CTCS-3测试仿真环境可视化关键技术的研究
|
摘要
CTCS-3级列车运行控制系统是保障高速铁路行车安全、提高运输效率的核心,是高速铁路的“神经中枢”。本文针对CTCS-3级列控系统测试仿真环境的可视化展开研究,围绕列控系统测试与评估的特殊需求,从列车运控视景可视化与运行进程可视化两个方面深入研究列控系统可视化的关键技术与实现方法。
论文首先详细分析了CTCS-3可视化系统的具体需求以及列车视景的性能指标参数,将多分辨率建模思想引入CTCS-3可视化系统的设计中,提出HLA/RTI联邦模式与TCP/IP通信方式相结合的可视化仿真支撑框架,较好地满足了CTCS-3测试仿真环境下可视化系统的信息交互与实现。
针对CTCS-3测试仿真环境下可视化场景线路数据表征的多样性,通过对列控数据与三维可视化描述方法的具体分析,提出基于C3RD的高速铁路线路描述方法,采用基于元模型的可视化场景多分辨率建模方法,实现了CTCS-3可视化场景的空间结构设计与描述。
针对CTCS-3测试仿真环境下对列车可视化的观察需求和细节层次不同要求,通过详细分析高速铁路运行环境下列车车辆的运动行为,基于多分辨率思想,提出不同粒度的可视化车辆生成方法,实现了不同粒度模型间的聚合与解聚,并以实例证明该方法的有效性。
针对高速铁路虚拟场景建模的难点,通过分析高速铁路场景组织特点,提出以铁路线路走行里程为参数的三维场景纵向分割以及基于场景图规则的横向场景组织的高速铁路场景建模方法。通过关键线与特征点的提取,实现了线路及附属设施的智能化生成。论文将运控视景的高速特点与人的视觉辩识特征结合,提出基于速度—视觉辩识特征的铁路场景建模优化策略,并将上述智能优化方法成功用于京沪高铁虚拟场景的建模。
通过对CTCS-3级列控系统的视景仿真需求分析,展开C3规则下列控视景控制算法的研究。提出基于图论的列车动态寻径算法以及基于可视轨道电路的列车群生成维护算法,并与视相关的多分辨率场景分块数据调度方法结合,实现了CTCS-3列车运行视景长大交路三维可视化仿真。
论文最后将模型驱动架构(MDA)思想引入CTCS-3运行进程信息可视化的研究中。通过EDA关键模型的建模过程实现了CTCS-3运行进程信息可视化。通过改进GUI模型,提出了适合于运行进程信息可视化界面的ACI (Core Adapter-Interface Controller-Interface)模型,并运用UML语言实现了关键模型间的转换。
CTCS-3, which means the three level of Chinese train control system, is the core of guaranteeing the operation security and improving the conveying efficiency of high-speed railway, and the nerve center of high-speed train. Around the special requirements of testing and assessment, this dissertation researched on the visualization of CTCS-3 testing and simulation platform. It studied-the key technologies and the implementing methods of visualization which were the train control scene visualization and the operation process visualization.
This dissertation firstly analyzed the specific requirements of CTCS-3 visualization system and the performance index parameters of train visual simulation. Introducing the multi-resolution modeling theory into the system design, a visualization simulation supporting architecture was proposed by combining the HLA/RTI federation mode and TCP/IP communication mode, which fulfilled the communication exchange and the achievement of the visualization system in the CTCS-3 testing and simulation platform.
For the diversity of line data's representation in the visual scene of the CTCS-3 testing and simulation platform, the C3RD line data representing method of high railway was put forward according to the specific analysis of the train control data and the 3D visual description. Based on the multi-resolution modeling method of meta-model theory in visualization scene, this dissertation realized the space structure design and the CTCS-3 visual scene description.
