED-95 Workshop Papers for Authoring Shells for Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 1995.
[112] Ohlsson, S. Some Principles of Intelligent Tutoring. Instructional Science, 1986; 14,293-326.
[113] Spensley, F., Elsom-Cook, M., Byerley, P., Brooks, P., Federici, M. and Scaroni, C.,Using Multiple Teaching Strategies in an ITS. In C. Frasson and G. Gauthier (Eds.), ITS: At the Crossroads of AI and Education. Norwood, N J: Ablex, 1990.
[114] Major, N.P. & Reichgelt, H. COCA - A Shell for Intelligent Tutoring Systems. In Frasson, C., Gauthier, G., & McCalla, G.I. (Eds.) Procs. of Intelligent Tutoring Systems '92. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1992.
[115] Vladan Devedzic,The GET-BITS Model of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Journal of Interactive Learning Research 11 (3), 411-434.
[116] Joyce, B. &Weil, M. Models of Teaching, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986.
[117] Burton, R. R., & Brown, J. S.. An Investigation of Computer Coaching for Informal Learning Activities. In Sleeman & Brown (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems. New York,NY: Academic Press, 1982.
[118] Clancey, W. (1982). Tutoring Rules for Guiding a Case Method Dialogue. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems, D. Sleeman & J. Brown (Eds.), Academic Press 1982, 201-225.
[119] Schank, R., Fano, A. BeIl, B. & Jona, M. The Design of Goal-Based Scenarios. Journal of the Learning Sciences, Vol, 3 No. 4, 1994.
[120] Problem_Based Learning, http://www.pbli.org/.
[121] 刘超，张莉，可视化面向对象建模技术—标准建模语言UML教程。北京航空航天大学出版社，1999，7，41-81。
[122] Heidrun Allert, Hadhami Dhraief, Wolfgang Nejdl. How are Learning Objects Used in Learning Processes? Instructional Roles of Learning Objects in LOM. ED-MEDIA 2002, World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Denver Colorado, USA, 2002.
[123] Charalampos Karagiannidis, Integrating Adaptive Educational Content into Different Courses and Curricula, Educational Technology & Society 4(3), 2001.
[124] 邓志鸿，唐世渭等，Ontology研究综述，北京大学学报(自然科学版)，Vol38，5，2002．9，730-738。
[125] Mikael Nilsson, IEEE Learning Object Metadata RDF binding (draft),http://kmr.nada.kth.se/el/ims/metadata.html.
[126] Heidrun Allert, Hadhami Dhraief, Tobias Kunze, Wolfgang Nejdl, Christoph Richter, Instructional Models and Scenarios for a Open Learning Repository. Instructional Design and Metadata. World Conference on E-Learning in Corp., Govt., Health., & Higher Ed. 2002(1), 75-82. Available: http://dl.aace.org/9346.
[127] Lai Jin, Weiqin Chert, Yusuke HAYASHI, Mitsuru IKEDA,Riichiro MIZOGUCHI, An Ontology- Aware Authoring Tool-Functional Structure and Guidance Generation, In Lajoie SP, and Vivet, M.(Eds.), Artificial Intelligence in Education, Proc. AIED'99, 1999, 85-92.
[128] Wolfgang Nejdl, Boris Wilf, Steffen Staab, Julien Tane, EDUTELLA: Searching and Annotating Resources Within an RDF-based P2P Network. Semantic Web Workshop 2002 Honololulu, Hawaii.May.2002.
[129] Web Services Architecture Team, The Next Stage of Evolution for e-business: Web Services Architecture Overview, http://www-106.ibm.com.
[130] Tim Ewald, Microsoft Corporation, The Web Services Idea, September, 2002, http://msdn.microsoft.com/webservices/understanding/readme/default.aspx.
[131] Java Technology & Web Services White Papers, http://java.sun.com/webservices/white/.
[132] The UDDI Technical White Paper. http://www.uddi.org, 2000.
[133] Woelk, D. and C. Tomlinson, The InfoSleuth Project: Intelligent Search Management via Semantic Agents, Second International World Wide Web Conference, October, 1994.
[134] Tare, A. "Representing Plans as a Set of Constaints -flae 〈I-N-OVA〉 Model", Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Planning Systems (AIPS-96), AAAI.Press, Menlo Park, CA, 221-228.
[135] Woelk, D. and C. Tomlinson, "The InfoSleuth Project: Intelligent Search Management via Semantic Agents", Second International World Wide Web Conference, October, 1994.
[136] Petri Net WWW Pages. URL: http://www.daiml.aau.dk/PetriNets。
[137] 袁祟，Petri网原理，电子工业出版社，1998。
[138] Kurt Jensen, A Introduction to Practical Use of Coloured Petri nets, Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science, Springer-Verlag.
[139] Frank van Harmelen, Formal Methods in Knowledge Engineering, The Knowledge
Engineering Review, Vol. 10, No.4, 1995, 345-360.
[140] Rob Kremer, Visual Languages for Knowledge Representation, Eleventh Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management, Voyager Inn, Banff,Alberta, Canada, April 18-23, 1998,
[141] Kurt Jensen, A Introduction to the Theoretical Aspects of Coloured Petri Nets, A Decade of Concurrency, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 803, Springer-Verlag. 1994, 230-272.
[142] Locas, C. Definition and Relationship to Coloured Nets. Technical Report TR94-3, Department of Computer Science, University of Tasmania, 1994.
