基于不确定性因素的分段吊运安全性研究
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摘要
当代中国造船由于采用了壳舾涂一体化区域建造等一系列大大缩短船台周期,提高造船生产效率的现代造船方式,使得船舶分段日趋大型化和重型化。在造船总量节节攀升的背景下,造船安全生产的现状却不容乐观,近年来造船过程中的特大吊运安全事故多次发生,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失,并对生产活动造成严重干扰,对中国的造船声誉造成不利影响,所以,对大(重)型船舶分段吊运的安全性研究已迫在眉睫。
大(重)型船舶分段吊运的安全影响因素中,非常规设计涉及的不确定性因素对分段吊运安全的威胁很大且容易忽视,如分段在吊运过程中的摆动、多台设备联合作业的同步异变、指挥操作的协调突变等。这些不确定性因素会直接或间接地导致分段在吊运过程中产生较大的惯性载荷、冲击载荷和交变载荷等动载荷,可能使分段吊环和吊索由于瞬间受力的显著变化而产生破坏,或者会对分段的吊运安全造成潜在危害,故基于不确定性因素的分段吊运安全性研究具有重要的现实意义。
本文主要研究各类不确定性因素对分段吊运安全的影响,并结合近些年发生的重大吊运安全事故,从而探讨预防分段吊运安全事故的措施及改进建议,并提出了一些创新性的构想,应用于分段的吊运过程,有助于避免吊运安全事故的发生或将事故的危害降到最低。
Because of using the hull-outfitting-painting integration and regional construction methods which can shorten the berth period and improve the shipbuilding efficiency in contemporary China shipbuilding, the scale of the hull section is growing. With the steadily increasing of the shipbuilding amount, the situation of safety in the process of shipbuilding is not optimistic at present, serious hoisting accidents have happened for several times in the process of shipbuilding, the research on the safety of large(heavy) hull section hoisting is extremely urgent.
Among the factors affecting the safety of large(heavy) hull section hoisting, the uncertain factors referred in the unconventional design are the biggest threat to the safety of hull section hoisting, but it's easy to be ignored, such as the swing, out-sync, command and operation inconsistency when hoisting the hull section. These uncertain factors will directly or indirectly bring about dynamic load when hoisting the hull section, such as inertia load, impact load and alternating load, the lifting lug and hoisting rope may fracture because of the momentary force that increased significantly. So the research on the safety of hull section hoisting based on uncertain factors has important practical significance.
This paper mainly studies the influence of uncertain factors on the hull section hoisting, and combining the serious hoisting accidents happened in recent years, to discuss the measures and suggestions to prevent the hoisting accidents, and has proposed some innovative conceptions can be applied to the hoisting process, it's helpful to avoid the hoisting accidents or decrease the damage to the minimum.
大(重)型船舶分段吊运的安全影响因素中,非常规设计涉及的不确定性因素对分段吊运安全的威胁很大且容易忽视,如分段在吊运过程中的摆动、多台设备联合作业的同步异变、指挥操作的协调突变等。这些不确定性因素会直接或间接地导致分段在吊运过程中产生较大的惯性载荷、冲击载荷和交变载荷等动载荷,可能使分段吊环和吊索由于瞬间受力的显著变化而产生破坏,或者会对分段的吊运安全造成潜在危害,故基于不确定性因素的分段吊运安全性研究具有重要的现实意义。
本文主要研究各类不确定性因素对分段吊运安全的影响,并结合近些年发生的重大吊运安全事故,从而探讨预防分段吊运安全事故的措施及改进建议,并提出了一些创新性的构想,应用于分段的吊运过程,有助于避免吊运安全事故的发生或将事故的危害降到最低。
Because of using the hull-outfitting-painting integration and regional construction methods which can shorten the berth period and improve the shipbuilding efficiency in contemporary China shipbuilding, the scale of the hull section is growing. With the steadily increasing of the shipbuilding amount, the situation of safety in the process of shipbuilding is not optimistic at present, serious hoisting accidents have happened for several times in the process of shipbuilding, the research on the safety of large(heavy) hull section hoisting is extremely urgent.
