新型国有资产经营公司研究
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摘要
从十四届五中全会做出国有经济战略调整重大部署开始,国有经济逐渐从竞争性领域退出,并向关系到国家安全、自然垄断、公共服务领域集中,控制力明显增强,经营效率明显提升。在这一过程中,国有资产经营公司在完善国有资产管理体制、推动国有经济布局和结构调整、服务国家战略性新兴产业发展和剥离国有企业历史包袱方面发挥了重要作用。未来,随着国有经济战略调整的逐步深化,现有国有资产经营公司功能单一的局限性,导致其无法适应满足战略调整的需要。这就要求我们必须在现有国有资产经营公司和国有大型企业集团的基础上,组建具有产业经营、投资控股、重组整合三大功能作用的新型公司,并使之成为国有资本运营的普遍形式,作为国有资产三层管理模式中最重要的中间环节。因此,对新型国有资产经营公司的研究将具有十分重要的现实意义。
     论文共分为8个部分。
     第一章是绪论。首先,提出了新时期国有经济战略调整的四项任务,即国有资产管理体制的改革完善、继续推进国有经济的布局和结构调整、推动战略性新兴产业发展和解决好国有企业的经营包袱。其次,结合改革的历史,对现有国有资产经营公司进行分析,既肯定其发挥了重要作用,又分析其在功能方面的不适应性,进而提出需要组建新型国有资产经营公司来破解国有经济战略调整任务。最后,指出研究新型国有资产经营公司的重要意义。即在未来的国有资产管理体制中,国资委与新型国有资产经营公司之间如何界定各种权利划分,资产经营公司的主要功能、运营机制、治理结构以及对下属国有企业如何进行管控等问题,将直接关系国有资产经营的效率和国有经济的发展。
     第二章是理论回顾和文献综述。首先在理论上回顾了企业家理论、产权理论、交易费用理论、契约理论、公司治理理论和控股公司理论,作为本文研究新型国有资产经营公司的理论基础。其次,按照国有经济的经济和社会职能研究、国有资产管理体制改革研究、国有企业产权改革和公司治理研究等三个层次,梳理了国内关于国有经济和国有企业改革的主要文献,并进行了简单的评述。
     第三章是国有资产管理体制改革与国有资产经营公司。首先,对国外国有资产管理模式进行了考察,并指出应从结合国情确定管理方式、加强国有资产管理立法、实施分类管理、强化绩效评价、引入运营机构等方面进行借鉴。其次,分四个阶段,回顾了我国国有资产管理体制的历程。第三,分析国资委兼具行政机构和出资人代表的二重身份,给国有资产管理带来的弊端,提出了构建由国资委、国有资产运营主体和国有企业组成的国有资产三层管理模式,明确三者的职能定位。最后,提出现有国有大型企业集团、国有控股公司和国有资产经营公司是承担国有资产经营主体的天然平台,但必须进行改造,并最终成为本文论述的新型国有资产经营公司。
     第四章是新型国有资产经营公司的构建。首先,明确提出新型国有资产经营公司是在国务院国资委及地方国资委直接管理下,代表国家履行对国有企业出资人职责的国有资产运营管理平台,具有产业经营、战略投资和企业重组整合三大功能作用,以控制国民经济命脉产业的经营为支撑,以投资战略性新兴产业和公共服务性产业为导向,以重组整合辅业资产和不良企业为重要手段,在实现国有资产保值增值目标的基础上,实现国有经济的有进有退,推动国有经济结构和布局的优化调整。具有中介性、经济型、公益性、社会性、独资性和综合性等六大特征。其次,分析了国资委、新型国有资产经营公司和国有企业三者之间的相互关系。第三,结合现代公司一般的组织结构,对新型国有资产经营公司的组织体系进行了设计,并依据其功能,将所管理的国有企业划分为产业经营、战略投资和重组整合三个业务板块。最后,提出了通过对现有国有资产经营公司和国有大型企业集团分别进行改造进而组建新型国有资产经营公司的思路。
     第五章是新型国有资产经营公司的治理机制。首先,对公司治理结构与企业家行为进行研究,提出在现代企业中,股东的属性固然会影响企业的绩效和企业的行为,但真正起决定作用的是企业治理机制。所谓好的治理机制是指当前的企业治理结构是否适应企业股东的产权属性、能否发现并激励企业家的行为。其次,对当前国有独资公司治理结构的现状及存在问题进行分析,为新型国有资产经营公司的治理结构设计提供借鉴。最后,进行了国有资产经营公司的治理结构设计,按照既要考虑到上级行政机构的特性,又要考虑到对下属市场经济主体管理控制的原则,对公司董事会建设进行了设计,并对完善国有企业监事会制度提出了建议。
     第六章是新型国有资产经营公司的运行。首先,对新型国有资产经营公司的经营进行了研究,指出公司的基本经营内容是产权经营,具体方式包括:产权划转、产权并购、产权转让、承包经营、租赁经营和委托经营。并对国有产权交易的规则化进行了研究,以此奠定产权经营的运行机制。其次,对新型国有资产经营公司的管理进行了研究,提出了公司管理应以股权管理为核心,以国有股权存在为边界,以国有资本收益最大化为目标,以逐级委托管理为主要方式。明确管理的主要内容包括:重大决策、资本收益和经营者选用。根据不同运营板块的特点,提出对产业经营板块采用财务控制型管理、对战略投资板块采用战略控制型管理,对重组整合板块采用操作控制型管理。最后,对新型国有资产经营公司的内部控制进行了研究,提出应把稳健经营、分级控制、分类管理、整体协同作为内部控制的基本原则,明确决策层、管理层、执行层和外部力量在内部控制组织体系中的定位和作用,指出公司风险防范流程应包括环境分析、目标设定、风险识别、风险评估、确定重点、风险应对等六个步骤。
     第七章是新型国有资产经营公司对国有企业的管控。一是对国有企业建立现代企业制度和完善内部治理机制进行了理论分析,明确新型国有资产经营公司与国有企业之间的经营权配置原则,提出了完善国有企业内部治理机制和加强对国有企业监督约束的意见。二是研究了新型国有资产经营公司对国有企业的管控体系,提出资产经营公司既有对所属国有企业在治理、产权、财务、人事、文化方面的一般性管控,又有对不同运营板块企业在战略、权限和绩效方面的差异化管控。三是关于国有企业高管薪酬管理的分析。指出国有企业高管薪酬存在诸多问题的本质原因是所有者缺位导致的内部人控制和偏重激励忽视风险的制度性缺陷。提出应从转变治理机制、建立有效管理层契约、丰富薪酬激励方式、建立风险共担机制、完善绩效考核体系等五个方面,完善新型国有资产经营公司对国有企业高管薪酬的管控。
     最后是结论和政策建议。
