NiFe_2O_4纳米金属陶瓷的制备研究与力学性能分析
|
摘要
当前铝电解工业中存在的生产成本高、污染严重、效率低等问题,随着世界各国建设节约型、环保型社会步伐的加快,惰性阳极材料的研发成为目前铝电解技术发展的重点与热点。本文结合目前铝电解工业发展的现状,追踪了国内外的惰性阳极材料最新研究动态,认为NiFe_2O_4基金属陶瓷具有化学稳定性好、耐腐蚀、耐高温等特性,能满足作为铝电解惰性阳极的要求,但陶瓷的脆性极大地限制了它的应用。本论文的研究目标通过纳米NiO的添加,改善NiFe_2O_4基金属陶瓷的力学性能,从而有利于解决惰性阳极大型化和机械加工等工程技术问题。
本研究以NiO、Fe_2O_3、Cu和纳米NiO为原料,采用超声波分散技术,并应用星型球磨机球磨原料,采用单向压制的方法制备了金属陶瓷基惰性阳极生坯,压制压强为8MPa,在空气气氛下经1100℃烧结得到合格的惰性阳极试样。经过XRD测试并计算表明试样为纳米NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷,组成成分为NiFe_2O_4、CuFe_2O_4、NiO、CuO。通过谢乐公式计算,表明试样为纳米NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷。对纳米NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷的力学性能进行研究,添加纳米NiO的试样的维氏硬度比末添加纳米NiO的试样大大降低,而抗弯强度和断裂韧性都有明显的提高。通过微观结构观察发现,纳米NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷中的纳米NiO与基体NiFe_2O_4材料有着良好的结合,形成了晶间型纳米复相结构,从而有效抑制了NiFe_2O_4晶粒在烧结过程中的生长和NiFe_2O_4晶粒的异常长大,晶体发生沿晶断裂,说明了纳米NiO起到了改善陶瓷材料力学性能的作用。
At present the costs in the electrolytic industrial production are high,and cause the serious pollution,the problem of low efficiency.With the pace of building for the world-saving and environment-friendly society to accelerate,Inert anode materials research and development become the hot focus of electrolytic technology development。This paper status the current development of electrolytic industrial,track the latest research material inert anode dynamic at home and abroad,and fund NiFe_2O_4 that has a ceramic chemical stability,corrosion resistance, high temperature and other characteristics,As it can meet the requirements of electrolytic inert anode,However,the brittle ceramic greatly limit its application。In this paper,the research objectives through the addition of nano-NiO,fund NiFe_2O_4 is to improve the mechanical properties of ceramics,and to solve the inert anode and large machining and other projects problems。
In this study,materials for the NiO,Fe_2O_3,Cu and nano-NiO,using of ultrasound technology spread with star ball milling of raw materials,using one methods of suppressing the metal-ceramic inert anode green,and pressure for the suppression of 8 MPa,and the inert anode sample sintering 1100℃be qualified in the atmosphere air。After XRD tests and calculations the sample of nano-metallic ceramic NiFe_2O_4,indicate that components of NiFe_2O_4,CuFe_2O_4,NiO,CuO。Music by Scherrer formula,testified the sample is nano-NiFe_2O_4 cermet.On the nano-NiFe_2O_4 mechanical properties of metals research,the Vicker hardness of the adding nano-NiO greatly reduced than the sample not adding,the bending strength and fracture toughness have significantly improved。Through the micro-structure observations,the nano-NiO and the materials of ceramic NiFe_2O_4 have a good combination,formation the inter-nano-crystalline,thereby inhibiting the NiFe_2O_4 grain in the process of sintering and the growth of abnormal growth of grain NiFe_2O_4, crystal fracture occurred along the crystal,illuminating nano-NiO played a-ceramic materials to improve the role of the mechanical properties。
本研究以NiO、Fe_2O_3、Cu和纳米NiO为原料,采用超声波分散技术,并应用星型球磨机球磨原料,采用单向压制的方法制备了金属陶瓷基惰性阳极生坯,压制压强为8MPa,在空气气氛下经1100℃烧结得到合格的惰性阳极试样。经过XRD测试并计算表明试样为纳米NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷,组成成分为NiFe_2O_4、CuFe_2O_4、NiO、CuO。通过谢乐公式计算,表明试样为纳米NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷。对纳米NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷的力学性能进行研究,添加纳米NiO的试样的维氏硬度比末添加纳米NiO的试样大大降低,而抗弯强度和断裂韧性都有明显的提高。通过微观结构观察发现,纳米NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷中的纳米NiO与基体NiFe_2O_4材料有着良好的结合,形成了晶间型纳米复相结构,从而有效抑制了NiFe_2O_4晶粒在烧结过程中的生长和NiFe_2O_4晶粒的异常长大,晶体发生沿晶断裂,说明了纳米NiO起到了改善陶瓷材料力学性能的作用。
