布根塔尔存在—分析心理治疗思想研究
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摘要
布根塔尔是20世纪美国最有影响力的心理学家和心理治疗师之一，特别是在人本主义取向的心理学和心理治疗领域拥有一个很高的位置。20世纪中叶，他与马斯洛、罗杰斯、罗洛·梅等人一起，共同促成了人本主义心理学运动，被公认为人本主义心理学的创立者之一。在人本主义心理学内部，他与罗洛·梅一起，代表着存在主义的方向，并为存在心理学的理论建构及其临床应用做出了独特的贡献。
在我国学术界，无论是在关于心理学基本理论的研究中，还是在心理治疗实践中，总体而言，人本主义心理学及其心理治疗方法，都受到广泛关注，也形成了大量研究成果。在这个背景中，就人物水平的研究现状而言，像马斯洛、罗杰斯、罗洛·梅等人，不仅他们的主要著作都有汉译，而且，他们的思想或理论，无论在哲学界、心理学界，还是在心理治疗及教育实践领域，都有相当规模的独立研究成果面世，并渗透到我们的社会生活的实践之中。但相比之下，在我国，无论就研究者还是就读者而言，布根塔尔几乎可以说还显得非常陌生。他的著作还没有汉译出版；关于他的思想，只是在有关西方心理学史的研究领域有零星的介绍或评述，而且，这些介绍或评述的工作，也只是由具有学术渊源关系的少数几个研究者完成的。这种现状与布根塔尔在心理学及心理治疗领域的地位是极不相称的，不仅对布根塔尔作为思想家个人是不公正的，而且必然制约着我们对人本主义心理学及其治疗实践作为整体的理解和把握。正是出于这个背景考虑，本论文选取布根塔尔心理治疗思想作为研究主题，以图弥补我国学术界关于人本主义心理学研究中缺失了的一个环节。
论文选题和研究工作，是在导师指导下进行的。因此，论文作者在攻读博士学位期间，除日常的专业学习和阅读外，还特别注意收集并钻研布根塔尔的著作。论文写作之前，就已经将布根塔尔的专著收集齐全，同时尽可能多地收集了布根塔尔的文章及其他关于布根塔尔的研究文献。论文研究工作，主要是以这些第一手文献为基础的。
布根塔尔是一个私人开业的临床心理治疗师。他的职业归属决定了他的著作的结构特征和他的思想的表达形式，同时也决定了他的思想的历史发生的特殊进程。就结构特征而言，布根塔尔著作的主题，直接看来都是讨论心理治疗的，并在不同水平上阐明心理治疗的不同方面。但是，心理治疗作为一项人类事业，必然以对人的存在性质的理解为基础，所以，在任何一种心理治疗方法的背后，都必然或自觉、或不自觉地隐含着一整套关于人性的本体论解释。换句话说，布根塔尔关于人本主义心理学、或一般而言关于心理学的基本原理的阐释，都渗透在他关于心理治疗的讨论之中；也正是他关于人的本性的存在主义理解，决定了他关于心理学的基本立场，同时也赋予了他的心理治疗体系以特色和规定性。
从布根塔尔思想发展的历史进程看，在其职业生涯的早期，即20世纪50年代，在心理治疗领域占统治地位的思想潮流，是他不能接受的精神分析和行为主义。他不接受这两种思潮的根据，是他自己作为本真的人在真诚参与人类生活的过程中获得的生存体验。但关于人性的本体论作为心理治疗实践的理论基础，又不能停留在这种不分化的生存体验的水平上，而必须以系统化的理论形态阐释出来。所以，当他接触到来自欧洲的现象学和存在主义之后，他便如鱼得水，借以表达他的生存体验，并构建他的心理治疗思想的体系。
这种状况给本论文的研究和写作带来了巨大的挑战。总而言之，他的思想往往隐伏在他关于心理治疗实践的描述之中，虽然在一些情况下也有较系统的专门论述。所以，为了完整地呈现布根塔尔的存在-分析心理治疗思想，就必须首先对他的著作加以解构，在对隐藏于他的心理治疗实践背后的思想形成整体把握后，以忠实于这个思想的内在逻辑的形式，重新把它建构出来。这就是本论文研究工作的整体思路。
论文共由6个部分组成。第1章为导言，介绍布根塔尔在心理学及心理治疗领域的地位和成就，并特别评述我国学者对布根塔尔的研究现状，以阐明本论文研究工作的背景和意义，同时交代论文研究工作的基本思路。
第2章综述存在-分析心理治疗的概念含义，并阐明其思想来源，以明确论文研究的主题。在概念解析部分，结合美国文化和欧洲文化的差异，特别阐明布根塔尔的存在-分析心理治疗与欧洲精神病学和心理治疗领域的存在分析运动之间的联系和区别，以进一步阐明布根塔尔存在-分析心理治疗体系的特殊规定性。关于他的思想来源，首先强调的是布根塔尔的真诚的生活态度和他在这个态度中积累的心理治疗实践经验，然后分别考察现象学-存在主义哲学运动和弗洛伊德的精神分析对他的思想的形成和发展的影响和意义。
第3章专论存在-分析心理治疗的理论基础。这个理论基础，实际上表达了布根塔尔关于人性存在的本体论理想，并构成他的全部思想活动和治疗实践的基点或出发点，并且是用存在主义的语言表达出来的。这个理想具体表现为以下两个理论命题：觉识是人的存在的首要条件；本真是人的存在的首要价值。以这个理想为基点，布根塔尔得以完成对现实的人的生存境况的存在主义分析，并得以揭示焦虑的本体论意义和心理病理学意义。
第4章整理存在-分析心理治疗的心理病理学模式。实际上，布根塔尔不曾专门讨论这个问题，因为他的存在主义立场使他倾向于拒绝“病理学”的思考模式。但决定于心理治疗的实践本性，心理病理学必然构成任何心理治疗体系的内在的否定的方面。具体内容包括，通过对焦虑的变性的存在主义分析，阐明神经症的起源；通过对抵抗的心理动力学分析，阐明神经症的内在机制；最后，以对人性存在的本体论理想为基础，从否定的方面阐明神经症的存在方式。这个心理病理学模式，同时也从一个侧面说明了存在主义和精神分析对布根塔尔思想的影响。
第5章具体考察存在-分析心理治疗的临床实践。首先阐明布根塔尔自己对心理治疗作为一项人类事业的一般性质的总体理解，并确定存在-分析心理治疗在由全部各种方法构成的心理治疗系谱中的位置。又通过对存在-分析心理治疗实践的临床特征的描述，进一步明确存在-分析心理治疗的性质。本章重点在于阐明存在-分析心理治疗的二阶段论及其各自的任务，特别是通过阐明成长阶段的目标，揭示布根塔尔存在-分析心理治疗及其思想的内核和本质的规定性。正是这个内核和本质的规定性，决定了存在-分析心理治疗的人本主义性质，并构成对人本主义心理学的重大贡献，同时也在一般意义上暗示了对心理学作为一门科学的理论基础的变革意义。
第6章为评价与结论。首先就布根塔尔存在-分析心理治疗思想本身的贡献和局限性加以评论。在此基础上，结合对人本主义心理学及其历史的理解，在一般意义上就心理学的理论基础进行必要的和概括的反思，以补充说明论文研究工作的意义和价值。
James F. T. Bugental is one of the most influential American psychologists andpsychotherapists in the20th century, especially in psychology and psychotherapy ofthe humanistic approach. He facilitated the humanistic psychology movement withAbraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May etc. in the middle of the20th centuryand is generally recognized as one of the founders of the humanistic psychology. Onbehalf of the existential approach of the humanistic psychology tradition with RolloMay, Bugental made unique contribution to the theoretical construction and clinicalapplication of the existential-humanistic psychology.