[143] Kjeld Hoyer Mortensen, Coloured Petri Nets-a Pragmatic Formal Method for Designing and Analysing Distributed Systems. PhD. Thesis in University of Aarhus, Computer Science Departmment, 1997.
[144] W.M.P. van tier Aalat, The Application of Petri Nets to Workflow Management, The Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, 8(1), 1998, 21-66.
[145] MR.Milner, M. Torte: The Definition of Standard ML. MIT Press, 1990.
[146] Na, J., Furuta, R. Context-Aware Hypermedia in a Dynamiclly-Changing Enviroment, Supported by a Petri Net, Proceeding of Hypertext'2000, San Antonio TX, USA, 2002, 222-223.
[147] NA, J.-C. and FURUTA, R. "Context-Aware Digital Documents Described In A High-Level Petri-net-based Hypermedia System", Digital Documents and Electronic Publishing (DDEP00), Munich, Germany, Sept. 2000.
[148] Anil Sawhney, Petri Net based Simulation of Construction Schedules, Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference, 1997, 1111-1118.
[149] 李红臣，史美林，Petri网在业务过程建模中的应用，小型微型计算机系统，Vol．22，No．1 2001。
[150] X.F.Zha, An Object-oriented Knowledge based Petri net Approach to Intelligent Integration of Design and Assembly Planning, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 14, 2000, 83-112.
[151] Mohammed Elkoutbi, Rudolf K.Keller, Modeling Interactive Systems with Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets, In Proceedings of the 1998 Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference, Boston, MA, April 1998, 432-437.
[152] 张苓，朱山风等，基于Petri网的超媒体模型HPN，计算机工程与设计，Vol．20，No．6，1999。
[153] Boris Motik, Alexander Maedche, and Raphael Volz, A Conceptual Modeling Approach for Semantics-Driven Enterprise Applications, LNCS 2519, 1082-1092, 2002.
[154] Y. Papakonstantinou, H. Garcia-Molina, J. Widom: Object Exchange Across Heterogeneous Information Sources Proc. Int. Conf. on Data Engineering (ICDE), 1995.
[155] Ora Lassila and Ralph R. Swick (eds). Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and
Syntax Specification. W3C Recommendation, 1999. http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/.
[156] Dan Brickley and R.V. Guha (eds). RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema, W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003, http://www.w3 .org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-schema-20030123/.
[157] J. Heflin, J. Hendler, and S. Luke. SHOE: A Knowledge Representation Language for Internet Applications.Technical Report CS-TR-4078 (UMIACS TR-99-71), 1999.
[158] Dieter fensel and Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks, etc. OIL: An Ontology Infrastructure for the Semantic Web. IEEE Intelligent Systems, March/April, 2001.
[159] Oscar C orcho, Asuncidn Gdmez-Pérez, Evaluation Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Capabilities of Ontology Specification Languages, 14th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence ECAI'00, Berlin, Germany, 2000.
[160] IMS Learning Resource Meta-Data XML Binding Version 1.2.1, Final Specification, http://www.imsglobal.org/metadata/msmdv 1 p2p 1/imsmd_infov 1 p2p 1 .html, 2001.
[161] The SCORM Content Aggregation Version 1.2 XML Description, http://www.adlnet.org,2001.10.
[162] Rob Kremer, Visual Languages for Knowledge Representation, Eleventh Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management, Voyager Inn, Banff, Alberta, Canada, April,1998.
[163] Steffen Staab, Michael Erdmarm, Alexander Maedche, Stefan Decker AIFB, An Extensible Approach for Modeling Ontologies in RDF(S), Proceedings of ECDL2000. Workshop "Semantic Web: Models, Architectures and Management", 2000.
[164] Tim Berners-Lee, Why the RDF Model is Different from the XML Model, http://www.w3 .org/DesignIssues/RDF-XML.html,Sept, 1998.
[165] Sergey Melnik, Storing RDF in a Relational Database,2000.http://www-db.stanford.edu/～melnik/rdf/db.html.
[166] 李昆堂，SQL Server 2000与XML应用技术，中国铁道出版社，2003。
[167] 李安渝等，Web Services技术与实现，国防工业出版社，2003。
[168] Suleman, H. Fox, E. A Framework for Building Open Digital Libraries. D-Lib Magazine, http://www.dlib.org/december01/suleman/12suleman.html, Dec.2001.
[169] 曾登高，NET系统架构与开发，电子工业出版社，2003。
[170] Fred M. Beshears, E-Learning and the Digital Library: Opportunities for Collaboration, University of California- Berkeley, DLF Fall Forum, November 4, 2002, http://www.diglib.org/forums/fall2002/dlf-nov2002.pdf.
[171] Scan Beehhofer Carole GoNe Ian Horrocks, DAML+OIL is not Enough, Semantic Web wo rking symposium, Stanford (CA), http://img.es.man.ac.uk, 2001.
[172] Powell, A. and Lyon, L. The DNER Technical Architecture: Scooping the Information Environment. 2001, http://www.ukolm.ac.uk/distributed-systems.dner/arch/dnerarch.html.
[173] 郑毓信，梁贯成，认知科学、建构主义与数学教育，上海：上海教育出版社，1998。
[174] Peter Brusilovsky and Riccardo Rizzo, Map-Based Horizontal Navigation in Educational Hypertext, Journal of Digital information, volume 3 issue 1, 2002-07-31.
[175] Guus Schreiber, Some Challenge Problems for the Web Ontology Language, http://ontoweb.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/Members/SIG2/challenge-problems.pdf, 2001.