At present the costs in the electrolytic industrial production are high,and cause the serious pollution,the problem of low efficiency.With the pace of building for the world-saving and environment-friendly society to accelerate,Inert anode materials research and development become the hot focus of electrolytic technology development。This paper status the current development of electrolytic industrial,track the latest research material inert anode dynamic at home and abroad,and fund NiFe_2O_4 that has a ceramic chemical stability,corrosion resistance, high temperature and other characteristics,As it can meet the requirements of electrolytic inert anode,However,the brittle ceramic greatly limit its application。In this paper,the research objectives through the addition of nano-NiO,fund NiFe_2O_4 is to improve the mechanical properties of ceramics,and to solve the inert anode and large machining and other projects problems。
In this study,materials for the NiO,Fe_2O_3,Cu and nano-NiO,using of ultrasound technology spread with star ball milling of raw materials,using one methods of suppressing the metal-ceramic inert anode green,and pressure for the suppression of 8 MPa,and the inert anode sample sintering 1100℃be qualified in the atmosphere air。After XRD tests and calculations the sample of nano-metallic ceramic NiFe_2O_4,indicate that components of NiFe_2O_4,CuFe_2O_4,NiO,CuO。Music by Scherrer formula,testified the sample is nano-NiFe_2O_4 cermet.On the nano-NiFe_2O_4 mechanical properties of metals research,the Vicker hardness of the adding nano-NiO greatly reduced than the sample not adding,the bending strength and fracture toughness have significantly improved。Through the micro-structure observations,the nano-NiO and the materials of ceramic NiFe_2O_4 have a good combination,formation the inter-nano-crystalline,thereby inhibiting the NiFe_2O_4 grain in the process of sintering and the growth of abnormal growth of grain NiFe_2O_4, crystal fracture occurred along the crystal,illuminating nano-NiO played a-ceramic materials to improve the role of the mechanical properties。
引文
[1]Bemedyk J C.Status report on inert anode technology for primary aluminium[J],Light Metal,2001,59(1-2):33-35.
[2]沈贤春,李旺兴,世界铝工业可持续发展分析[J],轻金属,2004,(1):3-7
[3]Hall Charles M.Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis.US Patent 400,664;Filed July 9,1886;Patented April 2,1889
[4]Hall Charles M.Process of reducing aluminium by electrolysis.US Patent 400,776;Filed July 9,1886,Patented April 2,1889
[5]秦庆伟,赖延清,张刚等.铝电解惰性阳极用Ni-Zn铁氧体的固态合成[J].中国有色金属学报,2003,13(3):769-773
[6]刘业翔编著.功能电极材料及其应用[M].长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1996:137-139
[7]邱竹贤.预焙槽炼铝[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988.436-437
[81]邱竹贤.铝电解[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1993,235
[9]Hall C M.Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis[P].US Pat,400664.1886-07-09
[10]周卫铭,郭忠诚“铝电解惰性阳极材料的研究现状”《冶金丛刊》2004,41-43.
[11]周涛,李宇春,李志友等.铝电解惰性阳极近十年的发展状况[J],粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2004,9(1):46-53.