Generally speaking, wide attention is paid to the humanistic psychology and itspsychotherapy by the scholar in our nation both in the researches of the fundamentaltheories of psychology and in the practice of psychotherapy. A lot of achievements aremade based on this. In this background, the thoughts of most humanisticpsychologists, such as Maslow, Rogers, and May, has been given abroad attention notonly in the translation of their main works but also in the extensive studies of theirthoughts in philosophy, psychology, psychotherapy and education, which are appliedin the practice of our social life. Compared to these psychologists, Bugental is lessfamiliar to the Chinese researchers and readers. None of his works has been translatedinto Chinese so far. And his thoughts are only mentioned in the introduction of thehistory of western psychology by a few researchers with academic inherits. This baresno proportion to his position in psychology and psychotherapy, which not only isunfair to Bugental himself as a thinker but also restricts our understanding ofhumanistic psychology and its psychotherapy as a whole. Considering thisbackground, this thesis focuses on Bugental’s psychotherapeutic thoughts tocompensate for the missing part of our researches of humanistic psychology.
The topic and research of this thesis are conducted under the guiding of mysupervisor. So during my study for the doctor's degree, I paid special attention to thecollecting and studying of Bugental’s works. I have collected all of Bugental’s monographs and have collected his papers and researches on him as many as possible.This thesis is mainly based on these first-hand resources.
Bugental was a clinical psychotherapist in private practice. His vocationalattribute determines the structure of his works, the expression of his thoughts, and thespecial process of the historical generation of his thoughts. The subjects of his worksare on psychotherapy from a direct view in terms of the structure of his works.However, psychotherapy as a human undertaking must be based on the understandingof the nature of human existence. As a result, any kind of psychotherapy must imply awhole set of ontological explanations of human natures. In other words, Bugental’sexplanation of the fundamental principles of humanistic psychology or psychology ingeneral pervades in his discussion of psychotherapy; his existential understanding ofhuman natures determines his basic position of psychology as well as the characterand prescriptive nature of his system of psychotherapy.
From the perspective of the development of Bugental’s thoughts, early in hiscareer, namely, in the1950s, the field of psychotherapy was dominated bypsychoanalysis and behaviorism to which he turned an unfavorable attitude. The basisof that attitude is his genuine life experience acquired by his participation in humanlife as an authentic human being. But the ontology of human nature as the theoreticalbasis of the practice of psychotherapy cannot remain at the level of undifferentiatedlife experience but should be explained by systematic theories. So he was in hiselement when he got to know the phenomenology and existentialism from Europe,which he used to express his life experience and construct his psychotherapy system.
This brings a great challenge to the research and writing of this dissertation. In aword, Bugental’s thought always lies behind his description of the practice ofpsychotherapy, although with a few exceptions of systematic discussion. So for thepurpose of describing Bugental’s Existential-analytic psychotherapy completely, weshould at first destruct his works to get hold of the whole thoughts behind hispsychotherapeutic practice and then construct it in a way which sticks to its innerlogic. This is the general thought of this thesis.
