不同年龄段牦牛与成年黄牛肺微血管构筑特征的研究
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摘要
运用血管铸型技术和扫描电镜技术相结合的方法观察了180日龄牦牛、成年牦牛和成年黄牛肺微血管的构筑特征,并与1日龄牦牛肺微血管的构筑特征进行了系统比较,研究发现不同年龄段牦牛肺微血管的构筑既有各自的一些特点,也有许多共同特点;成年牦牛与成年黄牛的肺微血管构筑也存在许多共同点和不同点。
180日龄牦牛肺胸膜面具有疏密程度不等的两层血管网。浅层的血管网稀疏,深层的胸膜下微血管网致密。胸膜面浅层的血管可以跨越两个或多个肺小叶表面,浅层的血管可与小叶间隔的微血管之间相互移行;由微血管网形成的肺小叶的轮廓大小不等、形态各异,小叶间隔的深度也有所不同;胸膜下微动脉可根据逐级分支的顺序将其分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管;胸膜下毛细血管网中可见板块状、筛网状和网络状血管网。低倍镜下,在肺脏截面可以见到由微血管网构成了肺泡、肺泡囊、肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管以及终末细支气管等结构的轮廓。肺实质内的微静脉可按照毛细血管、毛细血管后微静脉、集合微静脉和微静脉的顺序汇合。胸膜面浅层的微血管铸型表面光滑,胸膜下微动脉或微静脉以及肺实质内微静脉的表面可以见到呈环形或斜形的平滑肌细胞的压迹,微动脉和微静脉的表面可见圆形内皮细胞核的压痕。
成年牦牛肺胸膜面也出现两层微血管网。从肺实质内穿出的微血管可发出分支至胸膜面浅层、小叶间隔和胸膜下微血管网中;胸膜下微动脉也可分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级;胸膜下毛细血管网多数呈网络状,也可见到呈“小孔状”的结构和筛网状的血管网;小叶间隔的微血管与胸膜面浅层的微血管之间可以相互移行。低倍镜下肺实质内的微血管网呈现大小不等的蜂窝状,肺实质内微静脉与肺泡毛细血管之间联系紧密;在局部区域,肺泡毛细血管网可呈现板块状或筛网状。胸膜面浅层的微血管铸型表面比较光滑,胸膜下微动脉和终末微动脉表面可以看到沿血管长轴排列的呈圆形的内皮细胞核的压痕,以及规律分布的环状缩窄。在肺实质内微静脉的表面也可以见到许多呈圆形的凹陷。
在成年黄牛肺胸膜面也分布有深、浅两层微血管网。胸膜下微动脉及其分支较短,胸膜下毛细血管网呈现稀疏的网络状,偶尔可见由微血管形成的“小孔状”结构。胸膜面浅层的微血管与胸膜下微血管之间形成毛细血管水平或毛细血管前水平的吻合;低倍镜下肺实质内微血管网也呈现大小不等、形态各异的蜂窝状结构;高倍镜下肺泡毛细血管与微静脉之间联系紧密;在肺泡隔内毛细血管网成单层分布;肺实质内管径较大的微血管表面可以见到纵行的嵴状结构和密集的内皮细胞核的压痕,以及明显的环形缩窄;胸膜下微静脉和毛细血管表面可见圆形内皮细胞核的压痕。
经过分析和比较发现:180日龄牦牛、成年牦牛和成年黄牛肺微血管的构筑特征存在许多相似之处。胸膜面浅层的微血管网稀疏,深层的胸膜下微血管网致密;胸膜面浅层的微血管与小叶间隔的微血管之间相互移行,与胸膜下微血管之间形成吻合连接;根据胸膜下微动脉连续分支的顺序,常可将其分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级;胸膜下毛细血管网主要以网络状的形式存在,但在铸型上均可见数量不等的“小孔状”结构;低倍镜下肺实质内微血管网呈现大小不等、形态各异的蜂窝状结构,可以见到由微血管网构成了肺泡、肺泡囊、肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管以及终末细支气管等结构的轮廓。肺胸膜面浅层微血管的铸型表面光滑,胸膜下和肺实质内微动脉和微静脉的铸型表面可见平滑肌细胞形成的缩窄,以及圆形内皮细胞核的压痕。但在增龄过程中,牦牛肺微血管网的密度逐渐变小,微血管的管径逐渐增大;将180日龄牦牛、成年牦牛与1日龄牦牛肺微血管的特征进行比较后发现,在180日龄牦牛肺泡毛细血管网中可以见到一些呈板块状的血管网,而成年牦牛的肺泡毛细血管网主要呈现网络状。此外,成年牦牛和成年黄牛肺微血管构筑特征间存在的差异更为显著。成年牦牛肺胸膜面浅层的微血管网、胸膜下微血管网以及肺实质内的微血管网比成年黄牛致密;成年牦牛肺微血管的管径范围比黄牛的大;成年牦牛肺胸膜下微动脉及其分支的走行路径比成年黄牛的长;而成年黄牛肺胸膜面浅层的微血管与胸膜下微血管之间的吻合比成年牦牛更为常见。
总之,牦牛的肺微血管网比黄牛的致密得多,分布的范围也更为广泛,肺微血管网的密度还随着年龄的增加而逐渐变小。可以看出,密集的毛细血管网分布是牦牛肺微血管网构筑上的一个重要特征,这种状况可能是牦牛对高原低氧环境的适应性结构之一。
The construction characteristics of pulmonary microvasculature in 180-day old yak, the adult yak (Bos grunniens) and the adult cattle (Bos Taurus) were studied using the technology of vascular corrosion cast and scanning electron microscopy, and compared with that of one-day old yak in a systematic way. The results showed that there were particular characters of construction of pulmonary microvasculature in yak of different ages themselves, as well as shared lots of common characteristics, and a lot of similarities and differences of the construction of pulmonary microvascular patterns were found between the adult yak and the adult cattle.
