基于平面镜反射的聚光光伏系统研究
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摘要
由于太阳能能量密度低、随机性大的特点，现有的光伏发电系统中光伏电池的发电潜力大多未得到充分发挥，导致投资大，发电成本高，资金回收周期长等缺点，这些缺点与光伏器件生产过程中的高能耗和高污染一起为人所诟病，一定程度上影响了光伏发电系统广泛应用。本文试图通过平面镜聚光的手段来成倍地提高以晶硅电池为代表的光伏器件的发电能力，从而降低相同功率光伏系统的成本，拓宽光伏发电技术应用的途径。
论文工作的主要研究内容和创新点有：
1．对光伏发电的物理与技术基础，日地之间的几何学，以及不同的聚光方法进行了综合研究和分析。基于球面几何学和矢量代数方法对太阳几何学的研究演绎了一系列重要的基本公式，解决了面向跟踪和聚光的基于太阳时角的时钟法、日出日落时刻、日照时间以及大气质量等问题；对基于成像光学和非成像光学的聚光理论和技术进行了归纳和分析；上述工作为基于平面镜反射的聚光系统研究提供了必要的理论与技术基础。
2．提出了一个由太阳电池组件（电池板）和多个独立平面镜组成的仿抛物面聚光系统，对该系统中各组成单元的位置和位姿的运动规律、优化运行与协调控制策略进行了探讨。
3．提出了一个电池板与多面平面镜沿经线排列的聚光光伏系统方案。该系统中必须解决的一个关键问题是电池板表面的均匀辐照度问题，为此在该方案的展开中，依据太阳几何学、几何光学和投影几何学原理，对平面镜几何尺寸优化、电池板－平面镜布局、二轴伺服系统的运动控制以及网络化分级控制系统等方面进行了深入研究和具体设计。在电池板的倾角、多平面镜的位置配置、多平面镜的最小尺寸、伺服系统的低能耗运行方式等一些优化设计问题上得到了相应的结论。
4．提出一种基于二次反射的聚光结构。通过二次反射定理及其矢量形式的推导得到该二次反射聚光结构的参数优化设计。在此二次反射聚光结构的基础上通过对称与旋转，提出了旋翼型和双圆锥面二次反射聚光结构，可望形成新型聚光光伏器件。
论文在最后对上述研究工作进行了总结。
Due to the solar energy’s properties of randomness and low energy density, the potential of PVcells in most of installed PV systems is not fully utilized, resulting drawbacks such as expensiveinstallation, high cost of generated electricity, long term to repay the investment, etc. Thosedrawbacks are criticized in connection to the high energy consuming and environment polution inthe PV cell manufacturing procedure and indeed affect the wide acceptance of PV power generatingsystems. The dissertation is an attempt to multiply the power generating capacity of same PV cellsby mirror-based solar concentration, aiming at the reduction the installation budget and thewidening road to the application of PV power generating system.
The main tasks of the dissertation work and associated contributions are as following:
A synthetical study and analysis is done on the physics and technology basics of PV powergeneration, the sun-earth geometry, and various approaches for concentrated PV. Important andfundamental formulae are deduced for sun-earth geometry with the help of spherical geometry andvector algebra. A number of problems such as the validity of solar-time based solar tracing andconcentration, the sunrise and sunset time, the sunlight duration of each calendar day, as well as thecalculation of air mass are solved. A sum-up and analysis of the techniques based on imaging andnon-imaging optics for solar concentration is made. The above mentioned studies form thepreliminary of succeeding study on mirror-reflection-based PV concentration system.A mimic paraboloid solar concentration system composed of a moving PV panel and multiplemoving flat mirrors is proposed. Study is carried out on the positioning, posing and motioning ofeach system components, as well as the system’s optimal operation and coordinated control.An approach of PV concentration system in which the PV panel and multiple flat mirrors arefixed along the longitude is proposed, and the uniformity of the irradiation on the PV panel’s surfaceis an important issue of such a system. The size optimization of rectangular mirrors, the PVpanel-mirrors overall arrangement are studied by synthetical analysis based on projective geomeitry.The motion control of the2-axes servo-mechanism and the network hierachical control system arealso studied and designed in detail in the development of the system. Some optimization problemssuch as the obliquity of the PV panel, the locations and allowed minimal sizes of multiple flatmirrors, as well as thelow power operation of servos are discussed and have reached respectiveconclusion.
A secondary reflection based concentration structure is proposed. The parametric design isperformed with the help of the deduction of the laws of secondary reflection in vectorized form.Based on such structure, two new structures (propeller type and double-cone type) are put forwardby respectively using symmetry and rotation and new types of solar concentration devices might bedeveloped.
The work done is summarized and discussed at end of the dissertation as conclusion.