There are different requirements for the train visual observation and level of detail demands in the CTCS-3 testing and simulation system. According to the specific analysis of the train running behavior and multi-resolution theory, this dissertation raised a visual train generating method of different resolution. Meanwhile the aggregation and disaggregation process between different resolution models were analyzed in detail. After all, the availability of this method was certified by case study.
Through the organization characteristic analysis of high-speed railway scene, this dissertation solved the difficult of high speed railway virtual scene modeling by putting forward a high speed railway scene modeling method based on the 3D scene longitudinal sectioning with the accumulating distance as parameter, and the lateral scene organization with the scene graph rule. The tracks and subsidiary facilities were intelligently generated through the extraction of key tracks and characteristic points. Combining the high speed and human vision identification, the optimizing modeling method of railway scene was proposed based on the velocity and vision characteristics. The virtual scene modeling of Jinhu high speed railway was accomplished with this intelligent method.
On the demand analysis of visual simulation in the CTCS-3 train control system, the control algorithm of train visual simulation was studied under the CTCS-3 rule. This dissertation raised the dynamic path-finding algorithm based on graph theory and the generation maintenance algorithm of train group based on visual track circuit. It was accomplished by the 3D visualization simulation of long-distance railway in CTCS-3 train visual simulation combined with the blocked data dispatching method related to the multi-resolution scene.
Lastly, the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) theory was introduced into the research of CTCS-3 operation process information visualization. According to the key modeling process of EDA, it was achieved by the CTCS-3 operation process information visualization. Based on the improved GUI model, the ACI (Core Adapter-Interface Controller-Interface) model was proposed, which is suitable for the process information of visual interface. And the transformation process was described in details between the key models with the UML language.
论文首先详细分析了CTCS-3可视化系统的具体需求以及列车视景的性能指标参数,将多分辨率建模思想引入CTCS-3可视化系统的设计中,提出HLA/RTI联邦模式与TCP/IP通信方式相结合的可视化仿真支撑框架,较好地满足了CTCS-3测试仿真环境下可视化系统的信息交互与实现。
针对CTCS-3测试仿真环境下可视化场景线路数据表征的多样性,通过对列控数据与三维可视化描述方法的具体分析,提出基于C3RD的高速铁路线路描述方法,采用基于元模型的可视化场景多分辨率建模方法,实现了CTCS-3可视化场景的空间结构设计与描述。
针对CTCS-3测试仿真环境下对列车可视化的观察需求和细节层次不同要求,通过详细分析高速铁路运行环境下列车车辆的运动行为,基于多分辨率思想,提出不同粒度的可视化车辆生成方法,实现了不同粒度模型间的聚合与解聚,并以实例证明该方法的有效性。
针对高速铁路虚拟场景建模的难点,通过分析高速铁路场景组织特点,提出以铁路线路走行里程为参数的三维场景纵向分割以及基于场景图规则的横向场景组织的高速铁路场景建模方法。通过关键线与特征点的提取,实现了线路及附属设施的智能化生成。论文将运控视景的高速特点与人的视觉辩识特征结合,提出基于速度—视觉辩识特征的铁路场景建模优化策略,并将上述智能优化方法成功用于京沪高铁虚拟场景的建模。
通过对CTCS-3级列控系统的视景仿真需求分析,展开C3规则下列控视景控制算法的研究。提出基于图论的列车动态寻径算法以及基于可视轨道电路的列车群生成维护算法,并与视相关的多分辨率场景分块数据调度方法结合,实现了CTCS-3列车运行视景长大交路三维可视化仿真。
论文最后将模型驱动架构(MDA)思想引入CTCS-3运行进程信息可视化的研究中。通过EDA关键模型的建模过程实现了CTCS-3运行进程信息可视化。通过改进GUI模型,提出了适合于运行进程信息可视化界面的ACI (Core Adapter-Interface Controller-Interface)模型,并运用UML语言实现了关键模型间的转换。
CTCS-3, which means the three level of Chinese train control system, is the core of guaranteeing the operation security and improving the conveying efficiency of high-speed railway, and the nerve center of high-speed train. Around the special requirements of testing and assessment, this dissertation researched on the visualization of CTCS-3 testing and simulation platform. It studied-the key technologies and the implementing methods of visualization which were the train control scene visualization and the operation process visualization.