[176] 陈家训，分布式处理与系统集成技术，东华大学信息学院研究生校内讲义。2001年。
[177] Jiang, C.; Zheng, Y., Fuzzy reasoning based on Petri nets. Studies in Information Control, Vol.9, 2000.
[178] Yang, SJH; Chu, WC; Lee, J.; Huang, A fuzzy Petri net based mechanism for fuzzy rules reasoning.Proc. 21th Annual Int. Computer Software and Applications Conf. (COMPSAC-97), 1997, 438-443.
[179] S.M.Chen, Weighted Fuzzy Reasoning Using Weighted Fuzzy Petri Nets, IEEE Transaction on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2002, 386-397.
[180] Boris Motik, Alexander Maedche, and Raphael Volz, Ontology Representation & Querying for Realizing Semantics-driven Application. Forschungszentrum Informatik Forschungsbereich WIM Haid-und-Neu-Str. 10-14 D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany, 2003, http://kaon.semanticweb.org/Members/motik/paper.pdf.
[181] N. Bassiliades, I. Vlahavas, A. Elmagarmid, E. Houstis, "Interbase -KB: A Knowledge-based Multidatabase Sustem for Data Warehousing", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 15 (3), 2003.
[182] A. Ankolekar, M. Burstein, JR Hobbs, O. Lassila, DL Martin, SA McIlraith, S. Narayanan, M. Paolucci, T. Payne, K. Sycara, and H. Zeng, DAML-S: Semantic Markup For Web Services, Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Workshop, 2001.
[183] Greg Karvounarakis, Vassilis Christophides, Dimitris Plexousakis, Querying Semistructured (Meta) Data and Schemas on the Web: The case of RDF & RDFS, Technical Report 269, ICS-FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, February 2000, http ://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/publications/paperlink/querying-semistructured-metadata-and.pdf.
[2] Ellen D. Wagner, PH.D. Emerging Technology Trends in eLearning, http://www.linezine.com,2000.5.
[3] 刘晓强，陈家训，Internet对远程教育的技术支持分析，电化教育研究，2000．12，40-42。
[4] Ashok Patel, ect. Designing Life-Long Learning Systems for Numeric Domains, Educational Technology, September-October, 1999, 8-11.
[5] Susanna Tsai and Paulo Machado, "E-Learning, Online Learning, Web-based Learning, or Distance Learning", http://www.elearning.org. 2002.4.
[6] H.Maurer, A Critical Look at Current Web Based Training Efforts, Proceedings of ICCE'98, 30-33.
[7] Gilbert J.E. and Han C.Y., Adapting Instruction in Search of 'A Significant Difference', Journal of Network and Computer Application, 22. 1999.
[8] Woolf, B. 1992. AI in Education. Encyclopedia of Artificial In Shapiro, S., ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 434-440.
[9] Carbonell J R. AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligent Approach to Computer-Aided Instruction. IEEE Trans on Man-Machine System, 1970,11 (4), 190～202.
[10] Burton J S, Burton R R, deKleer J. Pedalogical, Natural Language and Knowledge Engineering Techniques in SOPHIE Ⅰ, Ⅱ,Ⅲ. IN: D Sleeman, J S Brown eds. Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Newyork: Academia Press, 1982, 227～279.
[11] Shortliffe E H. Computer-based Medical Consultations: MYCIN. New York: American Elsecier, 1976.
[12] Clancey W J. The Epistemology of A Rule-based Expert System—A Framework for Explanation. Artificial Intellifence, 1983, 20(3): 215～251.
[13] Clancey W J. Knowledge-based Tutoring. Cambridge, MA MIT Press, 1987.
[14] TAO ITS Evaluates the Tactical Performance of Naval Officers, http://www.stottlerhenke.com/solutions/training/taoits.htm.
[15] Joseph Beck, Mia Stem, and Erik Haugsjaa, Applications of AI in Education, http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds3-1/aied.html, 2001.
[16] Jim Ong and Sowmya Ramaehandran, "Intelligent Tutoring System: The What and The How", http://www.learningcircuits.org/feb2000/ong.html, 2000.
[17] Design of Intelligent Education System Using Multi-Strata Modeling Concept. ICCE'98,Vol. 1,305-311.
[18] Brusilovsky, P., Intelligent Tutoring Systems for World-Wide-Web. In Holzapfel, R. (ed.) Proc. Of Third International WWW Conference (Posters), Darmstadt, Fraunhofer Institute
for Computer Graphics, 1995, 42-45.
[19] Brusilovsky, P., Adaptive Educational Systems on the World Wide Web. In: Ayala, G. (ed.) Proc. Of WorkShop "Current trends and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Education" at the 14th World Congress on Expert Systems, Mexico City, mexico, ITESM, 1998, 9-16.
[20] Brusilovsky, P.Adaptive and Intelligent Technologies for Web-based Education. In C. Rollinger and C. Peylo (eds.), Special Issue on Intelligent Systems and Tele teaching, Künstliche Intelligenz, 4, 1999, 19-25.
[21] Anderson, J.R. and Reiser B.: The LISP tutor. Byte 10, 4, 1985, 159-175.
[22] Computer Support for Learns Using Intelligent Educational Agents: the Way Forward, Proceeding of ICCE'98, 1998, vol.1,211-219.
[23] Artificial Agents in Distance Education, International of Educational Telecommunications, 1995, (2/3), 263-282.
[24] Bayesian Student Modelling and Decision-Theoretic Selection of Tutorial Actions in Intelligent Tutoring Systems, A Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Compute Science in the University of Canterbury, 2001.