The thesis divides into six parts. Chapter one is an introduction of Bugental’s position and achievements in psychology and psychotherapy and specially reviews theresearch status of Bugental in China to illustrate the background and significance ofthe topic and the basic idea of the thesis.
Chapter two reviews the notion of Existential-analytic psychotherapy and itstheory source to state the subject of the thesis. The part that explains the notionillustrates the differences between Bugental’s Existential-analytic psychotherapy andthe Daseinsanalysis movement in psychiatry and psychotherapy of Europe to makeclear the peculiarity of Bugental’s Existential-analytic system. Bugental’s thoughtsstem firstly from his genuine attitude to life and his experiences of psychotherapygathered in this attitude, and then from the influence fromphenomenological-existential movement and Freud’s psychoanalysis, which areinvestigated separately.
The theoretical basis of Existential-analytic psychotherapy is studied in chapterthree. The theoretical basis in fact expresses Bugental’s ontological thoughts onhuman nature which consist the base or starting point of his whole thinking andpractice and expressed in the words of existentialism. This is composed of two aspects:Awareness is the prerequisite of human’s existences; Authenticity is the mostimportant value of human’s existences. Bugental completed the existential analysis ofthe living condition of people in real life based on this thinking and revealed theontological and psychopathological significance of anxiety.
Chapter four analyzes the psychopathological moder of Existential-analyticpsychotherapy. In fact, Bugental never discussed this question specially, for hisexistentialist standpoint made him tend to refuse the pathological mode of thinking.However, depending on the practical nature of psychotherapy, psychopathology mustconstitute the negative aspect of any therapeutic system. The contents of chapter fourinclude the illustration of the origin of neurosis by the existential analysis of thedenature of anxiety, the clarification of the intrinsic mechanism of neurosis by thepsychodynamic analysis of resistance, and the illustration of the existing mode ofneurosis form the negative aspect based on the ontological idea of human nature. Thispsychopathological mode also indicates the influence of existentialism and psychoanalysis to Bugental.
The clinical practice of existential-analytic psychotherapy is studied in chapterfive. Firstly Bugental’s understanding of psychotherapy as a human undertaking andthe position of existential-analytic psychotherapy in the pedigree of psychotherapymade by all kinds of methods are studied. Then the nature of the existential-analyticpsychotherapy is studied by the description of the clinic features of the practice ofexistential-analytic psychotherapy. This chapter focuses on the two-stage theory of theexistential-analytic psychotherapy and the task of each stage, especially the reveal ofthe core and inherent characteristic of Bugental’s thinking. It is this core and inherentcharacteristic that determine the humanistic nature of the existential-analyticpsychotherapy and contribute a great deal to humanistic psychology, and imply thesignificances as a revolution to the theoretical basis of psychology as a science.