This dissertation firstly analyzed the specific requirements of CTCS-3 visualization system and the performance index parameters of train visual simulation. Introducing the multi-resolution modeling theory into the system design, a visualization simulation supporting architecture was proposed by combining the HLA/RTI federation mode and TCP/IP communication mode, which fulfilled the communication exchange and the achievement of the visualization system in the CTCS-3 testing and simulation platform.
For the diversity of line data's representation in the visual scene of the CTCS-3 testing and simulation platform, the C3RD line data representing method of high railway was put forward according to the specific analysis of the train control data and the 3D visual description. Based on the multi-resolution modeling method of meta-model theory in visualization scene, this dissertation realized the space structure design and the CTCS-3 visual scene description.
There are different requirements for the train visual observation and level of detail demands in the CTCS-3 testing and simulation system. According to the specific analysis of the train running behavior and multi-resolution theory, this dissertation raised a visual train generating method of different resolution. Meanwhile the aggregation and disaggregation process between different resolution models were analyzed in detail. After all, the availability of this method was certified by case study.
Through the organization characteristic analysis of high-speed railway scene, this dissertation solved the difficult of high speed railway virtual scene modeling by putting forward a high speed railway scene modeling method based on the 3D scene longitudinal sectioning with the accumulating distance as parameter, and the lateral scene organization with the scene graph rule. The tracks and subsidiary facilities were intelligently generated through the extraction of key tracks and characteristic points. Combining the high speed and human vision identification, the optimizing modeling method of railway scene was proposed based on the velocity and vision characteristics. The virtual scene modeling of Jinhu high speed railway was accomplished with this intelligent method.
On the demand analysis of visual simulation in the CTCS-3 train control system, the control algorithm of train visual simulation was studied under the CTCS-3 rule. This dissertation raised the dynamic path-finding algorithm based on graph theory and the generation maintenance algorithm of train group based on visual track circuit. It was accomplished by the 3D visualization simulation of long-distance railway in CTCS-3 train visual simulation combined with the blocked data dispatching method related to the multi-resolution scene.
Lastly, the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) theory was introduced into the research of CTCS-3 operation process information visualization. According to the key modeling process of EDA, it was achieved by the CTCS-3 operation process information visualization. Based on the improved GUI model, the ACI (Core Adapter-Interface Controller-Interface) model was proposed, which is suitable for the process information of visual interface. And the transformation process was described in details between the key models with the UML language.
引文
[1]蔡伯根,上官伟,李小琴等.基于多分辨率建模的CTCS-3级列控系统仿真支撑技术[J].北京交通大学学报,2010.34(2)：5-10.
[2]张曙光.CTCS-3级列控系统总体技术方案[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2008.
[3]燕飞,唐涛.轨道交通信号系统安全技术的发展和研究现状[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,15(6)：94-99.
[4]A. Kaufman. Scientific visualization:advance and challenges [C]. IEEE Computer Society Press,1994.
[5]A. Kaufman. Rendering Visualization and Rasterization Hardware[M]. Springer-Verlag,1993.
[6]B.M. McCormick, et al. Visualization in Scientific Computing[R]. Report of the NSF Advisory Panel on Graphics. Image Processing and Workstations,1987.
[7]龚建华,林辉,肖乐斌等.地学可视化探讨[J].遥感学报,1999,3(3)：236-244.
[8]唐泽圣等.三维数据场可视化[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1999年.
[9]吴家铸,党岗,刘华峰等.视景仿真技术及应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2001.
[10]B.H.McCormick. Visualization in scientific computing [J]. ACM SIGBIO Newsletter,1988, 10(1):15-21.