[25] Villano, M. Probabilistic Students Models: Bayesian Belief Networks and Knowledge Spac Theory. In Second International Conference on Intelligent tutoring System, Montreal, Canada, 1992, 491-498.
[26] Petrushin, V. A. And Sinista, K. M. Using Probabilistic Reasoning Techniques for Learner Modeling, World Conference on AI in Education, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1993, 418-425.
[27] Autores: Carro, R.M., Pulido, E., Rodriguez, P.A Co-operative Distributed Environment for Adaptive Web-based Education, Third Workshop on Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia, Denmark, 2001,203-204.
[28] Oda, T., Satoh, H., and Watanabe, S,: Searching Deadlocked Web Learners by Measuring Similarity of Learning Activities. In: Proc. Of Workshop "WWW-Based Tutoring" at 4th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS'98), San Antonio, TX, 1998.
[29] M. S. Vijay Kumar, Jeff Merriman, and Phillip D. Long, Building "Open Frameworks for Education". EduCAUSE review, November/December, 2001.
[30] The IMS Learning Resource Meta-data Information Model, http://www.imsglobal.org, 2001.10.
[31] LTSC IEEE, Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata, http://ltsc,ieee.org/doc/wgl2, 2002.
[32] Aviation Industry CBT Committee, AICC Guidelines & Recommendations for CMI, http://www.aicc.org/pages/down-docs-index.htm.
[33] Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) Documents, http://dublincore.org/documents.
[34] 孟晓峰，“Web数据管理研究综述”，计算机研究与发展，Vol．38，No．4，2001．4，385-395。
[35] Kokkoras F., Sampson D.G., and Vlahavas I:, CG-PerLS: Conceptual Graphs for
Personalized Learning Systems, 8th Panhellenic Conf. On Informatics, Cyprus, Nov.2001.
[36] N. Vassiliadis, F. Kokoras, I. Vlahavas and D.Sampson, "An Intelligent Educational Metadata Repository", in C. Leondes (Editor) Intelligent Systems: Technology and Applications, Databases and Learning Systems, CPC Press, vol 4, 2003, 297-337.
[37] Rosa María Carro, Estrella Pulido, Pilar Rodríguez, Designing Adaptive Web-based Courses with TANGOW, 7th International Conference on Computers in Education, ICCE'99,Proceedings, Chiba, Japan, Vol.2, 1999, 697-704.
[38] MIT Open Knowledge Initiative, http://web.mit.edu/oki.
[39] Wolfgang Nejdl etc, Personalized Access to Distributed Learning Repositories, http://www.learninglab.de/pdf/L3S_padlr_17.pdf , 2001.
[40] Darrell Woelk, E-Learning, Semantic web Services and Competency ontologies, Proceedings of the ED-MEDIA World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Denver, CO, June 2002.
[41] The SCORM Content Aggregation Version 1.2 MetaData Model, http://www.adlnet.org, 2001.10.
[42] ADL Technical Team, SCORM Version 1.2 XML Controlling Document Advanced Distributed Learning SCORM Version 1.2 Content Packaging XML XSD, 2001.
[43] LRN 3.0 Toolkit, http://www.microsoft.com/elearn/.
[44] JA-SIG--Java in Administration Special Interest Group, http://www.ja-sig.org/.
[45] 李昇暾，林居鸿等，开放式元件化符合 SCORM标准之即时多媒体串流e-Learning系统, http://www.cse.nsysu.edu.tw/softwarecontest/introduction/file 12.doc 。
[46] Gurer D W Jardins M Schlager M. Representing a Student Learning States and Transitions. AAAI Spring Symp on Representing Mental States and Mechanisms, Standford CA 1995.
[47] Brusilovsky, P., Pesin, L., ISIS-Tutor: An Intelligent Learning Enviroment for CDS/ISIS Users. CLCE'94, Finland, http://cs.joensuu.fi/～mtuki/www-clce.270296/Brusilov.html, 1994.
[48] Stern, M.: The Difficulties in Web-Based Tutoring, and Some Possible Solutions. Workshop on Intelligent Educational Systems on the WWW, Eighth World Conference of the AIED Society, Japan. http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/～plb/AIED97_workshop/Stern.html, 1997.
[49]. Beaumont, I.H. User Modelling in the Interactive Anatomy Tutoring System ANATOM- TUTOR. Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia. Kluwer Academic Pub, 1998, 91-116.
[50] Goldberg, M.W., Salari, S., Swoboda, P.: World Wide Web - Course Tool: An Environment for Building WWW-Based Courses. Fifth International WWW Conference, Paris, France, http://www5conf.inria.fr/fich_html/papers/P29/Overview.html, 1996.
[51] Vassileva, J, Dynamic Courseware Generation: at the Cross Point of CAL, ITS and Authoring. Proceedings of International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE'95), Singapoore, 1995, 290-297.
[52] Vassileva, J., Dynamic Courseware Generation on the WWW, Proceedings 8th World
Conference of the AIED Society. Kobe, Japan, 1997, 498-505.
[53] Weber, G. and Specht, M. User modeling and Adaptive Navigation Support in WWW based Tutoring Systems. Proceedings 6th International Conference on User Modeling (UM97). Sardinia, Italy, 1997.
[54] Macros, J.A. and Castells, P. Interactive Design of Adaptive Courses. 2° Simposio International de Informática Educativa (SIIE'2000). Puertollano, 2000.
