基层农技推广体系发展与改革研究
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摘要
民以食为天，粮食问题是中国经济发展和社会稳定的首要问题。到2020年，中国粮食国内总需求将比20世纪90年代中期增长50％～60％。实践证明，无论是过去或者未来，我国农产品产量的提高，其最有效、成本最低的措施是靠科技，靠科技成果的推广应用。所以，农业和农村经济进入到新的发展阶段以后能不能持续发展?建设一个与其相适应的农技推广服务体系是个关键问题。置身于这样的背景下，作为农业社会化服务体系和国家对农业支持保护体系的重要组成部分，基层农业技术推广体系应该怎样应对新的挑战、适应新的要求，是一个需要认真思考和研究的重大课题。
本研究，以实证调查、统计分析、理论分析为主，结合他人的研究成果，采用定性、定量和比较的方法，通过研究我国县及县级以下农业技术推广体系发展历史，分析现状和问题，借鉴国际农业推广发展经验，用现代农业推广的基本理论为指导，对当前我国基层农技推广体系的改革和发展提出对策，以期建立起与社会主义市场经济体制相适应，与WTO规则相适应，与经济全球化和信息时代相适应的新型农业技术推广服务体系。
本研究，划分了新中国成立以来我国基层农技推广体系发展的不同阶段及其建设重点；总结了我国农技推广体系取得的成就和发挥的作用；分析了我国当前基层农技推广体系存在的主要问题和面临的挑战；归纳了国际农业推广体系发展的主要类型和基本经验；提出了我国基层农技推广体系在“十一五”期间的发展思路、改革对策和建设建议。
本研究认为，建设和发展我国基层农技术推广体系，要坚持“立足国情、突出重点、政府主导、多元推动，明确定位、分工合作，因地制宜、分类指导”的原则；突出“提升强化县域公益性服务功能，创新搞活乡镇农技推广服务机制，延伸完善村级综合服务设施”的重点；通过体制改革、机制创新、管理转型、政策引导和资金扶持等措施的综合运用，广泛动员各方力量，合理配置各种资源，在“十一五”期间构建一个以国家农技推广机构为主导，科研教育单位、农民专业经济合作组织、农业企业广泛参与，上下连贯、分工明确、功能齐全、运行有序、结构开放，多元化、社会化的农业技术推广服务体系。
Subject: A Study on Development and Reform of Agricultural Technology Extension at Grass Roots Level. Name: Xie Jianhua. Adviser: Professor Ye Jingzhong. Specialty: Crop Cultivation. Study Direction: Agricultural extension and management. College: College of Humanities and Development. Application date: March,2004.
The masses regard food as their heaven (as their prime want). The grain is a matter of prime importance concerning the economic development and social stabilization in China. The total domestic demand of grain in 2020 will be 50%~60% higher than that during the mid of 1990'. Practice proved the point that the yield increase of agricultural products in China should depend on science and technology and the extension of achievements in scientific research whether in the past or in the future. Therefore, the construction of a suitable agro-tech extension and service system determine whether the agricultural and rural economics can development continuously at the new development stage. As one important component part of the agricultural social service system as well as the national support and protection system of agriculture, how to reform the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level and make it fit for the new demands became a very important problem before us. We should seriously ponder and stu
dy on this problem.
Taking the basic theory of modern agricultural extension as the guiding ideology, the strategies of reform and development of the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level in China were put forward by studying on the history of the agro-tech extension and service system at county level and below, the experiences of international agricultural extension. We wanted to set up a new agro-tech extension and service system, which should be suited to the socialism market-oriented economy, WTO rules, economic globalization and information times. Based on others research achievements and demonstration investigations, statistics analysis and theory analysis, the study in this paper was carried out by using qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and comparison.
In this paper, different development stages and construction stress of the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level since 1949 were marked off; the achievements and action of this system were summarized; main problems and challenges to this system were analyzed; basic experiences and main types of international agricultural technology extension systems were introduced; the development thought train, reform strategies and construction suggestion of the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level during the eleventh "five-year" plan.