Among the factors affecting the safety of large(heavy) hull section hoisting, the uncertain factors referred in the unconventional design are the biggest threat to the safety of hull section hoisting, but it's easy to be ignored, such as the swing, out-sync, command and operation inconsistency when hoisting the hull section. These uncertain factors will directly or indirectly bring about dynamic load when hoisting the hull section, such as inertia load, impact load and alternating load, the lifting lug and hoisting rope may fracture because of the momentary force that increased significantly. So the research on the safety of hull section hoisting based on uncertain factors has important practical significance.
This paper mainly studies the influence of uncertain factors on the hull section hoisting, and combining the serious hoisting accidents happened in recent years, to discuss the measures and suggestions to prevent the hoisting accidents, and has proposed some innovative conceptions can be applied to the hoisting process, it's helpful to avoid the hoisting accidents or decrease the damage to the minimum.
引文
[1]叶修强.现代造船模式-中国船舶工业的战略选择.中国水运,2006(6)：38-39
[2]李寄明,卫永祥.优化造船流程缩短船台周期.上海造船,2007(2)：61-62
[3]丁伟康.浅谈巨型总段造船法.上海造船,2009(2)：42-44
[4]Lawrie, G.1; Brasic, M.2. Lifting and hoisting safety-Raising the bar.8th SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2006
[5]吴清云.用缓冲垫层防止造船厂起重事故.工业安全与环保,1986(7)：11-12
[6]陈万金.起重安全事故及其防范措施.江苏工学院学报,1987(3)：68-70
[7]杨勇.桥式起重机车轮的啃道现象及解决办法.太原科技,2006(6)：75-76
[8]张国强,李健,夏锐.桥式起重机行走现象分析及改进.煤矿现代化2007(3)：35-37
[9]刘宏.起重机啃轨的危害及处理.甘肃冶金,1997(1)：39-41
[10]解春华.论桥门式起重机啃轨原因分析.煤炭技术,2003(10)：23-25
[11]阎建峰.门式起重机车轮啃轨的原因及排除.铁道货运,2006(7)：39-41
[12]陈劲松,麻玉东.桥式起重机大车啃轨原因分析及改进措施.冶金动力,2006(4)87-88
[13]秦文庆.起重设备的电气同步.山西机械,2000年增刊2：15-17
[14]Perez-Pinal F J, Nnnez C, Alvarez R. Comparsion of Multi-motor synchronization techniques [c]. The 30th Annual Conference of the IEEE industrial Electronics Society, Bnsan, Korea,2004(10):2-6
[15]Perez-pinal F J,Calderon G. Relative coupling strategy [J]. IEEE,2003,2(6):1162-1166.
[16]黄春犁.大跨度龙门起重机同步及纠偏问题解决方案.水利电力机械,2007(1)：38-40
[17]侯晓勤,徐长生.港口起重机防风试验研究.物流工程与管理,2009(3)：138-140
[18]徐汉桥.大型起重机防风措施探讨.建筑机械化,2007(10)：43-45
[19]张强.剖析龙门起重机非作业受风力倾翻.品牌与标准化2008(24)：32-33
[20]刘建宏.露天龙门起重机的防风制动.中国储运,2007(10)：122-123
[21]周志飞.门式起重机防风系统失效形式及预防.铁道货运,2002(2)：24-26
[22]王国正.船舶火灾事故人为因素的分析与评价.天津航海,2009(4)：50-52
[23]盛菊芳.人因工程学的命名和定义.电力安全技术,2006(1)：57
[24]段天宏,李乃梁,尹建伟.门座式起重机的人因工程学问题研究.包装工程,2009(9)：120-122
[25]方志刚,王坚.人机交互技术新趋势：多媒体与多通道技术[J].人类工效学,1998,4(4)：15-19
[26]孙桂林.关于起重事故的资料.起重运输机械1983(12)：17-21
[27]陈玮璋.结构动力学.上海海运学院出版社,1980
[28]程文明,王金诺.起重机的动态分析方法.起重运输机械,2002(2)：1-3
[29]胡宗武.起重机的动态计算.起重运输机械,1987(11)：2-6