[12]J.S.Gregg et al.,Method of producing a Coating or Self-Sustaining Body of Cerium Osyfluoride[J].Light Metals,1993:465
[13]John N.Hryr,M.J.Pellin.A.Dynamic Inert Metals Anode[J].Light Metals,1999,377-391
[14]J.A.Sckhar,H.Deng et al.Micropyreticall porous Non Consumable Anodes in the Ni-Al-Cu-Fe-X System[J].Light Metals,1997,347-354
[15]T.B.Beck,Production of Aluminum with Low Temperature Mels[J],Light Metals,1994,TMS Warrendale,PA,475
[16]Windisch,et.al.Materials Characterization of Cermet Anodes Tested in a Pliot Cell[J].In:Subodh K,eds.Light Metals,1993:445-454
[17]Gregg J,Frederick M and King H.Testing of cerium oxide coated cermet anodes in a laboratory cell[A].In:Mason D.A,eds.Light Metals[C].Warreudale,Pa:TMS,1993.455-464
[18]吴贤熙,毛小浩,安利娜等.铝电解镍基惰性阳极的研究(Ⅱ)[J].贵州工业大学学报,2000,29(2):36-39
[19]R.P.Pawlek.Inert anodes:an update[A].Wolfgang Schneider.Light Metals[C].Warrendale,Pa:TMS,2002.449-456
[20]杨宝刚,于佩志,于先进等.电解铝生产用的惰性阳极材料[J].轻金属,2000,5:32-35
[21]YU X J,ZHANG G L,QIU Z X et al.Electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance of ZnFe2O4-based materials used as inert anode for aluminum electrolysis[J].Journal of shanghai University,1999,3(3):251-254
[22]YU X J,QIU Z X,JIN S H.Corrosion of zinc ferrite in NaF-AlF3-Al2O3 molten salts[J].Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection,2000,20(5):275-280
[23]#12
[24]A.I.Belyaev and Ya.E.Stuentsov.Electrolysis of Alumina in fused cryolite with oxide anodes[J].Legkie Metally,1937,6(3):17-24
[25]A.I.Belyaev.Electrolysis of(fused) alumina with Ferrite Anode[J].Legkie Metally,1938,7(1):7-20
[26]顾淑华.浅谈陶瓷脆性与改善脆性的途径[J].河北陶瓷,28(2):42-43
[27]Alcom T R,Tabereaux A T,Richard N E.et al.Operational results of pilot cell test with cermet "INERT" anodes[A],Light Metals[C],Warrendale:TMS,1993,433-443
[28]Blinov V,Polyakov P,Krasnoyarsk,et al.Behaviour of inert anodes for aluminum elextrolysis in a low temperature electrolyte,part Ⅰ[J].Aluminum,1997,73(12):906-910
[29]Deyoug D H.Solubilites of oxides for inert anodes in cryolite based mettles[A].Light Metals 1986[C].Warreudale P A,USA:TMS,1986.299-307
[30]郭景坤,徐耀萍.纳米陶瓷及其进展[J].硅酸盐学报,1992,20(3):286
[31]郑冶沙,严东生,高濂.氧化锆纳米陶瓷室温微区循环超塑性的研究[J].无机材料学报,1995,10(4):411-416
[32]YAN D S,ZHENG Y S,GAO L,et al,Localized superplastic deformation of nanocrystalline 3Y-TZP ceramiacs under cyclic tensile fatigue at ambient temperature[J].J Mater Sci,1998,33:2719-2723
[33]郭景坤,纤维补强复合材料,自然科学年鉴[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1981,116-118
[34]郭景坤.关于陶瓷材料的脆性问题[J].复旦学报,2003,42(6):822-827
[35]郭小龙,陈沙鸥,戚凭等.纳米颗粒对陶瓷材料力学性能的影响[J].青岛大学学报,2000,13(2):60-65
[36]刘静梅.惰性阳极铝电解槽研究,[硕士学位论文].贵阳:贵州大学,2006
[37].安利娜,邓刚,吴贤熙,毛小浩.镍基惰性阳极的耐腐蚀性研究(上).轻金属2003,1.
[38].安利娜,邓刚,吴贤熙,毛小浩.镍基惰性阳极的耐腐蚀性研究(下).轻金属2003,2.
[39].吴贤熙,毛小浩.铝电解镍基惰性阳极的研究.贵州工业大学(自然科学版),1999,10:37-41.
[40].吴贤熙,毛小浩,安利娜.镍基惰性铝电解阳极的研究.轻金属.41.
[41]徐利华.金属陶瓷作铝电解惰性阳极材料的研究,[硕士学位论文].贵阳:贵州大学,2006
[42]贾贺峰.纳米NiO-Cu-NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷惰性阳极的制备与研究,[硕士学位论文].贵阳:贵州大学,2007
[43]浙江大学等编,硅酸盐物理化学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1980:242-296
[44]张延平.电子陶瓷材料物化基础[M].北京:电子工业出版社.1996:352-383
[45]Gregg J.S,et al.Pilot cell demonstration of cerium oxide coated andes[J].In:Subodh K Das,eds.Light Metals[C].Warreudale,Pa:TMS,1993:465-473
[46]Cheary R W.Coelho A A.A fundamental parameters approach of X-ray line profile fitting[J].J APPL Cryst,1992,25:109-121.
