热电厂热力系统改造与优化调度
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摘要
本文以赤峰热电厂热力系统为研究对象，讨论了系统改造的两种方案，并采用最优化方法对其进行优化调度，以此来降低能耗和生产成本。对于所研究的母管制热力系统，本文讨论了如何实行循环水串联供热的问题。在系统优化方面采用了分级优化方法：当外界所需的热、电负荷确定以后，首先优化分配各台汽轮机的热、电负荷使得所需的总新蒸汽量最低；然后根据这一总新蒸汽负荷优化分配各台锅炉的负荷，使总燃料消耗量最低。经过这样的两级优化使得热电厂的经济效益最高。
文中讨论了建立锅炉、汽轮机等部件优化调度所需数学模型的方法。汽轮机模型采用对工况图分区建立线性模型的方法，来解决实际的非线性问题。锅炉模型则根据热效率试验数据建立非线性模型。此外对于汽轮机，为得到符合机组实际运行情况的模型，文中提出两种方法：1）对根据工况图得到的模型进行运行参数修正；2）根据实际运行数据，采用数值拟合的方法得到实际模型。并在以后的讨论中提出了锅炉线性模型的建立方法。
在完成部件模型的基础上，根据模型特点及系统结构完成优化问题数学模型的建立。汽轮机系统和锅炉系统分别构成线性混合0-1整数规划问题和非线性规划问题。根据两种规划问题的特点，汽轮机系统负荷分配问题采用分枝限界反向跟踪的优化算法来求解，锅炉系统负荷分配问题采用转动坐标轴直接搜索可行方向法（DSFD法）来求解。
根据研究结果，本文的优化调度方法经济效益显著，在对热电厂进行优化调度后，可比未进行优化的调度方案节约燃料2%~7%。实践证明这种分级优化是有效的。对于具有类似结构的热力系统，均可采用该方法来实施优化调度。，
This article focuses on the thermodynamic system of Chifeng thermoelectricity Plant, involving two schemes about the systematic transform. Using the best method to master the dispatch, it lowers the production cost and energy comsumption. On series thermodynamic system, this paper studies about that how to make the cycling water warm serially and reform the negative-voltage unit. In the systematic optimization we have the gradational optimization, when the heat and electricity load is acknowledged, we can have the least vapour by optimizing the arrangement of the load of every generator in advance. Then we can optimize the load of every boiler in the light of the total vapour and have the least fuel consumption. Consequently the plant gets the highest economic benefit through these two graditional optimization.
The paper debates on the method that how to make the mathematical model on the dispatch optimization of parts such as boiler and steam turbine. The model of the steam turbine adopts the linear model, which is made according to every work area of the machine, thus it can solve the factual non-linear problem. The model of the boiler has a non-linear model according to the experimental data got through the test of heat efficiency. Two methods are provided in the paper, one is to modify the moving parameter pursuant to the model, the other is to get a factual model and its method through the accumulated moving data and drawing un the figures.
On the basis of the accomplishment of model of parts, we can finish the mathematical model of the optimization. The steam turbine system and the boiler system construct respectively an integral linear 0-1 problem and a non-linear problem. The assignment of the load of the steam turbine can be solved by the reverse follow, the assignment of the load of the boiler can be solved by DSFD.
The research result proves the economic profit is remarkable. After the dispatching optimization of the thermoelectrical plant, we can save three to seven percent of the fuel than before. The reality also testifies the effectiveness of this gradational optimization. It is the same to the analogous thermodynamic system.