We should insist on the following principles in the construction and development of the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level: based on national conditions, stressing the main points, taking governments as the leader, promoting in many ways, making position clear, sharing out the work and helping one another, suiting measures to local conditions, conducting after classifying. We should stress the main points: strengthening public service function of agro-tech extension and service system at county level, innovating the service mechanism of agro-tech extension and service system at town level, extending integrated service establishments at village level. A new agro-tech extension and service system will be set up by the system reform, mechanism innovation, management change, policy conducting, financing support during the eleventh "five-year
plan". The new system consists of scientific research and education units, professional economic cooperation organizations of peasant, agricultural corporations. And the national agro-tech extension and service system has a dominant position in the system.
本研究，以实证调查、统计分析、理论分析为主，结合他人的研究成果，采用定性、定量和比较的方法，通过研究我国县及县级以下农业技术推广体系发展历史，分析现状和问题，借鉴国际农业推广发展经验，用现代农业推广的基本理论为指导，对当前我国基层农技推广体系的改革和发展提出对策，以期建立起与社会主义市场经济体制相适应，与WTO规则相适应，与经济全球化和信息时代相适应的新型农业技术推广服务体系。
本研究，划分了新中国成立以来我国基层农技推广体系发展的不同阶段及其建设重点；总结了我国农技推广体系取得的成就和发挥的作用；分析了我国当前基层农技推广体系存在的主要问题和面临的挑战；归纳了国际农业推广体系发展的主要类型和基本经验；提出了我国基层农技推广体系在“十一五”期间的发展思路、改革对策和建设建议。
本研究认为，建设和发展我国基层农技术推广体系，要坚持“立足国情、突出重点、政府主导、多元推动，明确定位、分工合作，因地制宜、分类指导”的原则；突出“提升强化县域公益性服务功能，创新搞活乡镇农技推广服务机制，延伸完善村级综合服务设施”的重点；通过体制改革、机制创新、管理转型、政策引导和资金扶持等措施的综合运用，广泛动员各方力量，合理配置各种资源，在“十一五”期间构建一个以国家农技推广机构为主导，科研教育单位、农民专业经济合作组织、农业企业广泛参与，上下连贯、分工明确、功能齐全、运行有序、结构开放，多元化、社会化的农业技术推广服务体系。
Subject: A Study on Development and Reform of Agricultural Technology Extension at Grass Roots Level. Name: Xie Jianhua. Adviser: Professor Ye Jingzhong. Specialty: Crop Cultivation. Study Direction: Agricultural extension and management. College: College of Humanities and Development. Application date: March,2004.
The masses regard food as their heaven (as their prime want). The grain is a matter of prime importance concerning the economic development and social stabilization in China. The total domestic demand of grain in 2020 will be 50%~60% higher than that during the mid of 1990'. Practice proved the point that the yield increase of agricultural products in China should depend on science and technology and the extension of achievements in scientific research whether in the past or in the future. Therefore, the construction of a suitable agro-tech extension and service system determine whether the agricultural and rural economics can development continuously at the new development stage. As one important component part of the agricultural social service system as well as the national support and protection system of agriculture, how to reform the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level and make it fit for the new demands became a very important problem before us. We should seriously ponder and stu
dy on this problem.
Taking the basic theory of modern agricultural extension as the guiding ideology, the strategies of reform and development of the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level in China were put forward by studying on the history of the agro-tech extension and service system at county level and below, the experiences of international agricultural extension. We wanted to set up a new agro-tech extension and service system, which should be suited to the socialism market-oriented economy, WTO rules, economic globalization and information times. Based on others research achievements and demonstration investigations, statistics analysis and theory analysis, the study in this paper was carried out by using qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and comparison.
In this paper, different development stages and construction stress of the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level since 1949 were marked off; the achievements and action of this system were summarized; main problems and challenges to this system were analyzed; basic experiences and main types of international agricultural technology extension systems were introduced; the development thought train, reform strategies and construction suggestion of the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level during the eleventh "five-year" plan.