The pleural surface of lung in 180-day old yak had double-layered vascular networks in density in varying degrees. The pleural superficial microvascular networks were much sparser than deep layer on the pleural surface. The superficial blood vessels could cross two or more pulmonary lobules, and the pleural superficial blood vessels and the interlobular blood vessels were mutual transitional. The outlines of lobules composed of vascular networks were various in size and form, and the lobular septa were also different in depth. The subpleural arterioles could be divided into arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn according to the branching sequence of themselves. The plate-like, sieve-like and web-like vascular networks occurred in the subpleural microvascular networks. The outline of alveolus, alveolar sac, alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchiole, which made of microvascular networks, could be found in the cut surface at a low magnification. The pulmonary alveolar capillaries were collected into the postcapillary venule, collecting venule, and venule in turn in the pulmonary parenchyma. The pleural superficial blood vessels were smooth, while the circular and oblique constrictions of smooth muscle cells occurred on the surface of the subpleural arteriole, venule and parenchymal venule. The round imprints of endothelial nuclei were found on the cast surface of the arteriole and venule.
The pleural double-layered vascular networks were also found in the lung of adult yak. The vessels from the lung parenchyma branched into the pleural superficial vessels, the interlobular vessels and the subpleural microvessels. The subpleural arterioles also could be divided into arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. Most subpleural capillary meshes were web-like, and also the small holes and sieve-like meshes occurred in the subpleural microvascular networks. The interlobular blood vessels and the superficial blood vessels were mutual transitional. The honeycomb vascular networks were various in size and form at a low magnification. The venule connected with the pulmonary capillary networks directly. In some fields of view, the pulmonary alveolar networks were plate-like and sieve-like. The pleural superficial blood vessels were smooth, while the round imprints of endothelial nuclei along the vascular axis and circular constrictions were found on the subpleural arteriole and the terminal arteriole. The round depressions occurred on the surface of the venule in the lung parenchyma.
The pleural superficial and the subpleural vascular networks also occurred in the adult cattle lung. The subpleural arteriole and its branches were short. The subpleural capillary meshes were sparse and web-like, and small holes made of microvessels were found occasionally. The anastomosing occurred between the pleural superficial and the subpleural vascular networks on the capillary level or the precapillary level. The honeycomb vascular networks were also various in size and form at a low magnification. The venule connected with the pulmonary capillary networks directly at a high magnification. The single capillary networks were found in the alveolar septa. The longitudinal crests and dense round imprints of endothelial nuclei and the clear circular constrictions were found on the surface of the larger vessel in the lung parenchyma. The round imprints of endothelial nuclei also occurred on the subpleural venule and capillary.