[47]树脂基先进复合材料国际标准化的调查研究报告,日本标准协会,复合材料协会 1993:3
[48]周玉.陶瓷材料学[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1995:326-371
[49]C.W.Marschall,A.Rudnick,Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics,Plenum Press,New York,1(1974):301
[50]曾德麟.粉末冶金材料[M].北京:冶金工业出版社.1989.152-200
[51]林广涌,雷廷权,周玉.陶瓷材料断裂韧性的评定方法[J].宇航材料工艺,1995,4:12-19
[52]龚江洪.陶瓷材料断裂力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001:49-64
[53]顾廷慰,潘敏元,张炳荣.陶瓷刀具材料的断裂韧性及其测试方法研究[J].机械工程材料,1996,20(2):15-17,48
[54]GeorgeA.Gogotsi.Fracture toughness of ceramics and ceramics composites[J].Ceram.Inter.,(29):777-784.
[55]K.Niihara,R.Morena,D.P.H.Hasselman.Evaluation of K_(1C) of brittle solids by the indentation method with low crack-to-indent ratios[J].J.Mater.Sci.Lett.,1982,1:13-16
[56]A.GEvans,E.A.Charless.Fracture Toughness Determinations by Indentation[J].J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,1976,59(7-8):371-374
[57]B.R.Lawn,D.B.Marshall.Hardness,Toughness,andBrittleness:AnIndentationnalysis[J].J.Am.C eram.Soc.,1979,62(7-8):347-350.
[58]龚江宏,关振铎.陶瓷材料压痕韧性的统计性质[J].无机材料学报,2002,17(1):96-104
[59]Zener C.As communicated by Smith C S,Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,1948,175:48-50.
[60]K.Niihara,A.Nakahira,T.Tanaka,In:Nanophase and nanocomposite materials,S.Komarneni,J.C.Parker,G.J.Thomas,eds.Mater.Res.Soc.Symp.Proc.,1992,286,405.
[61]J.S.Moya,M.L.Osendi,Microstructure and mechanical properties of mullite/ZrO2 composie,J.Mater.Sci.,1984,19,2909-2914.
[62]K.T.Faber,A.G.Evans,Crack deflection process Ⅰ[J],Acta.Met.,1983,3114]:565-576
[63]Blinov V,Polyakov P,Krasnoyarsk,et al.Behaviour of inert anodes for aluminum elextrolysis in a low temperature electrolyte,part Ⅰ[J].Aluminum,1997,73(12):906-910
[64]K.T.Faber,A.G.Evans,Crack deflection process Ⅱ[J],Acta.Met.,1983,3114]:577-584
[65]Xiao Haiming.On the corrosion and the behabvior of inert anodes in aluminum electrolysis:[Doctor Thesis].Trondheim,Norway:Norwegian Institute of Technology,1993
[66]V.V.Krstic,P.S.Nicholson,R.G.Hoagland,Tougheningof glass by metallic particles,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,1981,64[9],499-504.
[67]D.B.Marshall,W.L.Morris,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,1990,73[10],2938-2943.
[68]D.B.Marshall,W.L.Morris,B.N.Cox,M.S.Badkhah,Toughening mechanisms in comented carbides,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,1990,73(10):2938-2943
[69]A.E.Ashby,E J.Blunt,M.Bannister,Acta.Met.,1989,37,3001-3009.
[70]W.H.Tuan,R.J.Brook,The toughening of alumina with nickel inclusion,J.Eruo.Ceram.Soc.,1990,6,31-37.
[71]NiiharaK,New design concept of structureal ceramics-ceramics nanocomposites,J..Ceram.Soc.Jpn.,99(1991):974
[2]沈贤春,李旺兴,世界铝工业可持续发展分析[J],轻金属,2004,(1):3-7
[3]Hall Charles M.Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis.US Patent 400,664;Filed July 9,1886;Patented April 2,1889
[4]Hall Charles M.Process of reducing aluminium by electrolysis.US Patent 400,776;Filed July 9,1886,Patented April 2,1889
[5]秦庆伟,赖延清,张刚等.铝电解惰性阳极用Ni-Zn铁氧体的固态合成[J].中国有色金属学报,2003,13(3):769-773
[6]刘业翔编著.功能电极材料及其应用[M].长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1996:137-139
[7]邱竹贤.预焙槽炼铝[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988.436-437
[81]邱竹贤.铝电解[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1993,235
[9]Hall C M.Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis[P].US Pat,400664.1886-07-09
[10]周卫铭,郭忠诚“铝电解惰性阳极材料的研究现状”《冶金丛刊》2004,41-43.
[11]周涛,李宇春,李志友等.铝电解惰性阳极近十年的发展状况[J],粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2004,9(1):46-53.