[55] José A. Macías and Pablo Castells, An Authoring Tool for Building Adaptive Learning Guidance Systems on the Web, Proceedings of The Sixth International Computer Science Conference on Active Media Technology (AMT'01), Hong Kong, 2001.
[56] Speteh, M., Kravcik, M., Pesin, L., Klemke, R. Authoring Adaptive Educational Hypermedia in WINDS. ABIS-Workshop 2001 in "Lernen - Lehren - Wissen - Adaptivitt" (LLWA 01)o 8-10. Dortmund, Germany, 2001.
[57] Carro R.M., E. and Rodriguez, P. Dynamic Generation of Adaptive Internet-based Courses. Journal of Network and Computer Application. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 1999, 249-257.
[58] 周晓军，黄河燕，张普，职能教学系统中的知识树增长模型，计算机研究与发展，Vol38，NO．10，2001，1217-1223。
[59] Rosa M. Carro, Estrella Pulido, Pilar Rodriguez, Object Orientation in the TANGOW System: Working with Dynamic Task Trees, Argentine Symposium on Object Orientation, ASOO'99, 1999, 35-46.
[60] 中华人民共和国教育部，《现代远程教育工程教育资源开发标准》，2000．5．
[61] D.J. Mullier, D. J. Hobbs, D. J. Moore, A Hybrid Semantic/Connectionist Approach to Adaptivity in Educational Hypermedia Systems, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA'99, Seattle, WA. 1999.
[62] Hadhami Dhraief, wolfgang Nejdl, Boris Wolf, Martin Wolpers, Open Learning Repositories and Metadata Modeling, International Semantic Web Working Symposium (SWWS), Stanford University, California, USA, 2001,
[63] 王永庆，人工智能原理与方法，西安交通大学出版社，2001，53-56。
[64] Rael Dornfest, Dan Brickley, "The Power of Metadata", http://www.openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2001/O1/18/metadata.html, Jan 2001.
[65] Mikael Nilsson, Matthias Palmer ect. "Semantic Web Metadata for e-Learning -Some Architectural Guidelines", The Eleventh In International World World Wide Web Conference, Sheraton Waikiki Hotel, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2002.
[66] T. Berners-Le, Metadata Architecture,http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Metadata.html, 1997.
[67] Metadata: IAFA - IAFA Template metadata class, http://search.cpan.org/author/DJBECKETT/Metadata-0.24/lib/Metadata/IAFA.pm, 1997.
[68] The Common Data Format, http://nssdc.gsfe.nasa.gov/cdf/cdf_home.html.
[69] XML WebCollections, http ://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-XMLsubmit.html, 1997.
[70] W3 Consortium, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 Recommendation, htttp://www.w3.org/2001/TR/REC-xml, Oct 2000.
[71] W3 Consortium, Semantic Web Activity Statement, http://www.w3,org/2001/sw/Activity.
[72] Ora Lassila and Ralph R. Swick (eds). Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification. W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/, 1999.
[73] IMS Global Learning Consortium, Learner Information Package (LIP) Specification, Version 1.0, Final Specification, Mar 2001, http://www.imsglobal.org/profiles/index.html.
[74] IMS Global Learning Consortium, Question & Test Interoperability: ASI information Model Specification Version 1.2, February 2002.
[75] IMS Content Packaging Information Model, 2003, http://www.imsglobal.org/content/packaging/index.cfm.
[76] The SCORM Content Aggregation Version 1.2 MetaData Model", http://www.adlnet.org, 2001.10.
[77] Ambjorn Naeve, Mikael Nilsson, E-Learning In the Semantic Age, 2002, http://kmr.nada.kth.se/papers/SemanticWeb/e-Learning-in-The-SA.pdf.
[78] Wilson, S., The Next Big Thing? Three Architectural Frameworks for Learning Technologies, CETIS, 2001, http://www.cetis.ac.uk/content/20010828163808/viewArticle.
[79] Blackboard CourseInfo Homepage, http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/LTC/blackboa.htm.
[80] Goldberg, M.W., Salari, S., Swoboda, P., World Wide Web - Course Tool: An Environment for Building WWW-Based Courses. Fifth International WWW Conference, Paris, France, 1996, Available at: http://www5conf.inria.fr/fich_html/papers/P29/Overview.html.
[81] IS O 7498, Open System Interconnection Model, 1994, http://www.acm.org/sigcomm/standards/iso_stds/OSI_MODEL.
[82] Sergey Melnik, Stefan Decker, A Layered Approach to Information Modeling and Interoperability on the Web, Database Group, Stanford University. Sep 4, 2000.
[83] Learning Services Architecture and Demonstration, I/ITSEC, Orlando, FL, 2001.
[84] Daradoumis, T. and Marquès, J.M., A Methodologucal Approach to Networked Collaborative Learning :Design and Pedagogic Issues. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Conference on Networked Learning, ,Lancaster University, England, 2000.
[85]. English, S., Yazdani M. : Computer Supported Cooperative Learning in a Virtual University. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. Vol. 15,1999, 282-292 3.
[86] Laleuf, J.R. and Spalter, A.M. A Component Repository for Learning Objects: A Progress Report. JCDL 2001, Roanoke, VA. 2001.
[87] Conlan, O., Hockemeyer, C., Lefrere, P., Wade, V., & Albert, D., Extending Educational Metadata Schemas to Describe Adaptive Learning Resources, In Hugh Davies, Yellowlees Douglas, & David G. Durand, Editors, Hypertext 01: Proceedings of The Twelfth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, 2001, 161-162.
