刑事法治的人道主义路径
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
在近代刑法理念启蒙之初,贝卡利亚就提出了刑法的三大基本原则:罪刑法定原则、罪刑等价原则以及刑罚人道主义原则。刑罚人道主义原则与罪刑法定原则一样成为近代刑事法性质的一个重要标志,也是人的权利开始得到全面尊重的起点,更是近代刑事法区别于传统刑事法的重要特征。人道主义的实质就是人道主义与神权、王权(以后演变为一种国家权力)、人权的关系。以此为延伸,刑事法治的人道主义观就是人道主义与神权、国家刑权力、刑事权利、人道主义的哲学基础的关系。
     全文共分为以下五个部分:
     1.刑事现象的存在、发展与人道主义。此部分首先对于人道主义的基本内容进行论述并对人道主义在当代中国的命运进行介绍,然后结合在社会生活中,在各种刑事现象中包含的人道主义理念,从现象层面切入,说明刑事法治中贯彻人道主义的意义。指出:在社会范畴内的刑事现象中,人道主义属于德化伦理的视野,是人类共同情感的归宿;在历史范畴的刑事现象中,人道主义是对蔑视人性的抗击;在权力范畴的刑事现象中,人道主义是对权利和自由的最高肯定。
     2.处于价值冲突核心的刑事法治的人道主义精神。本部分主要谈到刑事法治中的人道主义精神与法治、政治、伦理、权力等社会构造环节的关系。主要包括:暴力、刑罚与人道主义的关系;刑事法的转型与人道主义的关系;刑罚的实质与人道主义的关系;底线伦理与刑事法治人道主义的关系;国家刑权力与刑事法治人道主义的关系。同时指出:在刑事法治的历史发展中,暴力、革命、战争和刑罚本身并不排斥人道主义,正是因为权力基于本身的需要,将人道主义与
At the beginning of the establishment of the modern penal conceptions, **** advanced three basic principles of criminal law: legality of crime and punishment, proportionate punishment for a specific crime, and humanitarian principle of penal law. Namely, humanitarian concern over criminal law as well as the legality of crime and punishment has become an important earmark in the development of modem penal law. The essence of humanitarianism is humanism in relation to the divine power, regal power (later evolved into sovereign power) and human right. In this dimension, humanitarianism in penal law deals with humanitarianism in the fundamental relationship with divine power, penal power of the state, penal right, and the philosophic foundation of humanitarianism.This dissertation is divided into five parts:Part one: Humanitarianism in relation to the existence and development of penal phenomenaThis part starts with an introduction concerning the core of humanitarianism and its fate in contemporary China. Then, it illustrates the significance in implementing the humanitarianism through the penal jurisprudence by analyzing the conception contained in the penal phenomena in the social life. As is emphasized, with regard to its social realm, humanitarianism is within the scope of moralized ethics, which is the destination of human universal affections. With regard to its historical realm, humanitarianism is defiance against the tramping on humanity. With regard to its power domain, humanitarianism is the ultimate affirmation of right and liberty.Part two: Humanitarianism in the center of conflicting value systems of penal jurisprudence.This part tackles primarily humanitarian concern and its relevant parts in social
    construction, including the relationship of violence and penalty, the transformation of penal law, the essence of penalty, the bottom line of ethics, the penal power of the state, and etc. Meanwhile, it is also pointed out that. In the history of puial jurisprudence development, violence, revolutionary, war and penalty itself are not in confrontation with humanitarianism. The power attempts to cover the truth of humanitarianism by confronting the former with the latter out of its own necessity. Regarding the transformation of penal jurisprudence in China, humanitarian dimension is not only the essence of western modern criminal law but also a weapon to fight against the old system if it could be integrally combined with the rich legacy of Chinese traditional penal laws.Part three: Penal jurisprudence defends humanitarianism.Firstly, nowadays it is an urgency to implement humanitarianism by the means of penal jurisprudence, which is highly demanded by the social development and civilization achievements. The most condemned and extreme atrocity is the racial extinction and massacre. Therefore it is a necessity to prevent "crime in crimes " by means of penal law.Secondly, undei the guidance of humanitarianism, humaiiiiaiian law will be the highlight of human jurisprudence