[12]J.S.Gregg et al.,Method of producing a Coating or Self-Sustaining Body of Cerium Osyfluoride[J].Light Metals,1993:465
[13]John N.Hryr,M.J.Pellin.A.Dynamic Inert Metals Anode[J].Light Metals,1999,377-391
[14]J.A.Sckhar,H.Deng et al.Micropyreticall porous Non Consumable Anodes in the Ni-Al-Cu-Fe-X System[J].Light Metals,1997,347-354
[15]T.B.Beck,Production of Aluminum with Low Temperature Mels[J],Light Metals,1994,TMS Warrendale,PA,475
[16]Windisch,et.al.Materials Characterization of Cermet Anodes Tested in a Pliot Cell[J].In:Subodh K,eds.Light Metals,1993:445-454
[17]Gregg J,Frederick M and King H.Testing of cerium oxide coated cermet anodes in a laboratory cell[A].In:Mason D.A,eds.Light Metals[C].Warreudale,Pa:TMS,1993.455-464
[18]吴贤熙,毛小浩,安利娜等.铝电解镍基惰性阳极的研究(Ⅱ)[J].贵州工业大学学报,2000,29(2):36-39
[19]R.P.Pawlek.Inert anodes:an update[A].Wolfgang Schneider.Light Metals[C].Warrendale,Pa:TMS,2002.449-456
[20]杨宝刚,于佩志,于先进等.电解铝生产用的惰性阳极材料[J].轻金属,2000,5:32-35
[21]YU X J,ZHANG G L,QIU Z X et al.Electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance of ZnFe2O4-based materials used as inert anode for aluminum electrolysis[J].Journal of shanghai University,1999,3(3):251-254
[22]YU X J,QIU Z X,JIN S H.Corrosion of zinc ferrite in NaF-AlF3-Al2O3 molten salts[J].Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection,2000,20(5):275-280
[23]#12
[24]A.I.Belyaev and Ya.E.Stuentsov.Electrolysis of Alumina in fused cryolite with oxide anodes[J].Legkie Metally,1937,6(3):17-24
[25]A.I.Belyaev.Electrolysis of(fused) alumina with Ferrite Anode[J].Legkie Metally,1938,7(1):7-20
[26]顾淑华.浅谈陶瓷脆性与改善脆性的途径[J].河北陶瓷,28(2):42-43
[27]Alcom T R,Tabereaux A T,Richard N E.et al.Operational results of pilot cell test with cermet "INERT" anodes[A],Light Metals[C],Warrendale:TMS,1993,433-443
[28]Blinov V,Polyakov P,Krasnoyarsk,et al.Behaviour of inert anodes for aluminum elextrolysis in a low temperature electrolyte,part Ⅰ[J].Aluminum,1997,73(12):906-910
[29]Deyoug D H.Solubilites of oxides for inert anodes in cryolite based mettles[A].Light Metals 1986[C].Warreudale P A,USA:TMS,1986.299-307
[30]郭景坤,徐耀萍.纳米陶瓷及其进展[J].硅酸盐学报,1992,20(3):286
[31]郑冶沙,严东生,高濂.氧化锆纳米陶瓷室温微区循环超塑性的研究[J].无机材料学报,1995,10(4):411-416
[32]YAN D S,ZHENG Y S,GAO L,et al,Localized superplastic deformation of nanocrystalline 3Y-TZP ceramiacs under cyclic tensile fatigue at ambient temperature[J].J Mater Sci,1998,33:2719-2723
[33]郭景坤,纤维补强复合材料,自然科学年鉴[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1981,116-118
[34]郭景坤.关于陶瓷材料的脆性问题[J].复旦学报,2003,42(6):822-827
[35]郭小龙,陈沙鸥,戚凭等.纳米颗粒对陶瓷材料力学性能的影响[J].青岛大学学报,2000,13(2):60-65
[36]刘静梅.惰性阳极铝电解槽研究,[硕士学位论文].贵阳:贵州大学,2006
[37].安利娜,邓刚,吴贤熙,毛小浩.镍基惰性阳极的耐腐蚀性研究(上).轻金属2003,1.
[38].安利娜,邓刚,吴贤熙,毛小浩.镍基惰性阳极的耐腐蚀性研究(下).轻金属2003,2.
[39].吴贤熙,毛小浩.铝电解镍基惰性阳极的研究.贵州工业大学(自然科学版),1999,10:37-41.
[40].吴贤熙,毛小浩,安利娜.镍基惰性铝电解阳极的研究.轻金属.41.