Chapter six is assessment and conclusion. The contributions and limitations ofBugental’s Existential-analytic psychotherapy is studied. And a general but necessaryreflection of the theoretical basis of psychology is made within the context of theunderstanding of humanistic psychology and its history as an additional explanationof the significance and value of this research.
在我国学术界，无论是在关于心理学基本理论的研究中，还是在心理治疗实践中，总体而言，人本主义心理学及其心理治疗方法，都受到广泛关注，也形成了大量研究成果。在这个背景中，就人物水平的研究现状而言，像马斯洛、罗杰斯、罗洛·梅等人，不仅他们的主要著作都有汉译，而且，他们的思想或理论，无论在哲学界、心理学界，还是在心理治疗及教育实践领域，都有相当规模的独立研究成果面世，并渗透到我们的社会生活的实践之中。但相比之下，在我国，无论就研究者还是就读者而言，布根塔尔几乎可以说还显得非常陌生。他的著作还没有汉译出版；关于他的思想，只是在有关西方心理学史的研究领域有零星的介绍或评述，而且，这些介绍或评述的工作，也只是由具有学术渊源关系的少数几个研究者完成的。这种现状与布根塔尔在心理学及心理治疗领域的地位是极不相称的，不仅对布根塔尔作为思想家个人是不公正的，而且必然制约着我们对人本主义心理学及其治疗实践作为整体的理解和把握。正是出于这个背景考虑，本论文选取布根塔尔心理治疗思想作为研究主题，以图弥补我国学术界关于人本主义心理学研究中缺失了的一个环节。
论文选题和研究工作，是在导师指导下进行的。因此，论文作者在攻读博士学位期间，除日常的专业学习和阅读外，还特别注意收集并钻研布根塔尔的著作。论文写作之前，就已经将布根塔尔的专著收集齐全，同时尽可能多地收集了布根塔尔的文章及其他关于布根塔尔的研究文献。论文研究工作，主要是以这些第一手文献为基础的。
布根塔尔是一个私人开业的临床心理治疗师。他的职业归属决定了他的著作的结构特征和他的思想的表达形式，同时也决定了他的思想的历史发生的特殊进程。就结构特征而言，布根塔尔著作的主题，直接看来都是讨论心理治疗的，并在不同水平上阐明心理治疗的不同方面。但是，心理治疗作为一项人类事业，必然以对人的存在性质的理解为基础，所以，在任何一种心理治疗方法的背后，都必然或自觉、或不自觉地隐含着一整套关于人性的本体论解释。换句话说，布根塔尔关于人本主义心理学、或一般而言关于心理学的基本原理的阐释，都渗透在他关于心理治疗的讨论之中；也正是他关于人的本性的存在主义理解，决定了他关于心理学的基本立场，同时也赋予了他的心理治疗体系以特色和规定性。
从布根塔尔思想发展的历史进程看，在其职业生涯的早期，即20世纪50年代，在心理治疗领域占统治地位的思想潮流，是他不能接受的精神分析和行为主义。他不接受这两种思潮的根据，是他自己作为本真的人在真诚参与人类生活的过程中获得的生存体验。但关于人性的本体论作为心理治疗实践的理论基础，又不能停留在这种不分化的生存体验的水平上，而必须以系统化的理论形态阐释出来。所以，当他接触到来自欧洲的现象学和存在主义之后，他便如鱼得水，借以表达他的生存体验，并构建他的心理治疗思想的体系。
这种状况给本论文的研究和写作带来了巨大的挑战。总而言之，他的思想往往隐伏在他关于心理治疗实践的描述之中，虽然在一些情况下也有较系统的专门论述。所以，为了完整地呈现布根塔尔的存在-分析心理治疗思想，就必须首先对他的著作加以解构，在对隐藏于他的心理治疗实践背后的思想形成整体把握后，以忠实于这个思想的内在逻辑的形式，重新把它建构出来。这就是本论文研究工作的整体思路。
论文共由6个部分组成。第1章为导言，介绍布根塔尔在心理学及心理治疗领域的地位和成就，并特别评述我国学者对布根塔尔的研究现状，以阐明本论文研究工作的背景和意义，同时交代论文研究工作的基本思路。
第2章综述存在-分析心理治疗的概念含义，并阐明其思想来源，以明确论文研究的主题。在概念解析部分，结合美国文化和欧洲文化的差异，特别阐明布根塔尔的存在-分析心理治疗与欧洲精神病学和心理治疗领域的存在分析运动之间的联系和区别，以进一步阐明布根塔尔存在-分析心理治疗体系的特殊规定性。关于他的思想来源，首先强调的是布根塔尔的真诚的生活态度和他在这个态度中积累的心理治疗实践经验，然后分别考察现象学-存在主义哲学运动和弗洛伊德的精神分析对他的思想的形成和发展的影响和意义。
第3章专论存在-分析心理治疗的理论基础。这个理论基础，实际上表达了布根塔尔关于人性存在的本体论理想，并构成他的全部思想活动和治疗实践的基点或出发点，并且是用存在主义的语言表达出来的。这个理想具体表现为以下两个理论命题：觉识是人的存在的首要条件；本真是人的存在的首要价值。以这个理想为基点，布根塔尔得以完成对现实的人的生存境况的存在主义分析，并得以揭示焦虑的本体论意义和心理病理学意义。
第4章整理存在-分析心理治疗的心理病理学模式。实际上，布根塔尔不曾专门讨论这个问题，因为他的存在主义立场使他倾向于拒绝“病理学”的思考模式。但决定于心理治疗的实践本性，心理病理学必然构成任何心理治疗体系的内在的否定的方面。具体内容包括，通过对焦虑的变性的存在主义分析，阐明神经症的起源；通过对抵抗的心理动力学分析，阐明神经症的内在机制；最后，以对人性存在的本体论理想为基础，从否定的方面阐明神经症的存在方式。这个心理病理学模式，同时也从一个侧面说明了存在主义和精神分析对布根塔尔思想的影响。
第5章具体考察存在-分析心理治疗的临床实践。首先阐明布根塔尔自己对心理治疗作为一项人类事业的一般性质的总体理解，并确定存在-分析心理治疗在由全部各种方法构成的心理治疗系谱中的位置。又通过对存在-分析心理治疗实践的临床特征的描述，进一步明确存在-分析心理治疗的性质。本章重点在于阐明存在-分析心理治疗的二阶段论及其各自的任务，特别是通过阐明成长阶段的目标，揭示布根塔尔存在-分析心理治疗及其思想的内核和本质的规定性。正是这个内核和本质的规定性，决定了存在-分析心理治疗的人本主义性质，并构成对人本主义心理学的重大贡献，同时也在一般意义上暗示了对心理学作为一门科学的理论基础的变革意义。
第6章为评价与结论。首先就布根塔尔存在-分析心理治疗思想本身的贡献和局限性加以评论。在此基础上，结合对人本主义心理学及其历史的理解，在一般意义上就心理学的理论基础进行必要的和概括的反思，以补充说明论文研究工作的意义和价值。
James F. T. Bugental is one of the most influential American psychologists andpsychotherapists in the20th century, especially in psychology and psychotherapy ofthe humanistic approach. He facilitated the humanistic psychology movement withAbraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May etc. in the middle of the20th centuryand is generally recognized as one of the founders of the humanistic psychology. Onbehalf of the existential approach of the humanistic psychology tradition with RolloMay, Bugental made unique contribution to the theoretical construction and clinicalapplication of the existential-humanistic psychology.