accomplishment.Thirdly, despite that humanitarianism was not a regular penal jurisprudence \u the strict meaning, the development of humanitarian law has given birtn to ilu legalization of anti-humanitarianism. which ensures that the preventive measures and punishment to check the anti-humanitarian crimes became the core of international penal law and leads it into prosperity.Fourthly, the attack upon the anti-humanitarian crime has been reinforcedsubstantially. Hence, there emerges a new form of co-effort attack known asInternational Criminal Court" which focuses on crashing down theanti-humanitarianism crimes. A series of new legal consciousness has been evolved inthe international community in respect of conception and system.Nevertheless, there is still a long way to run especially when humanitarianism is faced up with inherent defects and emergent diversions. Part four: The nature of penalty and humanitarianism.Penal power, as a crucial form of state power, has been playing a fundamental role in the existence and development of a state. So, how to treat and manipulate it undoubtedly occupies an indispensable place. This part contributes to the function and dysfunctions of penalty. The author assumes that it cannot effectively eliminate the
    evils by merely resorting to punishment. This part contributes a lot to analyzing Michael Foucault's theory about power and punishment. The author advocates that the technique process of power, which could be deemed as the victory of humanitarianism, inevitably accompanies the process of humanitarian confines imposed upon penal rights. We are obliged to acknowledge this fact willingly or unwillingly for Foucault's interpretation about punishment and power stripped the dignifying disguise of social system.Part five: The rationality of penalty and the goal of humanitarianism Considering the improvement of legal environment and systematization, the focus of penal theoretical research should shift into the criminal investigation, which embodies most directly the interest of parties but unfortunately remains so hard-to-be-transparent areas as departments responsible for power supervision. In this light, the reform of penal power chiefly expresses itself in the remedy policy of humanitarianism. In a realistic analysis, the ill match of the nature of penal power and humanitarian concern is the legal source of the misconducts of punishment.The historic evolution of punishment technique is the landmark of human civilization of penalty, among which death penalty is most prominent. From the various ingenious methods in the ai'cient society to the relatively humane manners of injection nowadays, the penal system has experienced humanitarian change in convention and system. Furthermore, the public sentiments, which could not serve unduly as an excuse to evade punishment, should be defined and viewed in a justifiable perspective.This part is also dedicated to analyzing the humanitarian development in the treatment of convicts by placing the human right of convict in the historical context. The author assumes that human right of convict has been gradually extended along with the new awareness of humanitarian trend. The purpose of executing the penalty lies in the crime prevention by means of punishment, which is the fundamental aim and basis upon which the humanitarian treatment of convicts could be guaranteed. This process of civilizing the penalty execution indicates an irreversible tendency in international penal law. Although a minority of people could possibly be benefited, the target interest group may be not narrowed. In this sense, the humanitarian treatment of convicts is an indispensable part of human right and humanitarianism which embodies the universal right endowed to human.