[88] Decker, S., et, al, "The Semantic Web: The Roles of XML and RDF", IEEE Internet Computing 4, September/October 2000, 63-74.
[89] Tim Berners-Lee, Semantic Web Road map, http ://www.w3 .org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html,S ept, 1998.
[90] T.B. Lee Semantic web Architecture, http ://www.w3 .org/2000/talks/1206-xml2k-tbl/silde10-0.html,2001.
[91] Gruber, T.R. A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 5(2), 1993, 199-220。
[92] Stefan Decker, Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen, Knowledge Representation on the Web, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Description Logics (DL2000), 2000.
[93] Perez A G, Benjamins V R. Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components: Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods. In: Stockholm V R, Benjamins B, Chandrasekaran A, eds. Proceedings of the IJCAI-99 Work Shop in Ontologies and Problem Solving, 1999.
[94] Lai Jin, Mitsuru IKEDA, Riichiro MIZOGUCHI, Ontological Issues on Computer-based Training. PRICAI-95 Workshop, 1995.
[95] S. Staab and A. Maedche, Axioms are Objects, too—Ontology Engineering beyond the Modeling of Concepts and Relations, ECAI'2000 Workshop on Applications of Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods, Berlin, 2000.
[96] Mizoguchi, R. A Step Towards Ontological Engineering, the 12 th National Conference on AI of JSAI, 1998, 24-31, http://www.ei.sanken.osakau,ac.jp/english/ step-onteng.htm.
[97] Guarino N, Semantic Formal Ontological Distinctions for Information Organization, Extraction, and Integration. In: Pazienza M T, eds. Information Extraction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information technology, Springer Verlag, 1997, 139-170.
[98] Fellbaum C. (ed.) (1998) WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database, MIT Press, ISBN0-262-06197-X.
[99] Gruber T R. Towards Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knnowledge Sharing. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 1995, 43:907～928.
[100] Kiger,M., Lansen, G.,& Wu, J.(1995).Logieal Foundations of Object-oriented and Frame-based Languages. Journal of ACM, 42:741-843.
[101] Peterson, T. Introduction to the Art & Architecture Thesaurus, OUP, 1994.
[102] T. Gruber and R. Olsen. An ontology for ehgineering mathematics. Technical report, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, CA, 1994.
[103] W. N. B orst. Construction of Engineering Ontologies. PhD thesis, University of Twente, Enschede,1997.
[104] Fellbanm C. (ed.) WordNet: An Electronic Lexieal Database, MIT Press, ISBN0-262-06197-Ⅹ, 1998.
[105] Leslie Carr, Scan Bechhofer, Carole GoNe, Wndy hall, Conceptual Linking:Ontology-based Open Hypermedia, Proceedings of the Tenth International World Wide Web Conference, Hongkong, May 2001.
[106] Brigitte Bi'ebow and Sylvie Szulman, TERMINAE: A Method and A Tool to Build a Domain Ontology, 2000, http://gollem.swi.psy.uva.nl/workshops/ka2-99/camready/biebow.pdf.
[107] Bloom, B. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Vol. 1. David McKay Co., NewYork, 1956.
[108] Gagne, R. The Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction. Holt, Rinehard, and Winstion. NewYork, 1985.
[109] Russell, D., Moran, T. & Jordan, D. The Instructional Design Environment. In Psotka, Massey, & Mutter (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Lessons Learned, Hillsdale, N J:Lawrence Erlbaum,1988.
[110] Van Marcke, K. Instructional Expertise. In Frasson, C., Gauthier, G., & McCalla, G.I. (Eds.) Procs. of Intelligent Tutoring Systems '92. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1992.
[111] Cheikes, B. Should ITS Designers be Looking for a Few Good Agents? In AIED-95 Workshop Papers for Authoring Shells for Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 1995.
[112] Ohlsson, S. Some Principles of Intelligent Tutoring. Instructional Science, 1986; 14,293-326.
[113] Spensley, F., Elsom-Cook, M., Byerley, P., Brooks, P., Federici, M. and Scaroni, C.,Using Multiple Teaching Strategies in an ITS. In C. Frasson and G. Gauthier (Eds.), ITS: At the Crossroads of AI and Education. Norwood, N J: Ablex, 1990.
[114] Major, N.P. & Reichgelt, H. COCA - A Shell for Intelligent Tutoring Systems. In Frasson, C., Gauthier, G., & McCalla, G.I. (Eds.) Procs. of Intelligent Tutoring Systems '92. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1992.
[115] Vladan Devedzic,The GET-BITS Model of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Journal of Interactive Learning Research 11 (3), 411-434.
[116] Joyce, B. &Weil, M. Models of Teaching, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986.
[117] Burton, R. R., & Brown, J. S.. An Investigation of Computer Coaching for Informal Learning Activities. In Sleeman & Brown (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems. New York,NY: Academic Press, 1982.
[118] Clancey, W. (1982). Tutoring Rules for Guiding a Case Method Dialogue. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems, D. Sleeman & J. Brown (Eds.), Academic Press 1982, 201-225.
[119] Schank, R., Fano, A. BeIl, B. & Jona, M. The Design of Goal-Based Scenarios. Journal of the Learning Sciences, Vol, 3 No. 4, 1994.
[120] Problem_Based Learning, http://www.pbli.org/.