The analysis and comparison on the pulmonary microvasculature showed that there were many common characters among 180-day old yak, the adult yak and the adult cattle. The superficial microvascular networks were sparser, while the subpleural microvascular networks were denser. The superficial blood vessels and the interlobular blood vessels were mutual transitional, and the anastomosing between the superficial blood vessels with the subpleural vessels. According to the branching sequence of the subpleural arteriole, it could be divided into the arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. The subpleural capillary networks were mainly web-like, while small holes were also found on the cast. The honeycomb vascular networks were various in size and form at a low magnification. The outline of alveolus, alveolar sac, alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchiole, made of microvascular networks, could be found in the cut surface. The pleural superficial blood vessels were smooth, while the constrictions of smooth muscle cells and round imprints of endothelial nuclei occurred on the surface of the subpleural and parenchymal arteriole and venule. However, the pulmonary microvascular networks were sparser, and the vascular were larger in diameter with aging. The results from comparison of the pulmonary microvascular construction among 180-day old yak, the adult yak and one-day old yak showed that the plate-like vascular networks occurred in 180-day old yak lung, while the web-like alveolar capillary networks were found in the adult yak lung. Moreover, the significant differences on the pulmonary vascular networks were found between the adult yak and cattle lung. The pleural superficial, subpleural and parenchymal vacular networks were denser, and the range of the microvessels in diameter were larger, and the proceeding distance of the subpleural arteriole and its branches were longer in the adult yak lung than those in the adult cattle lung. However, the anastomosing between the pleural superficial and the subpleural vascular networks were more often found in the adult cattle lung than that in the adult yak.
In conclusion, the pulmonary microvascular networks in the yak were much denser than that in the cattle, and the distributing range were much wider in the yak than the cattle. And the microvascular networks decreased gradually in density with aging in the yak. Therefore, the distribution of dense microvascular networks was one of the important characteristics in the yak lung, which could be one of the important adaptive structures of yak to the highland and hypoxia environments.