From the strategic adjustment of state-owned economy beginning, state-ownedeconomy gradually exited from competitive field, and related to the field of nationalsecurity, natural monopoly and public service. Its control force and businessefficiency enhanced. In this process, state-owned asset management corporations hadplayed an important role on the management system of state-owned assets perfect,promoting the state-owned economic layout and structure adjustment, servicingnational strategic emerging industry development and stripping state-ownedenterprise historical burden. In the future, with the strategic adjustment ofstate-owned economy gradually deepening, the limitations of single function will leadthe state-owned asset management corporations can’t adapt to the needs of thestrategic adjustment. So, we must set up the new corporations with industry operation,strategic investment and asset restructuring, and make it become the state-ownedcapital operation of common form. Therefore, the study on new state-owned assetmanagement corporations will have very important practical significance.
     The paper is made up of8parts.
     The first chapter is introduction. First of all, puts forward four tasks of thestrategic adjustment of state-owned economy, i.e., the reform of state-owned assetsmanagement system, promoting the state-owned economic layout and structureadjustment, promoting the strategic emerging industry development and solve thestate-owned enterprise business baggage. Secondly, we combined with the history ofthe reform, analyses the existing state-owned asset management corporations, putforward to build the new state-owned assets management corporations to crack thestrategic adjustment of state-owned economy task. Finally, it points out that newstate-owned asset management corporations of the important meaning. In the futureof the state-owned asset management system, the SASAC and the new state-ownedasset management corporations how to define the rights between various division, assets management corporation’s main function, operation mechanism, thegovernance structure and how to control to the state-owned enterprises, will have adirect relationship of state-owned assets management efficiency and the developmentof the state-owned economy.
     The second chapter is the theoretical review and literature review. First, wereviewed the entrepreneur theory, property rights theory, transaction cost theory,enterprise contract theory, corporate governance theory and holding company theory,and discussed, as the theoretical foundation of the thesis research. Secondly,according to research on the economic and social function of the state-ownedeconomy, state-owned assets management system reform, the state-owned enterpriseproperty rights reform and research of corporate governance, we combing the mainliterature about state-owned economy and the reform of state-owned enterprises, andsimply reviews.
