列流图自动生成与空车调配相关问题研究
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摘要
列流图是货物列车编组计划和旅客列车开行方案的直观图形表示,用于展示某铁路路网区域内各类列车流的路径、种类和开行对数等信息。列流图是铁路运输规划与组织的重要内容,它是铁路运输组织计算机辅助设计系统的难点,同时也是扩建铁路技术设备和配置机车等的参考依据之一,具有非常重要的作用。空车调配是列流图自动生成的前提条件,同时又是铁路运输调整的重要内容和铁路技术计划的主要组成部分。从理论上对空车调配问题进行研究,建立恰当的数学模型,以期获得最优的空车调配方案,将会对提高铁路货物运输服务质量和铁路企业运营效益、降低运输成本、确定全路最小运用车数量、加快车辆周转等具有重要的意义。
     本论文围绕列流图自动生成和空车调配,借鉴已有研究成果,将定性分析与定量计算相结合,采用系统科学的方法,同时综合运用了图论、数学规划、最优化理论、满意优化理论、模糊数学、数据库及计算机仿真技术等多个相关学科的研究方法。本论文主要内容包括以下几个方面:
     首先,针对列流图目前由手工绘制存在的缺陷,分析列流图组成特性,研究了列流图自动生成。根据图论理论,提出了列流路径寻找标号算法、列流线折点搜索算法、列流线偏移描绘算法、节点集合及边集合自动生成算法和图例自动生成。依据自动生成算法开发了列流图CAD系统,并运用该软件自动绘制六盘水至沾益段增建第二线的近期客货列流图。证明列流图自动生成能够很好地提高设计效率和质量,同时有助于实现列流图的规范化,必将在铁路运输规划与组织部门得到广泛的应用。
     第二,以消耗的空车走行公里(或费用)最小为目标建立空车调配TP模型,对其分别应用表上作业法、神经网络算法、遗传算法、蚁群算法、LINGO软件进行求解。结果表明这几种算法都能获得最优目标结果,其中遗传算法和蚁群算法具有求解的多重性,而应用LINGO求解空车调配问题不仅节省开发时间,而且从运算时间和精度上都具有显著的优越性。分析了大规模路网上空车调配问题,采用两阶段优化的方法来求得总的空车调配方案。建立空车中转调配模型,证明空车经技术站改编整合可以大幅度减少空车走行公里。由于空车调配存在不确定因素,本论文建立空车调配概率模型并通过将其转变为确定性模型来求解。
     第三,依据数量调配与路径配流是空车调配的两个核心问题,建立二者的综合优化模型。分析表明,车流不分拆约束同整个模型不协调;路段对流约束不影响综合优化模型的最优解。讨论了路网上任意O-D对合理路径集的确定与评判准则,建立路段边空车输送量与容量的模糊隶属函数,以检验路段边超容情况、处理不可行空车流,保证空车调配路径合理性。
     第四,从考虑带有车种别的空车调配模型出发,分析车种代用对该模型的影响,构建了车种代用模型。证明了车种代用能够增加铁路运输效益,缓解运能紧张。车流调配应充分考虑重空车流的分布和流向,形成重空调配的协同优化。建立了带车流路径的以重代空调配模型,证明了以重代空可以大幅度减少空车走行公里。分析了路网内编组站的作业分工,建立了路网内重空车流协同优化模型,属于大规模的混合非线性0-1规划问题,采用遗传算法求解。
     第五,分析了时效性对空车调配的影响。根据货主满意度与空车到达时间的关系,建立二者模糊隶属函数,并建立了基于货主满意度的模糊空车调配模型。同时还建立了基于时间窗的空车调配模型,证明了这两种模型虽然各自考虑问题的出发点不同,但最终获得的最优空车调配方案是一致的。
     最后,提出将满意优化理论应用于空车调配,从社会经济效益、铁路企业运输效益,以及货主满意度、路径合理使用这四个方面着手,建立了空车调配满意优化模型,并给出了满意优化理论求解算法。该模型是对影响空车调配的各种因素(不确定性、车种代用、时效性、路径合理使用、以重代空、社会经济效益)的综合和深入研究,满意优化理论比起最优化理论片面追求得到某个方面的最优解更具有实际意义,也为空车调配问题的研究提供了一种新思路。
Train flow diagram is a direct graphic form of freight and passenger marshalling plan which shows the path, category and number of train flow in railway network. Train flow diagram is one of the cardinal elements of railway transportation plan and organization and a difficulty in RTCADS. It is also one of the references to add railway technical devices and scheme the locomotive and so on. Train flow diagram has important significance. Empty wagon distribution is precondition of train flow diagram. It is an important element of railway transportation and is also one main makeup of railway freight plan. The paper focuses on the problems of empty wagon distribution in theory and appropriate models are established aimed at the optimal plan of empty wagon distribution, which has important significance to improve the service level of freight transportation and the benefit of railway enterprise, save the transportation costs and the number of minimal wagons, accelerate vehicle turnover and so on.