论文工作的主要研究内容和创新点有：
1．对光伏发电的物理与技术基础，日地之间的几何学，以及不同的聚光方法进行了综合研究和分析。基于球面几何学和矢量代数方法对太阳几何学的研究演绎了一系列重要的基本公式，解决了面向跟踪和聚光的基于太阳时角的时钟法、日出日落时刻、日照时间以及大气质量等问题；对基于成像光学和非成像光学的聚光理论和技术进行了归纳和分析；上述工作为基于平面镜反射的聚光系统研究提供了必要的理论与技术基础。
2．提出了一个由太阳电池组件（电池板）和多个独立平面镜组成的仿抛物面聚光系统，对该系统中各组成单元的位置和位姿的运动规律、优化运行与协调控制策略进行了探讨。
3．提出了一个电池板与多面平面镜沿经线排列的聚光光伏系统方案。该系统中必须解决的一个关键问题是电池板表面的均匀辐照度问题，为此在该方案的展开中，依据太阳几何学、几何光学和投影几何学原理，对平面镜几何尺寸优化、电池板－平面镜布局、二轴伺服系统的运动控制以及网络化分级控制系统等方面进行了深入研究和具体设计。在电池板的倾角、多平面镜的位置配置、多平面镜的最小尺寸、伺服系统的低能耗运行方式等一些优化设计问题上得到了相应的结论。
4．提出一种基于二次反射的聚光结构。通过二次反射定理及其矢量形式的推导得到该二次反射聚光结构的参数优化设计。在此二次反射聚光结构的基础上通过对称与旋转，提出了旋翼型和双圆锥面二次反射聚光结构，可望形成新型聚光光伏器件。
论文在最后对上述研究工作进行了总结。
Due to the solar energy’s properties of randomness and low energy density, the potential of PVcells in most of installed PV systems is not fully utilized, resulting drawbacks such as expensiveinstallation, high cost of generated electricity, long term to repay the investment, etc. Thosedrawbacks are criticized in connection to the high energy consuming and environment polution inthe PV cell manufacturing procedure and indeed affect the wide acceptance of PV power generatingsystems. The dissertation is an attempt to multiply the power generating capacity of same PV cellsby mirror-based solar concentration, aiming at the reduction the installation budget and thewidening road to the application of PV power generating system.
The main tasks of the dissertation work and associated contributions are as following:
A synthetical study and analysis is done on the physics and technology basics of PV powergeneration, the sun-earth geometry, and various approaches for concentrated PV. Important andfundamental formulae are deduced for sun-earth geometry with the help of spherical geometry andvector algebra. A number of problems such as the validity of solar-time based solar tracing andconcentration, the sunrise and sunset time, the sunlight duration of each calendar day, as well as thecalculation of air mass are solved. A sum-up and analysis of the techniques based on imaging andnon-imaging optics for solar concentration is made. The above mentioned studies form thepreliminary of succeeding study on mirror-reflection-based PV concentration system.A mimic paraboloid solar concentration system composed of a moving PV panel and multiplemoving flat mirrors is proposed. Study is carried out on the positioning, posing and motioning ofeach system components, as well as the system’s optimal operation and coordinated control.An approach of PV concentration system in which the PV panel and multiple flat mirrors arefixed along the longitude is proposed, and the uniformity of the irradiation on the PV panel’s surfaceis an important issue of such a system. The size optimization of rectangular mirrors, the PVpanel-mirrors overall arrangement are studied by synthetical analysis based on projective geomeitry.The motion control of the2-axes servo-mechanism and the network hierachical control system arealso studied and designed in detail in the development of the system. Some optimization problemssuch as the obliquity of the PV panel, the locations and allowed minimal sizes of multiple flatmirrors, as well as thelow power operation of servos are discussed and have reached respectiveconclusion.
A secondary reflection based concentration structure is proposed. The parametric design isperformed with the help of the deduction of the laws of secondary reflection in vectorized form.Based on such structure, two new structures (propeller type and double-cone type) are put forwardby respectively using symmetry and rotation and new types of solar concentration devices might bedeveloped.
The work done is summarized and discussed at end of the dissertation as conclusion.
引文
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[1]安连生.应用光学.第三版.北京:北京理工大学出版社.2002
[2]李晓彤,岑兆丰.几何光学·像差·光学设计.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2003
[3] Rmichard Ditteon著,詹涵菁译.现代几何光学.长沙:湖南大学出版社.2004
[4]迟泽英,陈文建.应用光学与光学设计基础.南京:东南大学出版社,2008.11
[2] Coventry J,Franklin E,Blakers A.Thermal and electrical performance of a concentratingpv/thermal collector:results from the ANUCHAPS colletor[A].40th ANZSES Solar energyconference[C].
[3]李文鹏.世界高科技前沿[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1999
[4] Roger A.Messenger, Jerry Ventre，“Photovoltaic Systems Engineering”[M]， CRC Press,2004.
[5] http://solar.nengyuan.net/
[6]中国电工技术学会电工高技术丛书.太阳能热发电，太阳能光伏发电，风力发电.机械工业出版社，2001
[7]林安中,王斯成.国内外太阳电池和光伏发电的进展与前景，太阳能学报[J],1999(特刊),68~74
[8] Symko-Davies M, Noufi R, Kurtz S. Identifying critical pathways to high PerformancePV[A].29thI EEEP VSC[C].NewOrleans,2002:1729-1732.
[9] SalaqArboiroJ C,LuqueA,et a l.480K wpE UCLIDESTM concentrator power plant usingparabolict rough[A].2nd WCPVSEC[C].Vienna(Austria),1998:1963-1968
[10]Swanson R.M The promise of concentrators[J].Research and applications,2000,8(1):93~111
[11]MartiA, Luque A. Next Generation Photovoltaics, High Efficiency through Full SpectrumUtilization. Institute of Physics Publishing,2002,2~7
[12]Hamakama Y. ThinFilm Solar Cells, Next Generation Photovoltaics and It’s Applications BerlinHeidelberg,: SpringerVerlag,2004.24-30
[13]叶良修.半导体物理学(上)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1983,§6.3
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