[30]Xu Gening, Xu Kejin. Dynamic Analysis and Experimental Research for Electric Overhead Girder Type Crane. Proceeding of Interactional Conference on ATEMH'94: 513-516
[31]Sun Shiji, Tang Dinchao. Dynamic Analysis Method with Rigid-Flexible Coupling of the Boom System of Portal Crane. Proceeding of International Conference on ICMH/ICAW'97:377-382
[32]Zhai Wanming. Two simple fast integistion methods for large-scale dynamic problem in engineering. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.1996, 39(4):199-214
[33]王承程,王重华.起重机起升动载系数分析的新方法及其应用.起重运输机械.2009(2)：80-83
[34]李伟.起重机载荷摆振模型的简化条件及误差.山东建筑工程学院学报,1998年6月,No.2：59-64
[35]Kamal A F. Moustafa, Hosam E. Emara-Shabaik. Control of Crane Load Sway Using a Reduced Order Electromechanical Model. Automatical,1992,23
[36]Auernig J W, troger H. Time Optimal Control of Overhead Cranes with Hoisting of the Load. Automatical,1987, vol 23:437-447
[37]Kamal A F. Moustafa, Taher G Abou-el-yazid. Load Sway Control of Overhead Crane with Load Hoisting Via Stability Analysis. ASME,1996, Vol.39:34-40
[38]徐格宁.梁式起重机的动载荷研究.起重运输机械,1991(7)：3-8
[39]船体吊环.Q／SWS 32-006-2006
[40]船体分段／总段吊运和翻身工艺规范.Q／SWS 42-039-2006
[41]黄连炳.α角度的变化对起重安全的影响.建筑安全,1999(9)：15-16
[42]高跃春.钢结构构件疲劳破坏的研究分析.低温建筑技术,2006(3)：81-83
[43]H.Ishigami, K.Matsui, Y.Jin, K.Ando. A study on stress, reflection, and double shot peening to increase compressive residual stress. Fatigue Fract, Engng, Mat, struct,2000, 23：959-963.
[44]白传悦.岸边集装箱起重机吊具减摆装置.起重运输机械,2005(08)：23-24
[45]林贵瑜,杨新顺等.塔式起重机吊装物摆动的控制.2006(11),建筑机械化：34-36
[46]曹志峰,王秀民,白海青.消摆控制策略在起重机械中的应用.起重运输机械,2009(6)：4-5
[47]巴发海,李晋,龚应时,李玲,王滨.吊装事故中吊具断裂失效分析.2006年全国失效分析与安全生产高级研讨会论文集：82-88
[48]陈默,周洪元,黄健.舰船总段整体吊装研究和实施.船海工程,2008(1)：42-45
[49]飞机数据采集仪——黑匣子.电子制作,2009(7)：6-7
[50]曹炳坤.形形色色的黑匣子.科学之友,2006(2)：29
[51]郭建等.“黑匣子”技术在塔式起重机中的应用.起重运输机械,2001(11)：14-16
[2]李寄明,卫永祥.优化造船流程缩短船台周期.上海造船,2007(2)：61-62
[3]丁伟康.浅谈巨型总段造船法.上海造船,2009(2)：42-44
[4]Lawrie, G.1; Brasic, M.2. Lifting and hoisting safety-Raising the bar.8th SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2006
[5]吴清云.用缓冲垫层防止造船厂起重事故.工业安全与环保,1986(7)：11-12
[6]陈万金.起重安全事故及其防范措施.江苏工学院学报,1987(3)：68-70
[7]杨勇.桥式起重机车轮的啃道现象及解决办法.太原科技,2006(6)：75-76
[8]张国强,李健,夏锐.桥式起重机行走现象分析及改进.煤矿现代化2007(3)：35-37
[9]刘宏.起重机啃轨的危害及处理.甘肃冶金,1997(1)：39-41
[10]解春华.论桥门式起重机啃轨原因分析.煤炭技术,2003(10)：23-25
[11]阎建峰.门式起重机车轮啃轨的原因及排除.铁道货运,2006(7)：39-41
[12]陈劲松,麻玉东.桥式起重机大车啃轨原因分析及改进措施.冶金动力,2006(4)87-88
[13]秦文庆.起重设备的电气同步.山西机械,2000年增刊2：15-17
[14]Perez-Pinal F J, Nnnez C, Alvarez R. Comparsion of Multi-motor synchronization techniques [c]. The 30th Annual Conference of the IEEE industrial Electronics Society, Bnsan, Korea,2004(10):2-6
[15]Perez-pinal F J,Calderon G. Relative coupling strategy [J]. IEEE,2003,2(6):1162-1166.