文中讨论了建立锅炉、汽轮机等部件优化调度所需数学模型的方法。汽轮机模型采用对工况图分区建立线性模型的方法，来解决实际的非线性问题。锅炉模型则根据热效率试验数据建立非线性模型。此外对于汽轮机，为得到符合机组实际运行情况的模型，文中提出两种方法：1）对根据工况图得到的模型进行运行参数修正；2）根据实际运行数据，采用数值拟合的方法得到实际模型。并在以后的讨论中提出了锅炉线性模型的建立方法。
在完成部件模型的基础上，根据模型特点及系统结构完成优化问题数学模型的建立。汽轮机系统和锅炉系统分别构成线性混合0-1整数规划问题和非线性规划问题。根据两种规划问题的特点，汽轮机系统负荷分配问题采用分枝限界反向跟踪的优化算法来求解，锅炉系统负荷分配问题采用转动坐标轴直接搜索可行方向法（DSFD法）来求解。
根据研究结果，本文的优化调度方法经济效益显著，在对热电厂进行优化调度后，可比未进行优化的调度方案节约燃料2%~7%。实践证明这种分级优化是有效的。对于具有类似结构的热力系统，均可采用该方法来实施优化调度。，
This article focuses on the thermodynamic system of Chifeng thermoelectricity Plant, involving two schemes about the systematic transform. Using the best method to master the dispatch, it lowers the production cost and energy comsumption. On series thermodynamic system, this paper studies about that how to make the cycling water warm serially and reform the negative-voltage unit. In the systematic optimization we have the gradational optimization, when the heat and electricity load is acknowledged, we can have the least vapour by optimizing the arrangement of the load of every generator in advance. Then we can optimize the load of every boiler in the light of the total vapour and have the least fuel consumption. Consequently the plant gets the highest economic benefit through these two graditional optimization.
The paper debates on the method that how to make the mathematical model on the dispatch optimization of parts such as boiler and steam turbine. The model of the steam turbine adopts the linear model, which is made according to every work area of the machine, thus it can solve the factual non-linear problem. The model of the boiler has a non-linear model according to the experimental data got through the test of heat efficiency. Two methods are provided in the paper, one is to modify the moving parameter pursuant to the model, the other is to get a factual model and its method through the accumulated moving data and drawing un the figures.
On the basis of the accomplishment of model of parts, we can finish the mathematical model of the optimization. The steam turbine system and the boiler system construct respectively an integral linear 0-1 problem and a non-linear problem. The assignment of the load of the steam turbine can be solved by the reverse follow, the assignment of the load of the boiler can be solved by DSFD.
The research result proves the economic profit is remarkable. After the dispatching optimization of the thermoelectrical plant, we can save three to seven percent of the fuel than before. The reality also testifies the effectiveness of this gradational optimization. It is the same to the analogous thermodynamic system.
引文
[1]. 范鸣玉，张莹编著，最优化技术基础，清华大学出版社
[2]. Papoulias S.A.；Grossmann I.E.，A Structural Optimization Approach in Process Synthesis-I，Computers and Chemical Engineering，1983.7
[3]. An Optimal Operational Advisory System for a Brewery's Energy Supply Plant. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 1994-3. Vol. 116, 65-71
[4]. 青岛化工学院计算机与化工研究所，工程化学模拟系统 ECSS.
[5]. 陈元鹏，蒋楚生，郑丹星，大型乙烯企业总能系统研究（Ⅰ），石油化工，1992年第21卷第三期
[6]. 袁小雄，沈幼庭. 炼油厂蒸汽系统数学模型的研究. 清华大学热能工程系研究报告，1988-7
[7]. 于万纪. 石油化工厂蒸汽系统优化设计的研究. 清华大学硕士学位论文，1993
[8]. 王克峰，修乃云，匡国柱等. 非线性蒸汽动力系统参数优化新方法----改进遗传算法. 化学工程，1998年第4期
[9]. 袁一，尹洪超，于福东等. 复杂非线性公用工程系统的遗传算法最优设计. 大连理工大学学报，1997年第11期