[121] 刘超，张莉，可视化面向对象建模技术—标准建模语言UML教程。北京航空航天大学出版社，1999，7，41-81。
[122] Heidrun Allert, Hadhami Dhraief, Wolfgang Nejdl. How are Learning Objects Used in Learning Processes? Instructional Roles of Learning Objects in LOM. ED-MEDIA 2002, World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Denver Colorado, USA, 2002.
[123] Charalampos Karagiannidis, Integrating Adaptive Educational Content into Different Courses and Curricula, Educational Technology & Society 4(3), 2001.
[124] 邓志鸿，唐世渭等，Ontology研究综述，北京大学学报(自然科学版)，Vol38，5，2002．9，730-738。
[125] Mikael Nilsson, IEEE Learning Object Metadata RDF binding (draft),http://kmr.nada.kth.se/el/ims/metadata.html.
[126] Heidrun Allert, Hadhami Dhraief, Tobias Kunze, Wolfgang Nejdl, Christoph Richter, Instructional Models and Scenarios for a Open Learning Repository. Instructional Design and Metadata. World Conference on E-Learning in Corp., Govt., Health., & Higher Ed. 2002(1), 75-82. Available: http://dl.aace.org/9346.
[127] Lai Jin, Weiqin Chert, Yusuke HAYASHI, Mitsuru IKEDA,Riichiro MIZOGUCHI, An Ontology- Aware Authoring Tool-Functional Structure and Guidance Generation, In Lajoie SP, and Vivet, M.(Eds.), Artificial Intelligence in Education, Proc. AIED'99, 1999, 85-92.
[128] Wolfgang Nejdl, Boris Wilf, Steffen Staab, Julien Tane, EDUTELLA: Searching and Annotating Resources Within an RDF-based P2P Network. Semantic Web Workshop 2002 Honololulu, Hawaii.May.2002.
[129] Web Services Architecture Team, The Next Stage of Evolution for e-business: Web Services Architecture Overview, http://www-106.ibm.com.
[130] Tim Ewald, Microsoft Corporation, The Web Services Idea, September, 2002, http://msdn.microsoft.com/webservices/understanding/readme/default.aspx.
[131] Java Technology & Web Services White Papers, http://java.sun.com/webservices/white/.
[132] The UDDI Technical White Paper. http://www.uddi.org, 2000.
[133] Woelk, D. and C. Tomlinson, The InfoSleuth Project: Intelligent Search Management via Semantic Agents, Second International World Wide Web Conference, October, 1994.
[134] Tare, A. "Representing Plans as a Set of Constaints -flae 〈I-N-OVA〉 Model", Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Planning Systems (AIPS-96), AAAI.Press, Menlo Park, CA, 221-228.
[135] Woelk, D. and C. Tomlinson, "The InfoSleuth Project: Intelligent Search Management via Semantic Agents", Second International World Wide Web Conference, October, 1994.
[136] Petri Net WWW Pages. URL: http://www.daiml.aau.dk/PetriNets。
[137] 袁祟，Petri网原理，电子工业出版社，1998。
[138] Kurt Jensen, A Introduction to Practical Use of Coloured Petri nets, Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science, Springer-Verlag.
[139] Frank van Harmelen, Formal Methods in Knowledge Engineering, The Knowledge
Engineering Review, Vol. 10, No.4, 1995, 345-360.
[140] Rob Kremer, Visual Languages for Knowledge Representation, Eleventh Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management, Voyager Inn, Banff,Alberta, Canada, April 18-23, 1998,
[141] Kurt Jensen, A Introduction to the Theoretical Aspects of Coloured Petri Nets, A Decade of Concurrency, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 803, Springer-Verlag. 1994, 230-272.
[142] Locas, C. Definition and Relationship to Coloured Nets. Technical Report TR94-3, Department of Computer Science, University of Tasmania, 1994.
[143] Kjeld Hoyer Mortensen, Coloured Petri Nets-a Pragmatic Formal Method for Designing and Analysing Distributed Systems. PhD. Thesis in University of Aarhus, Computer Science Departmment, 1997.
[144] W.M.P. van tier Aalat, The Application of Petri Nets to Workflow Management, The Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, 8(1), 1998, 21-66.
[145] MR.Milner, M. Torte: The Definition of Standard ML. MIT Press, 1990.
[146] Na, J., Furuta, R. Context-Aware Hypermedia in a Dynamiclly-Changing Enviroment, Supported by a Petri Net, Proceeding of Hypertext'2000, San Antonio TX, USA, 2002, 222-223.
[147] NA, J.-C. and FURUTA, R. "Context-Aware Digital Documents Described In A High-Level Petri-net-based Hypermedia System", Digital Documents and Electronic Publishing (DDEP00), Munich, Germany, Sept. 2000.
[148] Anil Sawhney, Petri Net based Simulation of Construction Schedules, Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference, 1997, 1111-1118.
[149] 李红臣，史美林，Petri网在业务过程建模中的应用，小型微型计算机系统，Vol．22，No．1 2001。
[150] X.F.Zha, An Object-oriented Knowledge based Petri net Approach to Intelligent Integration of Design and Assembly Planning, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 14, 2000, 83-112.
[151] Mohammed Elkoutbi, Rudolf K.Keller, Modeling Interactive Systems with Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets, In Proceedings of the 1998 Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference, Boston, MA, April 1998, 432-437.
[152] 张苓，朱山风等，基于Petri网的超媒体模型HPN，计算机工程与设计，Vol．20，No．6，1999。
[153] Boris Motik, Alexander Maedche, and Raphael Volz, A Conceptual Modeling Approach for Semantics-Driven Enterprise Applications, LNCS 2519, 1082-1092, 2002.