Generally speaking, wide attention is paid to the humanistic psychology and itspsychotherapy by the scholar in our nation both in the researches of the fundamentaltheories of psychology and in the practice of psychotherapy. A lot of achievements aremade based on this. In this background, the thoughts of most humanisticpsychologists, such as Maslow, Rogers, and May, has been given abroad attention notonly in the translation of their main works but also in the extensive studies of theirthoughts in philosophy, psychology, psychotherapy and education, which are appliedin the practice of our social life. Compared to these psychologists, Bugental is lessfamiliar to the Chinese researchers and readers. None of his works has been translatedinto Chinese so far. And his thoughts are only mentioned in the introduction of thehistory of western psychology by a few researchers with academic inherits. This baresno proportion to his position in psychology and psychotherapy, which not only isunfair to Bugental himself as a thinker but also restricts our understanding ofhumanistic psychology and its psychotherapy as a whole. Considering thisbackground, this thesis focuses on Bugental’s psychotherapeutic thoughts tocompensate for the missing part of our researches of humanistic psychology.
The topic and research of this thesis are conducted under the guiding of mysupervisor. So during my study for the doctor's degree, I paid special attention to thecollecting and studying of Bugental’s works. I have collected all of Bugental’s monographs and have collected his papers and researches on him as many as possible.This thesis is mainly based on these first-hand resources.
Bugental was a clinical psychotherapist in private practice. His vocationalattribute determines the structure of his works, the expression of his thoughts, and thespecial process of the historical generation of his thoughts. The subjects of his worksare on psychotherapy from a direct view in terms of the structure of his works.However, psychotherapy as a human undertaking must be based on the understandingof the nature of human existence. As a result, any kind of psychotherapy must imply awhole set of ontological explanations of human natures. In other words, Bugental’sexplanation of the fundamental principles of humanistic psychology or psychology ingeneral pervades in his discussion of psychotherapy; his existential understanding ofhuman natures determines his basic position of psychology as well as the characterand prescriptive nature of his system of psychotherapy.
From the perspective of the development of Bugental’s thoughts, early in hiscareer, namely, in the1950s, the field of psychotherapy was dominated bypsychoanalysis and behaviorism to which he turned an unfavorable attitude. The basisof that attitude is his genuine life experience acquired by his participation in humanlife as an authentic human being. But the ontology of human nature as the theoreticalbasis of the practice of psychotherapy cannot remain at the level of undifferentiatedlife experience but should be explained by systematic theories. So he was in hiselement when he got to know the phenomenology and existentialism from Europe,which he used to express his life experience and construct his psychotherapy system.
This brings a great challenge to the research and writing of this dissertation. In aword, Bugental’s thought always lies behind his description of the practice ofpsychotherapy, although with a few exceptions of systematic discussion. So for thepurpose of describing Bugental’s Existential-analytic psychotherapy completely, weshould at first destruct his works to get hold of the whole thoughts behind hispsychotherapeutic practice and then construct it in a way which sticks to its innerlogic. This is the general thought of this thesis.
The thesis divides into six parts. Chapter one is an introduction of Bugental’s position and achievements in psychology and psychotherapy and specially reviews theresearch status of Bugental in China to illustrate the background and significance ofthe topic and the basic idea of the thesis.
Chapter two reviews the notion of Existential-analytic psychotherapy and itstheory source to state the subject of the thesis. The part that explains the notionillustrates the differences between Bugental’s Existential-analytic psychotherapy andthe Daseinsanalysis movement in psychiatry and psychotherapy of Europe to makeclear the peculiarity of Bugental’s Existential-analytic system. Bugental’s thoughtsstem firstly from his genuine attitude to life and his experiences of psychotherapygathered in this attitude, and then from the influence fromphenomenological-existential movement and Freud’s psychoanalysis, which areinvestigated separately.
The theoretical basis of Existential-analytic psychotherapy is studied in chapterthree. The theoretical basis in fact expresses Bugental’s ontological thoughts onhuman nature which consist the base or starting point of his whole thinking andpractice and expressed in the words of existentialism. This is composed of two aspects:Awareness is the prerequisite of human’s existences; Authenticity is the mostimportant value of human’s existences. Bugental completed the existential analysis ofthe living condition of people in real life based on this thinking and revealed theontological and psychopathological significance of anxiety.
Chapter four analyzes the psychopathological moder of Existential-analyticpsychotherapy. In fact, Bugental never discussed this question specially, for hisexistentialist standpoint made him tend to refuse the pathological mode of thinking.However, depending on the practical nature of psychotherapy, psychopathology mustconstitute the negative aspect of any therapeutic system. The contents of chapter fourinclude the illustration of the origin of neurosis by the existential analysis of thedenature of anxiety, the clarification of the intrinsic mechanism of neurosis by thepsychodynamic analysis of resistance, and the illustration of the existing mode ofneurosis form the negative aspect based on the ontological idea of human nature. Thispsychopathological mode also indicates the influence of existentialism and psychoanalysis to Bugental.
The clinical practice of existential-analytic psychotherapy is studied in chapterfive. Firstly Bugental’s understanding of psychotherapy as a human undertaking andthe position of existential-analytic psychotherapy in the pedigree of psychotherapymade by all kinds of methods are studied. Then the nature of the existential-analyticpsychotherapy is studied by the description of the clinic features of the practice ofexistential-analytic psychotherapy. This chapter focuses on the two-stage theory of theexistential-analytic psychotherapy and the task of each stage, especially the reveal ofthe core and inherent characteristic of Bugental’s thinking. It is this core and inherentcharacteristic that determine the humanistic nature of the existential-analyticpsychotherapy and contribute a great deal to humanistic psychology, and imply thesignificances as a revolution to the theoretical basis of psychology as a science.
Chapter six is assessment and conclusion. The contributions and limitations ofBugental’s Existential-analytic psychotherapy is studied. And a general but necessaryreflection of the theoretical basis of psychology is made within the context of theunderstanding of humanistic psychology and its history as an additional explanationof the significance and value of this research.