     The third chapter is the state-owned assets management system reform and thestate-owned asset management corporations. First of all, makes an investigation onthe foreign state-owned asset management mode, points out that we shoulddetermine the way combined with national conditions, strengthening the state-ownedasset management legislation, implement classification management, strengthen theperformance evaluation, the introduction of operation mechanism for reference, etc.Secondly, reviews the course of China state-owned assets management system reformfrom4stages. Thirdly, analyses the malpractices of state-owned assets managementwith the double identity of SASAC, puts forward the three levels of managementsystem of state-owned assets, it is made up of SASAC, the main body of thestate-owned asset management and state-owned enterprise. And we clear the threemain body’s orientation and functions. Finally, the group of state-owned corporations,state-owned holding corporations and the state-owned assets managementcorporations are the natural platform of the owned assets management main body, butthey must be transformed, and eventually became the new state-owned assetsmanagement corporations.
     The fourth chapter is the construction of new state-owned assets managementcorporations. First, puts forward the new state-owned assets management corporations is directly administrated by SASAC, has three functions with theindustry management, strategic investment and corporate restructuring integration,and has six big characteristics with the intermediary, economy, public welfare, social,sole proprietorship and comprehensive. Secondly, analyses the relationship betweenthe SASAC, the main body of state-owned assets management and the state-ownedenterprises. Thirdly, combining modern company general organization structure,designs the new state-owned assets management corporation's organizational system.On the basis of the function, the management of the state-owned enterprise is dividedinto industry management plate, strategic investment plate and restructuring andintegration plate. At last, puts forward ideas for the building of the new state-ownedassets management corporations.
     The fifth chapter is the governance mechanism of the new state-owned assetsmanagement corporations. First of all, study on the corporate governance structureand entrepreneurs conduct, puts forward in the modern enterprise, the shareholders'attribute will definitely affect the enterprise performance and enterprise's behavior,but the corporate governance mechanism played a decisive role. The so-called goodgovernance mechanism is that the current corporate governance structure adapts tothe property right of the shareholder, and it can found and inspire entrepreneurialbehavior. Secondly, analyses on the present situation and the existing problems of thecurrent governance structure of the state-owned company. Finally, designs thegovernance structure of the new state-owned assets management corporation. And,we put forward some suggestions for the board of supervisors system of thestate-owned enterprise.
     The sixth chapter is the operation of the new state-owned assets managementcorporations. First of all, study on the business of the new state-owned assetsmanagement corporations, points out that the company's basic business content isproperty management, and the specific ways include: mergers and acquisitions,property rights transfer, contract management, leasing business and entrustmanagement. And the state-owned property transactions of regularization should bethe operation mechanism of property management. Secondly, study on managementof the new state-owned asset management corporations. The equity management should be the core in the management. The state-owned capital income maximizationis the goal. The step entrust management is the main mode. The main content ofmanagement includes: making important decisions, capital gains and operatorschoose. According to the characteristics of different operation plate, the business plateshould adopt financial control, strategic investment plate should adopt strategiccontrol, the restructuring and integration plate should adopt operation control. Finally,study on the internal control of the new state-owned assets management corporations.We should put the stable operation, hierarchical control, classification managementand overall synergy as the basic principle of internal control. The company riskprevention process should include environmental analysis, goal setting, riskidentification, risk assessment, determining the key and the risk response.
     The seventh chapter is the control between with the new state-owned assetmanagement corporations and the state-owned enterprises. First, analyses on themodern enterprise system and the internal management mechanism, we clear theconfiguration principle of the right between new state-owned asset managementcorporations and the state-owned enterprises. We put forward opinion for the internalgovernance mechanism of state-owned enterprise. Secondly, study on the controlsystem between the new state-owned asset management corporations and state-ownedenterprises. The general control includes with management, property, financial,personnel and cultural. The different control includes with strategy, competence andperformance. Finally, analyses on pay management of the state-owned enterpriseexecutive. There are many problems in the state-owned enterprise executive pay. Theessential reason is lack of the owner and the institutional defects about the riskignoring. So, we should change management mechanism, establish the effectivemanagement contract, rich salary incentive mode, establish the risk sharingmechanism, and improve the performance appraisal system.
     The paper finally is conclusion and policy suggestion
引文
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