[10]. Clary, Albert T., Open loop optimization of a complex steam cogeneration system, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Power Division (Publication) PWR Proceedings of 1996 International Joint Power Generation Conference. Part 2 (of 2) Oct 13-17 1996 v 30 1996 Houston, TX, , USA (Abstract)
[11]. Milosevic,Zoran;Ponhofer,Clemens, Refiner improves steam system with custom simulation/optimization package, Oil and Gas Journal, 1997-8, Vol.95
[12]. 郑体宽主编. 热力发电厂. 水利电力出版社，1995
[13]. 孙国栋，上海石化总厂供热系统的优化调度，清华大学学士学位论文，1992
[14]. 汽轮机电站培训教材[上册]. 清华大学热能工程系，1990
[15]. 李兰馨. 过程数据的计算机处理. 清华大学出版社，1989
[16]. 沈幼庭，何锦英编著. 热力系统及设备最优化. 机械工业出版社，1985
[17]. 程相君，王春宁，陈生潭编著. 神经网络原理及其应用. 国防工业出版社，1995
[18]. 阎平凡，黄端旭编著. 人工神经网络-模型、分析与应用. 安徽教育出版社，1993
[19]. 方述诚，汪定伟著. 模糊数学与模糊优化. 科学出版社，1997
[20]. Nelles.Oliver, Fischer.Martin, Mueller.Bernd, Fuzzy rule extraction by a genetic algorithm and constrained nonlinear optimization of membership functions, IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems Proceedings of the 1996 5th
[21]. R.E.Davis,D.A.Kendrick and M.Weitzman, A Branch and Bound Algorithm for Zero-one Mixed Integer Programming Problems, Operation Research, Vol.19, No.4, pp1036-1044, 1971
[22]. 沈优庭等. 炼油厂蒸汽系统优化模型初步报告一：模型、算法原理及计算机应用软件. 清华大学热能工程系，1987.6
[23]. 夏燕萍 ，热力系统优化调度与研究，清华大学硕士学位论文，2001年
[24]. 赤峰热电厂运行记录，2002年
[2]. Papoulias S.A.；Grossmann I.E.，A Structural Optimization Approach in Process Synthesis-I，Computers and Chemical Engineering，1983.7
[3]. An Optimal Operational Advisory System for a Brewery's Energy Supply Plant. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 1994-3. Vol. 116, 65-71
[4]. 青岛化工学院计算机与化工研究所，工程化学模拟系统 ECSS.
[5]. 陈元鹏，蒋楚生，郑丹星，大型乙烯企业总能系统研究（Ⅰ），石油化工，1992年第21卷第三期
[6]. 袁小雄，沈幼庭. 炼油厂蒸汽系统数学模型的研究. 清华大学热能工程系研究报告，1988-7
[7]. 于万纪. 石油化工厂蒸汽系统优化设计的研究. 清华大学硕士学位论文，1993
[8]. 王克峰，修乃云，匡国柱等. 非线性蒸汽动力系统参数优化新方法----改进遗传算法. 化学工程，1998年第4期
[9]. 袁一，尹洪超，于福东等. 复杂非线性公用工程系统的遗传算法最优设计. 大连理工大学学报，1997年第11期
[10]. Clary, Albert T., Open loop optimization of a complex steam cogeneration system, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Power Division (Publication) PWR Proceedings of 1996 International Joint Power Generation Conference. Part 2 (of 2) Oct 13-17 1996 v 30 1996 Houston, TX, , USA (Abstract)
[11]. Milosevic,Zoran;Ponhofer,Clemens, Refiner improves steam system with custom simulation/optimization package, Oil and Gas Journal, 1997-8, Vol.95
[12]. 郑体宽主编. 热力发电厂. 水利电力出版社，1995
[13]. 孙国栋，上海石化总厂供热系统的优化调度，清华大学学士学位论文，1992
[14]. 汽轮机电站培训教材[上册]. 清华大学热能工程系，1990
[15]. 李兰馨. 过程数据的计算机处理. 清华大学出版社，1989
[16]. 沈幼庭，何锦英编著. 热力系统及设备最优化. 机械工业出版社，1985
[17]. 程相君，王春宁，陈生潭编著. 神经网络原理及其应用. 国防工业出版社，1995
[18]. 阎平凡，黄端旭编著. 人工神经网络-模型、分析与应用. 安徽教育出版社，1993
[19]. 方述诚，汪定伟著. 模糊数学与模糊优化. 科学出版社，1997
[20]. Nelles.Oliver, Fischer.Martin, Mueller.Bernd, Fuzzy rule extraction by a genetic algorithm and constrained nonlinear optimization of membership functions, IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems Proceedings of the 1996 5th
[21]. R.E.Davis,D.A.Kendrick and M.Weitzman, A Branch and Bound Algorithm for Zero-one Mixed Integer Programming Problems, Operation Research, Vol.19, No.4, pp1036-1044, 1971
[22]. 沈优庭等. 炼油厂蒸汽系统优化模型初步报告一：模型、算法原理及计算机应用软件. 清华大学热能工程系，1987.6
[23]. 夏燕萍 ，热力系统优化调度与研究，清华大学硕士学位论文，2001年
[24]. 赤峰热电厂运行记录，2002年