[16]黄春犁.大跨度龙门起重机同步及纠偏问题解决方案.水利电力机械,2007(1)：38-40
[17]侯晓勤,徐长生.港口起重机防风试验研究.物流工程与管理,2009(3)：138-140
[18]徐汉桥.大型起重机防风措施探讨.建筑机械化,2007(10)：43-45
[19]张强.剖析龙门起重机非作业受风力倾翻.品牌与标准化2008(24)：32-33
[20]刘建宏.露天龙门起重机的防风制动.中国储运,2007(10)：122-123
[21]周志飞.门式起重机防风系统失效形式及预防.铁道货运,2002(2)：24-26
[22]王国正.船舶火灾事故人为因素的分析与评价.天津航海,2009(4)：50-52
[23]盛菊芳.人因工程学的命名和定义.电力安全技术,2006(1)：57
[24]段天宏,李乃梁,尹建伟.门座式起重机的人因工程学问题研究.包装工程,2009(9)：120-122
[25]方志刚,王坚.人机交互技术新趋势：多媒体与多通道技术[J].人类工效学,1998,4(4)：15-19
[26]孙桂林.关于起重事故的资料.起重运输机械1983(12)：17-21
[27]陈玮璋.结构动力学.上海海运学院出版社,1980
[28]程文明,王金诺.起重机的动态分析方法.起重运输机械,2002(2)：1-3
[29]胡宗武.起重机的动态计算.起重运输机械,1987(11)：2-6
[30]Xu Gening, Xu Kejin. Dynamic Analysis and Experimental Research for Electric Overhead Girder Type Crane. Proceeding of Interactional Conference on ATEMH'94: 513-516
[31]Sun Shiji, Tang Dinchao. Dynamic Analysis Method with Rigid-Flexible Coupling of the Boom System of Portal Crane. Proceeding of International Conference on ICMH/ICAW'97:377-382
[32]Zhai Wanming. Two simple fast integistion methods for large-scale dynamic problem in engineering. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.1996, 39(4):199-214
[33]王承程,王重华.起重机起升动载系数分析的新方法及其应用.起重运输机械.2009(2)：80-83
[34]李伟.起重机载荷摆振模型的简化条件及误差.山东建筑工程学院学报,1998年6月,No.2：59-64
[35]Kamal A F. Moustafa, Hosam E. Emara-Shabaik. Control of Crane Load Sway Using a Reduced Order Electromechanical Model. Automatical,1992,23
[36]Auernig J W, troger H. Time Optimal Control of Overhead Cranes with Hoisting of the Load. Automatical,1987, vol 23:437-447
[37]Kamal A F. Moustafa, Taher G Abou-el-yazid. Load Sway Control of Overhead Crane with Load Hoisting Via Stability Analysis. ASME,1996, Vol.39:34-40
[38]徐格宁.梁式起重机的动载荷研究.起重运输机械,1991(7)：3-8
[39]船体吊环.Q／SWS 32-006-2006
[40]船体分段／总段吊运和翻身工艺规范.Q／SWS 42-039-2006
[41]黄连炳.α角度的变化对起重安全的影响.建筑安全,1999(9)：15-16
[42]高跃春.钢结构构件疲劳破坏的研究分析.低温建筑技术,2006(3)：81-83
[43]H.Ishigami, K.Matsui, Y.Jin, K.Ando. A study on stress, reflection, and double shot peening to increase compressive residual stress. Fatigue Fract, Engng, Mat, struct,2000, 23：959-963.
[44]白传悦.岸边集装箱起重机吊具减摆装置.起重运输机械,2005(08)：23-24
[45]林贵瑜,杨新顺等.塔式起重机吊装物摆动的控制.2006(11),建筑机械化：34-36
[46]曹志峰,王秀民,白海青.消摆控制策略在起重机械中的应用.起重运输机械,2009(6)：4-5
[47]巴发海,李晋,龚应时,李玲,王滨.吊装事故中吊具断裂失效分析.2006年全国失效分析与安全生产高级研讨会论文集：82-88
[48]陈默,周洪元,黄健.舰船总段整体吊装研究和实施.船海工程,2008(1)：42-45
[49]飞机数据采集仪——黑匣子.电子制作,2009(7)：6-7
[50]曹炳坤.形形色色的黑匣子.科学之友,2006(2)：29
[51]郭建等.“黑匣子”技术在塔式起重机中的应用.起重运输机械,2001(11)：14-16