180日龄牦牛肺胸膜面具有疏密程度不等的两层血管网。浅层的血管网稀疏,深层的胸膜下微血管网致密。胸膜面浅层的血管可以跨越两个或多个肺小叶表面,浅层的血管可与小叶间隔的微血管之间相互移行;由微血管网形成的肺小叶的轮廓大小不等、形态各异,小叶间隔的深度也有所不同;胸膜下微动脉可根据逐级分支的顺序将其分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管;胸膜下毛细血管网中可见板块状、筛网状和网络状血管网。低倍镜下,在肺脏截面可以见到由微血管网构成了肺泡、肺泡囊、肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管以及终末细支气管等结构的轮廓。肺实质内的微静脉可按照毛细血管、毛细血管后微静脉、集合微静脉和微静脉的顺序汇合。胸膜面浅层的微血管铸型表面光滑,胸膜下微动脉或微静脉以及肺实质内微静脉的表面可以见到呈环形或斜形的平滑肌细胞的压迹,微动脉和微静脉的表面可见圆形内皮细胞核的压痕。
成年牦牛肺胸膜面也出现两层微血管网。从肺实质内穿出的微血管可发出分支至胸膜面浅层、小叶间隔和胸膜下微血管网中;胸膜下微动脉也可分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级;胸膜下毛细血管网多数呈网络状,也可见到呈“小孔状”的结构和筛网状的血管网;小叶间隔的微血管与胸膜面浅层的微血管之间可以相互移行。低倍镜下肺实质内的微血管网呈现大小不等的蜂窝状,肺实质内微静脉与肺泡毛细血管之间联系紧密;在局部区域,肺泡毛细血管网可呈现板块状或筛网状。胸膜面浅层的微血管铸型表面比较光滑,胸膜下微动脉和终末微动脉表面可以看到沿血管长轴排列的呈圆形的内皮细胞核的压痕,以及规律分布的环状缩窄。在肺实质内微静脉的表面也可以见到许多呈圆形的凹陷。
在成年黄牛肺胸膜面也分布有深、浅两层微血管网。胸膜下微动脉及其分支较短,胸膜下毛细血管网呈现稀疏的网络状,偶尔可见由微血管形成的“小孔状”结构。胸膜面浅层的微血管与胸膜下微血管之间形成毛细血管水平或毛细血管前水平的吻合;低倍镜下肺实质内微血管网也呈现大小不等、形态各异的蜂窝状结构;高倍镜下肺泡毛细血管与微静脉之间联系紧密;在肺泡隔内毛细血管网成单层分布;肺实质内管径较大的微血管表面可以见到纵行的嵴状结构和密集的内皮细胞核的压痕,以及明显的环形缩窄;胸膜下微静脉和毛细血管表面可见圆形内皮细胞核的压痕。
经过分析和比较发现:180日龄牦牛、成年牦牛和成年黄牛肺微血管的构筑特征存在许多相似之处。胸膜面浅层的微血管网稀疏,深层的胸膜下微血管网致密;胸膜面浅层的微血管与小叶间隔的微血管之间相互移行,与胸膜下微血管之间形成吻合连接;根据胸膜下微动脉连续分支的顺序,常可将其分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级;胸膜下毛细血管网主要以网络状的形式存在,但在铸型上均可见数量不等的“小孔状”结构;低倍镜下肺实质内微血管网呈现大小不等、形态各异的蜂窝状结构,可以见到由微血管网构成了肺泡、肺泡囊、肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管以及终末细支气管等结构的轮廓。肺胸膜面浅层微血管的铸型表面光滑,胸膜下和肺实质内微动脉和微静脉的铸型表面可见平滑肌细胞形成的缩窄,以及圆形内皮细胞核的压痕。但在增龄过程中,牦牛肺微血管网的密度逐渐变小,微血管的管径逐渐增大;将180日龄牦牛、成年牦牛与1日龄牦牛肺微血管的特征进行比较后发现,在180日龄牦牛肺泡毛细血管网中可以见到一些呈板块状的血管网,而成年牦牛的肺泡毛细血管网主要呈现网络状。此外,成年牦牛和成年黄牛肺微血管构筑特征间存在的差异更为显著。成年牦牛肺胸膜面浅层的微血管网、胸膜下微血管网以及肺实质内的微血管网比成年黄牛致密;成年牦牛肺微血管的管径范围比黄牛的大;成年牦牛肺胸膜下微动脉及其分支的走行路径比成年黄牛的长;而成年黄牛肺胸膜面浅层的微血管与胸膜下微血管之间的吻合比成年牦牛更为常见。
总之,牦牛的肺微血管网比黄牛的致密得多,分布的范围也更为广泛,肺微血管网的密度还随着年龄的增加而逐渐变小。可以看出,密集的毛细血管网分布是牦牛肺微血管网构筑上的一个重要特征,这种状况可能是牦牛对高原低氧环境的适应性结构之一。
The construction characteristics of pulmonary microvasculature in 180-day old yak, the adult yak (Bos grunniens) and the adult cattle (Bos Taurus) were studied using the technology of vascular corrosion cast and scanning electron microscopy, and compared with that of one-day old yak in a systematic way. The results showed that there were particular characters of construction of pulmonary microvasculature in yak of different ages themselves, as well as shared lots of common characteristics, and a lot of similarities and differences of the construction of pulmonary microvascular patterns were found between the adult yak and the adult cattle.