     The paper studies on automatic drawing of train flow diagram and empty wagan distribution, plentifully uses former results for reference, combines qualitative analysis with quantitative computing, introduces systematic science, integrates theoretics such as graph theory, mathematical plan, optimization, satisfactory optimization, fuzzy math, database and computer simulation, etc. The chief contents include:
     I. In allusion to the shortcomings of the current railway train flow diagram plotted by manual work, the paper introduces the component and property of train flow diagram and automatic drawing of train flow diagram. Base on graph theory, the paper discusses the label algorithm of train flow route station, searching algorithm of key vertex in train flow lines, equidistance offset plot algorithm of train flow lines together with vertex aggregate, edge aggregate and legend. We also developed software of the train flow diagram CAD system and used it to automatic draw the passenger and freight train flow diagrams from Liupanshui to Zhanyi for second railway in recent. Practical examples show that automatic drawing of train flow diagram can greatly improve the design efficiency and quality and is in favor of the standardization of train flow diagram. It is certain to be used widely in railway transportation plan and organization department.
     II. The mathematical model of empty wagon distribution TP is established which aimed at the minimization of consuming wagon-kilometers or trantportation costs. The paper applies table task method, neural network (NN), genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony algorithm (ACO) and LINGO into empty wagon distribution. The result shows that all algorithms above can get the optimal objective value. Both GA and ACO possess multiplicity of resolution and it is obvious that using LINGO to sovle this problem not only saves developing time also has good advantage in both computing time and precision aspects. The paper discusses the problems of empty wagon distribution on large scale railway network and puts forward two-phase optimal method to solve this problem. A model of empty wagon distribution with transition is established to prove that empty wagon distribution with transition in other station can save a lot of wagon-kilometers. Because of the stochastic factors in empty wagon distribution, a stochastic chance constrained programming models is established. The chance constraints can be converted to their respective deterministic equivalents for resolution.
     III. Because the quantity adjustment and network matching flow are two key issues of empty wagon distribution, integrated optimal model shoule be established. The result shows that indentical path constraint does not correspond with the model, and convection constraint of road segment will not affect the optimal solution of the model. The paper also proposes an evaluation rule for the route chosen rationality connecting O-D pair in railway network and erects the fuzzy function between the overall empty wagon amount and capacity, which is used to test road segment surpassing amount and provide a disposal of the infeasible flow, for the rationality of transportation path.
     IV. By introducing wagon types, the mathematical model for multi-type empty wagon distribution is described. The paper analyses the effect of substitution of empty wagon types on this model and establishes a mathematical model for the substitution of empty wagon types. The result proves that that the substitution of empty wagon types can improve the benefit of railway enterprise and relieve the pressure of transport capacity. The vehicle adjustment should consider the distribution and flow direction of the loaded and empty wagons. The rational plan of transportation organization can be generated and modeled by integrating the loaded and empty wagons. The result shows that the idea of replacing empty wagons with loaded wagons can greatly reduce the wagon-kilometers. Based on profound analysis of the divivsion of work among marshalling stations in railway network, the paper formulates a new model of cooperative optimization of loaded and empty wagons organization. This model is a mixed non-linear problem of large scale plan and can be solved by using GA.
     V. The paper analyzes the effect of time efficiency on empty wagon distribution and erects fuzzy subject function based on the relation between customer preference and arrival time of empty wagon distribution. A fuzzy mathematical model of customer preference and a mathematical model with time windows is established at the same time. The simulation result proves that the optimal plan of the above two models are identical despite their motive.
     At last, the paper applies satisfactory optimization into empty wagon distribution. A satisfactory optimization model is established based on socioeconomic benefit, railway enterprise benefit, customer preference and rationality of transportation path, which is the integration and in-depth research of several factor such as: uncertainty, substitution of empty wagon type, time efficiency, rationality of transportation path, distribution of both loaded and empty wagons, economical benefit. The solution algorithm of satisfactory optimization is also presented. The result shows that the satisfactory optimization is more applicable and effective than the general theoretical optimization. It also puts forward a new idea for the problem of empty wagon distribution.
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