We should insist on the following principles in the construction and development of the agro-tech extension and service system at the basic level: based on national conditions, stressing the main points, taking governments as the leader, promoting in many ways, making position clear, sharing out the work and helping one another, suiting measures to local conditions, conducting after classifying. We should stress the main points: strengthening public service function of agro-tech extension and service system at county level, innovating the service mechanism of agro-tech extension and service system at town level, extending integrated service establishments at village level. A new agro-tech extension and service system will be set up by the system reform, mechanism innovation, management change, policy conducting, financing support during the eleventh "five-year
plan". The new system consists of scientific research and education units, professional economic cooperation organizations of peasant, agricultural corporations. And the national agro-tech extension and service system has a dominant position in the system.
引文
[1] 黄季焜．农业科研与推广资金投入与使用情况：[课题报告]．北京：中国科学院农业政策研究中心，2002
[2] 李立秋，谢建华．中国农技推广，1995～2002
[3] 程国强．WTO农业规则与中国农业发展，北京：中国经济出版社，2000
[4] 谢建华．建设有中国特色的农技推广事业，北京：中国农业出版社，1997
[5] 谢建华．21世纪初中国农业推广发展研究，北京：中国农业科技出版社，2002
[6] 陈萌山．前进中的中国农技推广事业，北京：中国农业出版社，2001
[7] 杨映辉．中国农业运行机制改革，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1998
[8] 李立秋．社会主义市场经济与农业推广，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1995
[9] 李小云．参与式发展概论．北京：中国农业大学出版社，2001
[10] 叶敬忠，刘金龙，林志斌．参与组织发展，北京：中国林业出版社，2001
[11] 高启杰．现代农业推广学，北京：中国科技出版社，1997
[12] 许无惧．农业推广学，北京：北京农业大学出版社，1989
[13] 聂闯，吴俊．国外农业推广经验及其对中国的借鉴，北京：中国农业出版社，1993
[14] 王文玺．世界农业推广之研究，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1994
[15] 王慧军．卓有成效的以色列农业技术推广工作．世界农业，1998，(11)：52～53
[16] 平培元．泰国的农业推广体系．世界农业，1999，(1)：52～53
[17] 全国农业技术推广服务中心．国外农业技术推广，北京：中国农业出版社，2001
[18] [荷]A．W凡登邦，[澳]H．S．零金斯．农业推广学，北京：中国农业出版社，1990
[19] [荷]奈尔斯．罗林．推广学——农业发展中的信息系统，北京：北京农业大学出版社，1991
[20] 农业部社会化服务体系领导小组办公室．探索与创新——农业科技示范场建设集锦，2002
[2] 李立秋，谢建华．中国农技推广，1995～2002
[3] 程国强．WTO农业规则与中国农业发展，北京：中国经济出版社，2000
[4] 谢建华．建设有中国特色的农技推广事业，北京：中国农业出版社，1997
[5] 谢建华．21世纪初中国农业推广发展研究，北京：中国农业科技出版社，2002
[6] 陈萌山．前进中的中国农技推广事业，北京：中国农业出版社，2001
[7] 杨映辉．中国农业运行机制改革，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1998
[8] 李立秋．社会主义市场经济与农业推广，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1995
[9] 李小云．参与式发展概论．北京：中国农业大学出版社，2001
[10] 叶敬忠，刘金龙，林志斌．参与组织发展，北京：中国林业出版社，2001
[11] 高启杰．现代农业推广学，北京：中国科技出版社，1997
[12] 许无惧．农业推广学，北京：北京农业大学出版社，1989
[13] 聂闯，吴俊．国外农业推广经验及其对中国的借鉴，北京：中国农业出版社，1993
[14] 王文玺．世界农业推广之研究，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1994
[15] 王慧军．卓有成效的以色列农业技术推广工作．世界农业，1998，(11)：52～53
[16] 平培元．泰国的农业推广体系．世界农业，1999，(1)：52～53
[17] 全国农业技术推广服务中心．国外农业技术推广，北京：中国农业出版社，2001
[18] [荷]A．W凡登邦，[澳]H．S．零金斯．农业推广学，北京：中国农业出版社，1990
[19] [荷]奈尔斯．罗林．推广学——农业发展中的信息系统，北京：北京农业大学出版社，1991
[20] 农业部社会化服务体系领导小组办公室．探索与创新——农业科技示范场建设集锦，2002