The pleural surface of lung in 180-day old yak had double-layered vascular networks in density in varying degrees. The pleural superficial microvascular networks were much sparser than deep layer on the pleural surface. The superficial blood vessels could cross two or more pulmonary lobules, and the pleural superficial blood vessels and the interlobular blood vessels were mutual transitional. The outlines of lobules composed of vascular networks were various in size and form, and the lobular septa were also different in depth. The subpleural arterioles could be divided into arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn according to the branching sequence of themselves. The plate-like, sieve-like and web-like vascular networks occurred in the subpleural microvascular networks. The outline of alveolus, alveolar sac, alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchiole, which made of microvascular networks, could be found in the cut surface at a low magnification. The pulmonary alveolar capillaries were collected into the postcapillary venule, collecting venule, and venule in turn in the pulmonary parenchyma. The pleural superficial blood vessels were smooth, while the circular and oblique constrictions of smooth muscle cells occurred on the surface of the subpleural arteriole, venule and parenchymal venule. The round imprints of endothelial nuclei were found on the cast surface of the arteriole and venule.
The pleural double-layered vascular networks were also found in the lung of adult yak. The vessels from the lung parenchyma branched into the pleural superficial vessels, the interlobular vessels and the subpleural microvessels. The subpleural arterioles also could be divided into arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. Most subpleural capillary meshes were web-like, and also the small holes and sieve-like meshes occurred in the subpleural microvascular networks. The interlobular blood vessels and the superficial blood vessels were mutual transitional. The honeycomb vascular networks were various in size and form at a low magnification. The venule connected with the pulmonary capillary networks directly. In some fields of view, the pulmonary alveolar networks were plate-like and sieve-like. The pleural superficial blood vessels were smooth, while the round imprints of endothelial nuclei along the vascular axis and circular constrictions were found on the subpleural arteriole and the terminal arteriole. The round depressions occurred on the surface of the venule in the lung parenchyma.
The pleural superficial and the subpleural vascular networks also occurred in the adult cattle lung. The subpleural arteriole and its branches were short. The subpleural capillary meshes were sparse and web-like, and small holes made of microvessels were found occasionally. The anastomosing occurred between the pleural superficial and the subpleural vascular networks on the capillary level or the precapillary level. The honeycomb vascular networks were also various in size and form at a low magnification. The venule connected with the pulmonary capillary networks directly at a high magnification. The single capillary networks were found in the alveolar septa. The longitudinal crests and dense round imprints of endothelial nuclei and the clear circular constrictions were found on the surface of the larger vessel in the lung parenchyma. The round imprints of endothelial nuclei also occurred on the subpleural venule and capillary.
The analysis and comparison on the pulmonary microvasculature showed that there were many common characters among 180-day old yak, the adult yak and the adult cattle. The superficial microvascular networks were sparser, while the subpleural microvascular networks were denser. The superficial blood vessels and the interlobular blood vessels were mutual transitional, and the anastomosing between the superficial blood vessels with the subpleural vessels. According to the branching sequence of the subpleural arteriole, it could be divided into the arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. The subpleural capillary networks were mainly web-like, while small holes were also found on the cast. The honeycomb vascular networks were various in size and form at a low magnification. The outline of alveolus, alveolar sac, alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchiole, made of microvascular networks, could be found in the cut surface. The pleural superficial blood vessels were smooth, while the constrictions of smooth muscle cells and round imprints of endothelial nuclei occurred on the surface of the subpleural and parenchymal arteriole and venule. However, the pulmonary microvascular networks were sparser, and the vascular were larger in diameter with aging. The results from comparison of the pulmonary microvascular construction among 180-day old yak, the adult yak and one-day old yak showed that the plate-like vascular networks occurred in 180-day old yak lung, while the web-like alveolar capillary networks were found in the adult yak lung. Moreover, the significant differences on the pulmonary vascular networks were found between the adult yak and cattle lung. The pleural superficial, subpleural and parenchymal vacular networks were denser, and the range of the microvessels in diameter were larger, and the proceeding distance of the subpleural arteriole and its branches were longer in the adult yak lung than those in the adult cattle lung. However, the anastomosing between the pleural superficial and the subpleural vascular networks were more often found in the adult cattle lung than that in the adult yak.
In conclusion, the pulmonary microvascular networks in the yak were much denser than that in the cattle, and the distributing range were much wider in the yak than the cattle. And the microvascular networks decreased gradually in density with aging in the yak. Therefore, the distribution of dense microvascular networks was one of the important characteristics in the yak lung, which could be one of the important adaptive structures of yak to the highland and hypoxia environments.
引文
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