[41]徐利华.金属陶瓷作铝电解惰性阳极材料的研究,[硕士学位论文].贵阳:贵州大学,2006
[42]贾贺峰.纳米NiO-Cu-NiFe_2O_4金属陶瓷惰性阳极的制备与研究,[硕士学位论文].贵阳:贵州大学,2007
[43]浙江大学等编,硅酸盐物理化学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1980:242-296
[44]张延平.电子陶瓷材料物化基础[M].北京:电子工业出版社.1996:352-383
[45]Gregg J.S,et al.Pilot cell demonstration of cerium oxide coated andes[J].In:Subodh K Das,eds.Light Metals[C].Warreudale,Pa:TMS,1993:465-473
[46]Cheary R W.Coelho A A.A fundamental parameters approach of X-ray line profile fitting[J].J APPL Cryst,1992,25:109-121.
[47]树脂基先进复合材料国际标准化的调查研究报告,日本标准协会,复合材料协会 1993:3
[48]周玉.陶瓷材料学[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1995:326-371
[49]C.W.Marschall,A.Rudnick,Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics,Plenum Press,New York,1(1974):301
[50]曾德麟.粉末冶金材料[M].北京:冶金工业出版社.1989.152-200
[51]林广涌,雷廷权,周玉.陶瓷材料断裂韧性的评定方法[J].宇航材料工艺,1995,4:12-19
[52]龚江洪.陶瓷材料断裂力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001:49-64
[53]顾廷慰,潘敏元,张炳荣.陶瓷刀具材料的断裂韧性及其测试方法研究[J].机械工程材料,1996,20(2):15-17,48
[54]GeorgeA.Gogotsi.Fracture toughness of ceramics and ceramics composites[J].Ceram.Inter.,(29):777-784.
[55]K.Niihara,R.Morena,D.P.H.Hasselman.Evaluation of K_(1C) of brittle solids by the indentation method with low crack-to-indent ratios[J].J.Mater.Sci.Lett.,1982,1:13-16
[56]A.GEvans,E.A.Charless.Fracture Toughness Determinations by Indentation[J].J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,1976,59(7-8):371-374
[57]B.R.Lawn,D.B.Marshall.Hardness,Toughness,andBrittleness:AnIndentationnalysis[J].J.Am.C eram.Soc.,1979,62(7-8):347-350.
[58]龚江宏,关振铎.陶瓷材料压痕韧性的统计性质[J].无机材料学报,2002,17(1):96-104
[59]Zener C.As communicated by Smith C S,Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,1948,175:48-50.
[60]K.Niihara,A.Nakahira,T.Tanaka,In:Nanophase and nanocomposite materials,S.Komarneni,J.C.Parker,G.J.Thomas,eds.Mater.Res.Soc.Symp.Proc.,1992,286,405.
[61]J.S.Moya,M.L.Osendi,Microstructure and mechanical properties of mullite/ZrO2 composie,J.Mater.Sci.,1984,19,2909-2914.
[62]K.T.Faber,A.G.Evans,Crack deflection process Ⅰ[J],Acta.Met.,1983,3114]:565-576
[63]Blinov V,Polyakov P,Krasnoyarsk,et al.Behaviour of inert anodes for aluminum elextrolysis in a low temperature electrolyte,part Ⅰ[J].Aluminum,1997,73(12):906-910
[64]K.T.Faber,A.G.Evans,Crack deflection process Ⅱ[J],Acta.Met.,1983,3114]:577-584
[65]Xiao Haiming.On the corrosion and the behabvior of inert anodes in aluminum electrolysis:[Doctor Thesis].Trondheim,Norway:Norwegian Institute of Technology,1993
[66]V.V.Krstic,P.S.Nicholson,R.G.Hoagland,Tougheningof glass by metallic particles,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,1981,64[9],499-504.
[67]D.B.Marshall,W.L.Morris,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,1990,73[10],2938-2943.
[68]D.B.Marshall,W.L.Morris,B.N.Cox,M.S.Badkhah,Toughening mechanisms in comented carbides,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,1990,73(10):2938-2943
[69]A.E.Ashby,E J.Blunt,M.Bannister,Acta.Met.,1989,37,3001-3009.
[70]W.H.Tuan,R.J.Brook,The toughening of alumina with nickel inclusion,J.Eruo.Ceram.Soc.,1990,6,31-37.
[71]NiiharaK,New design concept of structureal ceramics-ceramics nanocomposites,J..Ceram.Soc.Jpn.,99(1991):974