引文
1.《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷、第7卷、第46卷
    2.鲁嵩岳:《慎刑宪点评》,法律出版社1998年版
    3.朱学勤:《道德理想国的覆灭——从卢梭到罗伯斯庇尔》,上海三联书店1994年版
    4.(美)波希格诺等著:《法律之门》,华夏出版社2002年版
    5.(法)吉娜·佩尔努《法国资产阶级史(近代)》,上海译文出版社1991年版
    6.(意)杜里奥:《意大利刑法学原理》,法律出版社1998年版
    7.沈家本:《历代刑法考》,中华书局1985年版
    8.(美)阿瑟·奥肯:《平等与效率》,华夏出版社1999年版
    9.(美)拉蒙特:《人道主义哲学》,华夏出版社1990版
    10.(意)贝卡利亚:《论犯罪与刑罚》,中国大百科全书出版社1993年版
    11.(英)弗里德利.冯.哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》,三联书店1997年版
    12.(意)加罗法洛:《犯罪学》,中国大百科全书出版社1999年版
    13.马呈元:《国际犯罪与责任》,中国政法大学出版社2001年版
    14.(英)罗素:《幸福之路》,陕西师范大学出版社2003年版
    15.(法)米歇尔.福柯:《规训与惩罚》,三联书店1999年版
    16.白冰编:《鲁迅小说杂文散文全集》,广西民族出版社1996年版
    17.(美)L.亨金.:《权利的时代》,知识出版社1993年版
    18.桓宽:《盐铁论》,辽宁出版社1993年版
    19.邓正来、J.亚历山大:《国家与市民社会》,中央编译出版社2003年版
    20.(美)弗朗西斯.福山:《历史的终结》,远方出版社1998年版
    21.卜思天.M.儒攀基齐:《刑法理念的批判》,中国政法大学出版社2000年版
    22.宋冰编:《程序正义、正义与现代化》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版
    23.哈特:《法律的概念》,中国大百科全书出版社1995年版
    24.左为民:《刑事诉讼的基本理念》,法律出版社1993年版
    25.甘雨沛:《比较刑法学大全》,北京大学出版社1997年版
    26.(德)黑格尔:《法哲学原理》,商务印书馆1961年版
    27.(美)保罗.库尔兹:《21世纪的人道主义》,东方出版社1998年版
    28.(美)亨利.弗莱德兰德:《从“安乐死”到最终解决》,北京出版社2000年版
    29.(美)谢里夫.巴西奥尼:《国际刑法的渊源与内涵》,法律出版社2003年
    1. Richard Koch, the Power Law of Business, Nicholas Brealey Pubilshing2001
    2. Journal of International Criminal Justice
    3. Michael S. Moore, Law and Psychiatry: Rethinking the Relationship, Cambridge University Press1984
    4. Roger Hood, the Death Penalty-A Worldwide Perspective (Third Edition-Revised and Updated), Oxford University Press
    5. Bryan Gibsin, Human Rights and the Courts, Waterside Press1999
    6. Warren M. Kate, Note and Comment, the Juvenile Death Penalty, Journal of Juvenile Law 18(1997)
    7. Harvard Law Review
    8. H. A. Bedau, the death Penalty in America, Current Controversies1997
    9. Brian Innes, the History of Torture, Brown Packaging Books Ltd2001
    10. G. Schwarzenberger, International Law, Vol. I, 3rd Edition, Stevens & Sons (London), 1957
    11. Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress, Carnegie Endowment for World Peace (Washington) 1944
    12. Parliament of the World ' s Religions "Declaration Toward a Global Ethic"
    13. Hermann Hesse, If The War Goes On, Published by Pan Books Limitedl946
    14. William R. Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law (Fourth Edition), Thomson Learning Press 2001
    15. William A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2000
    16. ChalkF. and Jonassohn K., the History and Sociology of Genocide: analyses and case studies. Yale University Press: New Haven (1990)
    17. Richard Card, Criminal Law, 15" Edition, Butterworth, 2001
    18. Smith and Hotan, Criminal Law, 9th Edition, Butterworth, 1999
    19. Henry Tarn, Punishment, Eccuse and Moral Development, Athenarum press, Ltd, 1992
    20. Michael Doherty, Criminology, 3th Edition, Old Bailey Press, 2001
    21.John Rawls, the Law of Peoples, First Harvard University Press Paperback Edtion, 2001.
    22. Jeremy Waldron, the Law, Taylor and Francis Proup, 1990.
    23. John Finnis, National Law and National Rights, Oxford University Press, 2002
    24. Andrew Ashworth, Principle of Criminal Law, 4~(th) Edition, Oxford University Press, 2002
    25. E.Ehrlich, Fundamental Principles of the sociology of Law, China Social Sciences Publishing House Chengcheng Books Ltd, 1999.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700