[11]高曙.网格环境下面向服务的分布式可视化研究与实现[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2007.
[12]Gallagher, R. S. Computer Visualization [M].CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,1995.
[13]Rosenblum, L. et al. Scientific Visualization:Advances and Challenges[M]. AcademicPress, London,1994.
[14]Arie Kaufman. Volume visualization[J]. ACM Computing Surveys,1996,28:165-167.
[15]Arie Kaufman. Volume Visualization (Tutorial)[M]. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA,1991.
[16]Baker MP, Bushell C. After the storm:considerations for information visualization [J]. IEEE Computer Graphics Application 1995,15:12-15.
[17]刘树勇.组件技术在用户界而设计中的应用研究[D].大连：大连海事大学,2004
[18]Jiri Zara,Pavel Chromy. A Scaleable Approach to Visualization of Large Virtual Cities [J]. IEEE Transon Visualization and Computer Graphics,2001,1(3):639-644.
[19]解辉.虚拟铁路视景仿真系统中三维建模技术的研究与实现[D].北京：北京交通大学,2007.
[20]贾凉.基于CreatorVega城市环境仿真系统的研究[D].武汉：武汉大学,2005.
[21]朱雨香.视景仿真技术的研究与实现[D].南京：南京理工大学,2004.
[22]Donald Hearn,M Pauline Bader.Computer Graphic[M].USA:Prentice Hall,1997:435-443.
[23]陈华斌.视景仿真的理论研究及在机车仿真器中的实现：[D].成都：西南交通大学,1998.
[24]陈昊,洪景新,陈辉煌.基于MultiGen和Vega的场景仿真系统技术[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2005,5：45-47.
[25]Alan Wexeblat.VR Application and Explorations[J].Academic Press Professional,1990,10(3): 30-35.
[26]Card SK.Mackinlay JD.Shneiderman B. Readings in Information Visualization:Using Vision to Think[M]. Academic Press,1999.
[27]王威信,戴国忠.信息可视化[J].情报学进展,2006,6：80-111.
[28]Shneiderman B. The eyes have it:A task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations [C]. In:Proc. of the IEEE Symp. on Visual Languages. Boulder:IEEE Press, 1996.336-343.
[29]Heer J, Card SK, Landy JA. Prefuse:A toolkit for interactive information visualization[C]. In: Proc. of the SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York:ACM Press, 2005:421-430.
[30]Shneiderman B. Dynamic queries for visual information seeking[J].Software,1994(06):70-77.
[31]Hornbaek K,Bederson BB, Plaisant C Navigation patterns and usability of zoomable user interfaces with and without an overview[J]. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,2006,9(04):362-389.
[32]Furnas GW. A fisheye follow-up:Further reflections on focus+context[C]. In:Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems. New York:ACM Press,2006: 999-1008.
[33]Baldonado MQ.,Woodruff A.,Kuchinsky A. Guidelines for using multiple views in information visualization[C]. In:Proceedings of the Advanced Visual Interfaces Conference.New York: ACM Press,2000:110-119.
[34]Bederson BB.,Hollan JD. Pad++:A zoomable graphical sketchpad for exploring alternate interface physics[C].In:Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. New York:ACM Press,1994:17-26.
[35]Bederson BB.,Meyer J.,Good L. Jazz:An extensible zoomable user interface graphics toolkit in Java[C].In:Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. New York:ACM Press,2000:171-180.
[36]Bederson BB., Grosjean J., Meyer J. Toolkit design for interactive structured graphics[J]. Software Engineering,2004(08):535-546.
[37]Graphviz. http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/.
[38]Marshall MS., Herman I., Melancon G. An object-oriented design for graph visualization[J]. Software:Practice and Experience,2001(08):739-756
[39]Batagelj V., Mrvar A. Pajek:Analysis and visualization of large networks[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2002(2265):8-11.