引文
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2DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.10.
3Bugental, J., Humanistic psychology: A new break-through. American Psychologist,1963,18(9), pp.563~567.
4Bugental, J., The search for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy.1963, pp.11~13.
5DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.2.
6Bugental, J., The search for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY: Holt,Rinehart&Winston,1965.
7Bugental, J.(Ed.), Challenges of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc..1967.
8Bugental, J., The search for existential identity: Patient-therapist dialogues in humanistic psychotherapy. SanFrancisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers,1976.
9Bugental, J. Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill, Inc.,1978.
10Bugental, J., The art of the psychotherapist: How to develop the skills that take psychotherapy beyond science.New York, NY: W. W. Norton&Company, Inc.,1987.
11Bugental, J., Intimate Journeys: Stories from life-changing therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.1990.p.xiv.
12Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p.xiii.
13Wertz. F. J.(Ed.), The humanistic movement: Recovering the person in psychology. Lake Worth, FL: GardnerPress, Inc.,1994.
14Moss, D.(Ed.), Humanistic and transpersonal psychology: A historical and biographical sourcebook. Westport,CT: Greenwood Press,1999. p.31.
15Wertz, F. J., Representations of the “The Third Force” in history of psychology textbooks. In F. J. Wertz(Ed.),The humanistic movement: Recovering the person in psychology. Lake Worth, FL: Gardner Press, Inc.,1994.
16舒尔茨：《现代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1981年。第403页。
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18资料来源：http://www.human-studies.com/jim-bugental-tributes.php。其中吉姆（Jim）是布根塔尔的名詹姆斯（James）的昵称。
19高觉敷（主编）：《西方近代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1982年。
20高申春：布根塔尔存在-分析心理学述评。《心理科学》1997年第1期，73~77页。
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23车文博：《人本主义心理学》。台北：台湾东华书局股份有限公司，2001年。
24Spiegelberg, H., Phenomenology in psychology and psychiatry: A historical introduction. Evanston, IL:Northwestern University Press,1972. p.194.
25孙平，郭本禹：《从精神分析到存在分析：鲍斯研究》。福州：福建教育出版社，2011年。第2页。
26DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.33,p.61.
27转引自DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991.p.62.
28孙平，郭本禹：《从精神分析到存在分析：鲍斯研究》。福州：福建教育出版社，2011年。第2页。
29孙平，郭本禹：《从精神分析到存在分析：鲍斯研究》。福州：福建教育出版社，2011年。第19~27页。
30Boss, M., Existential foundations of medicine and psychology. New York, NY: Jason Aronson,1979.
31巴雷特：《非理性的人》。北京：商务印书馆，1995年。第228页。
32《中国大百科全书·哲学（I）》。北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1985年。第278页。
33陈嘉映：《海德格尔哲学概论》。北京：三联书店，1995年。第56页。
34巴雷特：《非理性的人》。北京：商务印书馆，1995年。第218页。
35Boss, M., Psychoanalysis and Daseinsanalysis. New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers,1963. p.34, p.35..
36孙平，郭本禹：《从精神分析到存在分析：鲍斯研究》。福州：福建教育出版社，2011年。第289页。
37参见DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.64,p.30.
38Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p45.
40参见车文博：《人本主义心理学》。台北：台湾东华书局，2001年。第296页。
41Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. P.vii.
42参见DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Psychology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. p.30.
43舒尔茨：《现代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1981年。第112页。
45高申春：胡塞尔与心理学的现象学道路。南京师大学报，2012年，第1期。第90~6页。
46参见DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Pyschology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. p.64.
47May, R. et. al.(Eds), Existence: A new dimension in psychiatry and psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books,Inc., Publishers,1958. p.4.
48DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Pyschology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. p.64.
49Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.16-17.
50参见冯契等主编：《外国哲学大辞典》“被抛”条目。上海：上海辞书出版社，2008年。
51Bugental, J. F. T., Self-fragmentation as a resistance to self-actualization. Review of Existential Psychology andPsychiatry.1962(2), pp.241~248.
52Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. P.1.
53Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.23.
54Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.38..
55Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.74.
56Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.153.
57Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.23.
58Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.286.
59Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.35.
60Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.97.
61胡塞尔：《现象学的观念》。上海：上海译文出版社，1986年。第19页。
62Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.15, p.35, p.97, pp.218~219.
63Bugental, J.(Ed.), Challenges of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1967.p.5, p.6.
64Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.204.
65Raimy, V. C., The self-concept as a factor in counseling and personality organization. Unpublished DoctoralDissertation, Ohio State University,1943. p.331.
66Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p.64.
67参见Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into theliving moment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. pp.64~65..
68Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p.69.
69参见DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Pyschology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. pp.79~81.
70参见《新英汉词典》（上海译文出版社1978年版）有关authenticity词条的释义。
71Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.33.
72Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.33.
73Bugental, J., A phenomenological hypothesis of neurotic determinants and their therapy. Psychological Reports,1962, No.10. pp.607~610.
74Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.264.
75参见Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity:An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York,NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.277~279, p.286, pp.34~35.
76Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.286.
77Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.43.
78Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p.185.
79参见Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity:An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York,NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.43.
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82高觉敷（主编）：《西方近代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1982年。第381页。
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84车文博（主编）：《弗洛伊德主义论评》。长春：吉林教育出版社，1992年。第1093~1094页。
85Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.88~89.
86Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.88.
87Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.91.
88Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.92~93.
89Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.93.
90参见Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity:An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York,NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.198.
91Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.408~410.
92高觉敷（主编）：《西方近代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1982年。第381页。
93Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.103.
94Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.138.
95参见Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity:An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York,NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.299~300.
96参见波林：《实验心理学史》（上册）。北京：商务印书馆，1981年。第132页。
97波林：《实验心理学史》（下册）。北京：商务印书馆，1981年。第798页。
98黎黑：《心理学史——心理学思想的主要趋势》。上海：上海译文出版社，1990年。第498页，
99Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley,1978. p.v.
100Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.42.
101Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.85.
102Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.69.
103参见Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,1978.
104参见Bugental, J., Intimate Journeys: Stories from life-changing therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.1990.
105车文博（主编）：《心理治疗手册》。广州：广东教育出版社，2009年。第3页。
106Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley,1978. pp.2~11.
107车文博：人本主义心理学。台北：台湾东华书局，2001年。第310页。
108Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.48.
109Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.65.
110Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.65.
111DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.52.
112Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.54.
113DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.38.
114Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.88.
115Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.87.
116Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley,1978. p.63.
117Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley,1978. p.111.
118Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.121-123.
119Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.245.
120胡塞尔：《纯粹现象学通论》。北京：商务印书馆，1995年。第244页。
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122Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.286.
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126Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.338.
127Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.343, p344.
128Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.266-275.
129Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.343, p277.
130车文博：透视西方心理学。北京：北京师范大学出版社，2007年。第120页。
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2DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.10.
3Bugental, J., Humanistic psychology: A new break-through. American Psychologist,1963,18(9), pp.563~567.
4Bugental, J., The search for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy.1963, pp.11~13.
5DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.2.
6Bugental, J., The search for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY: Holt,Rinehart&Winston,1965.
7Bugental, J.(Ed.), Challenges of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc..1967.
8Bugental, J., The search for existential identity: Patient-therapist dialogues in humanistic psychotherapy. SanFrancisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers,1976.
9Bugental, J. Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill, Inc.,1978.
10Bugental, J., The art of the psychotherapist: How to develop the skills that take psychotherapy beyond science.New York, NY: W. W. Norton&Company, Inc.,1987.
11Bugental, J., Intimate Journeys: Stories from life-changing therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.1990.p.xiv.
12Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p.xiii.
13Wertz. F. J.(Ed.), The humanistic movement: Recovering the person in psychology. Lake Worth, FL: GardnerPress, Inc.,1994.
14Moss, D.(Ed.), Humanistic and transpersonal psychology: A historical and biographical sourcebook. Westport,CT: Greenwood Press,1999. p.31.
15Wertz, F. J., Representations of the “The Third Force” in history of psychology textbooks. In F. J. Wertz(Ed.),The humanistic movement: Recovering the person in psychology. Lake Worth, FL: Gardner Press, Inc.,1994.
16舒尔茨：《现代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1981年。第403页。
17Gerald Corey（石林等译）：《心理咨询与治疗的理论及实践》。北京：中国轻工业出版社，2004年。93页。
18资料来源：http://www.human-studies.com/jim-bugental-tributes.php。其中吉姆（Jim）是布根塔尔的名詹姆斯（James）的昵称。
19高觉敷（主编）：《西方近代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1982年。
20高申春：布根塔尔存在-分析心理学述评。《心理科学》1997年第1期，73~77页。
21杨韶刚：《存在心理学》。南京：南京师范大学出版，2000年。
22杨鑫辉（主编）：《心理学通史》（第五卷）。济南：山东教育出版社，2000年。
23车文博：《人本主义心理学》。台北：台湾东华书局股份有限公司，2001年。
24Spiegelberg, H., Phenomenology in psychology and psychiatry: A historical introduction. Evanston, IL:Northwestern University Press,1972. p.194.
25孙平，郭本禹：《从精神分析到存在分析：鲍斯研究》。福州：福建教育出版社，2011年。第2页。
26DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.33,p.61.
27转引自DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991.p.62.
28孙平，郭本禹：《从精神分析到存在分析：鲍斯研究》。福州：福建教育出版社，2011年。第2页。
29孙平，郭本禹：《从精神分析到存在分析：鲍斯研究》。福州：福建教育出版社，2011年。第19~27页。
30Boss, M., Existential foundations of medicine and psychology. New York, NY: Jason Aronson,1979.
31巴雷特：《非理性的人》。北京：商务印书馆，1995年。第228页。
32《中国大百科全书·哲学（I）》。北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1985年。第278页。
33陈嘉映：《海德格尔哲学概论》。北京：三联书店，1995年。第56页。
34巴雷特：《非理性的人》。北京：商务印书馆，1995年。第218页。
35Boss, M., Psychoanalysis and Daseinsanalysis. New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers,1963. p.34, p.35..
36孙平，郭本禹：《从精神分析到存在分析：鲍斯研究》。福州：福建教育出版社，2011年。第289页。
37参见DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.64,p.30.
38Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p45.
40参见车文博：《人本主义心理学》。台北：台湾东华书局，2001年。第296页。
41Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. P.vii.
42参见DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Psychology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. p.30.
43舒尔茨：《现代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1981年。第112页。
45高申春：胡塞尔与心理学的现象学道路。南京师大学报，2012年，第1期。第90~6页。
46参见DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Pyschology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. p.64.