[154] Y. Papakonstantinou, H. Garcia-Molina, J. Widom: Object Exchange Across Heterogeneous Information Sources Proc. Int. Conf. on Data Engineering (ICDE), 1995.
[155] Ora Lassila and Ralph R. Swick (eds). Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and
Syntax Specification. W3C Recommendation, 1999. http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/.
[156] Dan Brickley and R.V. Guha (eds). RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema, W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003, http://www.w3 .org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-schema-20030123/.
[157] J. Heflin, J. Hendler, and S. Luke. SHOE: A Knowledge Representation Language for Internet Applications.Technical Report CS-TR-4078 (UMIACS TR-99-71), 1999.
[158] Dieter fensel and Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks, etc. OIL: An Ontology Infrastructure for the Semantic Web. IEEE Intelligent Systems, March/April, 2001.
[159] Oscar C orcho, Asuncidn Gdmez-Pérez, Evaluation Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Capabilities of Ontology Specification Languages, 14th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence ECAI'00, Berlin, Germany, 2000.
[160] IMS Learning Resource Meta-Data XML Binding Version 1.2.1, Final Specification, http://www.imsglobal.org/metadata/msmdv 1 p2p 1/imsmd_infov 1 p2p 1 .html, 2001.
[161] The SCORM Content Aggregation Version 1.2 XML Description, http://www.adlnet.org,2001.10.
[162] Rob Kremer, Visual Languages for Knowledge Representation, Eleventh Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management, Voyager Inn, Banff, Alberta, Canada, April,1998.
[163] Steffen Staab, Michael Erdmarm, Alexander Maedche, Stefan Decker AIFB, An Extensible Approach for Modeling Ontologies in RDF(S), Proceedings of ECDL2000. Workshop "Semantic Web: Models, Architectures and Management", 2000.
[164] Tim Berners-Lee, Why the RDF Model is Different from the XML Model, http://www.w3 .org/DesignIssues/RDF-XML.html,Sept, 1998.
[165] Sergey Melnik, Storing RDF in a Relational Database,2000.http://www-db.stanford.edu/～melnik/rdf/db.html.
[166] 李昆堂，SQL Server 2000与XML应用技术，中国铁道出版社，2003。
[167] 李安渝等，Web Services技术与实现，国防工业出版社，2003。
[168] Suleman, H. Fox, E. A Framework for Building Open Digital Libraries. D-Lib Magazine, http://www.dlib.org/december01/suleman/12suleman.html, Dec.2001.
[169] 曾登高，NET系统架构与开发，电子工业出版社，2003。
[170] Fred M. Beshears, E-Learning and the Digital Library: Opportunities for Collaboration, University of California- Berkeley, DLF Fall Forum, November 4, 2002, http://www.diglib.org/forums/fall2002/dlf-nov2002.pdf.
[171] Scan Beehhofer Carole GoNe Ian Horrocks, DAML+OIL is not Enough, Semantic Web wo rking symposium, Stanford (CA), http://img.es.man.ac.uk, 2001.
[172] Powell, A. and Lyon, L. The DNER Technical Architecture: Scooping the Information Environment. 2001, http://www.ukolm.ac.uk/distributed-systems.dner/arch/dnerarch.html.
[173] 郑毓信，梁贯成，认知科学、建构主义与数学教育，上海：上海教育出版社，1998。
[174] Peter Brusilovsky and Riccardo Rizzo, Map-Based Horizontal Navigation in Educational Hypertext, Journal of Digital information, volume 3 issue 1, 2002-07-31.
[175] Guus Schreiber, Some Challenge Problems for the Web Ontology Language, http://ontoweb.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/Members/SIG2/challenge-problems.pdf, 2001.
[176] 陈家训，分布式处理与系统集成技术，东华大学信息学院研究生校内讲义。2001年。
[177] Jiang, C.; Zheng, Y., Fuzzy reasoning based on Petri nets. Studies in Information Control, Vol.9, 2000.
[178] Yang, SJH; Chu, WC; Lee, J.; Huang, A fuzzy Petri net based mechanism for fuzzy rules reasoning.Proc. 21th Annual Int. Computer Software and Applications Conf. (COMPSAC-97), 1997, 438-443.
[179] S.M.Chen, Weighted Fuzzy Reasoning Using Weighted Fuzzy Petri Nets, IEEE Transaction on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2002, 386-397.
[180] Boris Motik, Alexander Maedche, and Raphael Volz, Ontology Representation & Querying for Realizing Semantics-driven Application. Forschungszentrum Informatik Forschungsbereich WIM Haid-und-Neu-Str. 10-14 D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany, 2003, http://kaon.semanticweb.org/Members/motik/paper.pdf.
[181] N. Bassiliades, I. Vlahavas, A. Elmagarmid, E. Houstis, "Interbase -KB: A Knowledge-based Multidatabase Sustem for Data Warehousing", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 15 (3), 2003.
[182] A. Ankolekar, M. Burstein, JR Hobbs, O. Lassila, DL Martin, SA McIlraith, S. Narayanan, M. Paolucci, T. Payne, K. Sycara, and H. Zeng, DAML-S: Semantic Markup For Web Services, Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Workshop, 2001.
[183] Greg Karvounarakis, Vassilis Christophides, Dimitris Plexousakis, Querying Semistructured (Meta) Data and Schemas on the Web: The case of RDF & RDFS, Technical Report 269, ICS-FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, February 2000, http ://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/publications/paperlink/querying-semistructured-metadata-and.pdf.