47May, R. et. al.(Eds), Existence: A new dimension in psychiatry and psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books,Inc., Publishers,1958. p.4.
48DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Pyschology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. p.64.
49Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.16-17.
50参见冯契等主编：《外国哲学大辞典》“被抛”条目。上海：上海辞书出版社，2008年。
51Bugental, J. F. T., Self-fragmentation as a resistance to self-actualization. Review of Existential Psychology andPsychiatry.1962(2), pp.241~248.
52Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. P.1.
53Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.23.
54Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.38..
55Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.74.
56Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.153.
57Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.23.
58Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.286.
59Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.35.
60Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.97.
61胡塞尔：《现象学的观念》。上海：上海译文出版社，1986年。第19页。
62Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.15, p.35, p.97, pp.218~219.
63Bugental, J.(Ed.), Challenges of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1967.p.5, p.6.
64Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.204.
65Raimy, V. C., The self-concept as a factor in counseling and personality organization. Unpublished DoctoralDissertation, Ohio State University,1943. p.331.
66Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p.64.
67参见Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into theliving moment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. pp.64~65..
68Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p.69.
69参见DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Pyschology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. pp.79~81.
70参见《新英汉词典》（上海译文出版社1978年版）有关authenticity词条的释义。
71Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.33.
72Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.33.
73Bugental, J., A phenomenological hypothesis of neurotic determinants and their therapy. Psychological Reports,1962, No.10. pp.607~610.
74Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.264.
75参见Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity:An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York,NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.277~279, p.286, pp.34~35.
76Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.286.
77Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.43.
78Bugental, J., Psychotherapy isn’t what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the livingmoment. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker&Co., Inc.,1999. p.185.
79参见Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity:An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York,NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.43.
80弗洛伊德：《精神分析引论》。北京：商务印书馆，1984年。第8页。
81高觉敷（主编）：《西方近代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1982年。第379页。
82高觉敷（主编）：《西方近代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1982年。第381页。
83弗洛伊德：《精神分析新论》。见车文博（主编）：《弗洛伊德文集》第5卷。长春：长春出版社，2004年。第43页。
84车文博（主编）：《弗洛伊德主义论评》。长春：吉林教育出版社，1992年。第1093~1094页。
85Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.88~89.
86Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.88.
87Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.91.
88Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.92~93.
89Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.93.
90参见Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity:An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York,NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.198.
91Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.408~410.
92高觉敷（主编）：《西方近代心理学史》。北京：人民教育出版社，1982年。第381页。
93Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.103.
94Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.138.
95参见Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity:An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York,NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.299~300.
96参见波林：《实验心理学史》（上册）。北京：商务印书馆，1981年。第132页。
97波林：《实验心理学史》（下册）。北京：商务印书馆，1981年。第798页。
98黎黑：《心理学史——心理学思想的主要趋势》。上海：上海译文出版社，1990年。第498页，
99Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley,1978. p.v.
100Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.42.
101Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.85.
102Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.69.
103参见Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,1978.
104参见Bugental, J., Intimate Journeys: Stories from life-changing therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.1990.
105车文博（主编）：《心理治疗手册》。广州：广东教育出版社，2009年。第3页。
106Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley,1978. pp.2~11.
107车文博：人本主义心理学。台北：台湾东华书局，2001年。第310页。
108Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.48.
109Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.65.
110Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.65.
111DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.52.
112Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.54.
113DeCarvalho, R. J., The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers,1991. p.38.
114Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.88.
115Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.87.
116Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley,1978. p.63.
117Bugental, J., Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach. Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley,1978. p.111.
118Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.121-123.
119Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.245.
120胡塞尔：《纯粹现象学通论》。北京：商务印书馆，1995年。第244页。
121詹姆斯：《彻底的经验主义》。上海：上海译文出版社，1965年。第50页。
122Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.286.
123蒂利希：《存在的勇气》。贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1998年。第1、34-43页。
124From, E., Value, psychology, and human existence. In A. H. Maslow (Ed.), New knowledge in human values.New York, NY: Harper&Row,1959. pp.151-164.
125Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.329.
126Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.338.
127Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.343, p344.
128Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. pp.266-275.
129Bugental, J., The searching for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart&Winston,1965. p.343, p277.
130车文博：透视西方心理学。北京：北京师范大学出版社，2007年。第120页。
131参见车文博：人本主义心理学。台北：台湾东华书局，2001年。第319-322页。
132参见高申春、王栋：人本主义兴衰史评述。《学习与探索》，2013年第5期。
133Giorgi, A., Towards the articulation of psychology as a coherent discipline. In S. Koch&D. E. Leary (eds), Acentury of psychology as a science. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,1985. p,46.
134Wertz, F. J.&Aanstoo, C. M., Amedeo Giorgi and the project of a human science. In D. Moss(ed). Humanisticand transpersonal psychology: A historical and biographical sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,1999.p.298.
135Giorgi, A., Whither humanistic psychology?. In Wertz, F. J.(Ed) The humanistic movement: Recovering theperson in psychology. Lake Worth, FL: Gardner Press, Inc.1994. p.307.
136Victor Yalom, An Interview with James Bugental, PhD: Existential-Humanistic Psychotherapy.Copyright2001Psychotherapy.net.
137Bob Edelstain, Interview with Jim Bugental: AHP’s First President. AHP Perspective. February/March,2003.
138DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Pyschology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. P.28.
139DeCarvalho, R. J., The Founders of Humanistic Pyschology. New York, NY: Praeger,1991. P.10.
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