[40]Stolte C., Tang D., Hanrahan P. Polaris:A system for query,analysis and visualization of multidimensional relational databases[J]. Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2002(01):52-65.
[41]Fekete JD. The InfoVis Toolkit[J]. Information Visualization,2004:167-174.
[42]Viegas FB., Wattenberg M., van Ham F., Kriss J., McKeon M. Manyeyes:A site for visualization at Internet scale[J]. Visualization and Computer Graphics,2007(06):1121-1128.
[43]North C., Shneiderman B. Snap-Together Visualization:A user Interface for coordinating visualizations via relational schemata[C]. In:Proceedings of Advanced Visual Interfaces 2000, Palermo, Italy,2000,128-135.
[44]Takatsuka M., Gahegan M. GeoVISTA studio:A codeless visual programming environment for geoscientific data analysis and visualization[J]. The Journal of Computers & Geosciences, 2002,28(10).1131-1144.
[45]Godinho PIA., Meiguins BS., Meiguins ASG., et al. PRISMA--A multidimensional information visualization tool using multiple coordinated views[C]. In:11th International Conference Information Visualization,Switzerland,2007
[46]Borner K., Zhou Y. A software repository for education and research in information visualization[J]. Information Visualisation,2001:257-262.
[47]任磊,王威信,周明骏等.一种模型驱动的交互式信息可视化开发方法[J].软件学报,2008,19(8)：1947-1964.
[48]Francis Delooz著,郭秀伟译.列车模拟装置的发展.国外铁道车辆[J].2002,39(1)：20-23.
[49]C.S.Chang. Interactive Multimedia In Training-a case study in underground railway application[J]. Computing & Contror Engineering Journal,1996.10.
[50]Rainer Schwentke, Dr istvan Hrivnak, Attila Dobrosi. Multifunction Simulator Developed For Hamburg[J]. International Railway Journal.1999,39(4):25-27.
[51]A.Fernandez,J.de Ponga,etc. Multi-train Simulator For Regulation Purpose[C]. In:Proceeding of 7th COMPRAIL Conference, Bologna,2000.
[52]Railway Simulators Become More Driversified[C]. International Railway Journal,2001,41 (4): 29-31.
[53]张刚,王东丽.三维视景建模软件在仿真中的应用[C].2003全国仿真技术学术会议论文集.
[54]杜霄.三维视景仿真技术在地铁列车运行控制系统仿真中的应用[D].北京：北京交通大学.2006,3
[55]苏虎,周美玉.列车驾驶仿真系统中分布式视景仿真[J].铁道学报,2002.24(5)：37-41.
[56]唐冰.基于微机的多通道列车视景仿真系统的研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2002.
[57]苏虎,何鸿云.分布式地铁列车驾驶仿真器的体系结构[J].中国铁道科学,2004,25(6)：120-123.
[58]胡敏聪,郎诚廉等.列车运行视景仿真及险情特效的实现[J].计算机应用,2008,28(B06)：244-246.
[59]蒋炜栋,郎诚廉.基于OpenGVS的城轨列车三维视景仿真系统的开发[J].计算机时代,2008,2：22-24.
[60]曹骅,蒋炜栋,郎诚廉.城市轨道列车视景仿真的光照效果研究[J].计算机时代,2009,6：1-3.
[61]易思蓉.虚拟环境铁路选线设计系统的理论与方法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2000.
[62]蒋红霁.铁路线路三维可视化设计原理与方法的研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2001.
[63]史晓涛.线路设计虚拟现实模型系统的研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008.
[64]宋晓伟,唐涛.视景仿真技术在地铁列控系统中的应用[J].北京交通大学学报,2007,31(3)：67-71.
[65]宋晓伟,唐涛.列车运控系统视景仿真的设计与实现[J].系统仿真学报,2007,19(16)：3864-3867.
[66]黄友能,唐涛,宋晓伟.虚拟仿真技术在地铁列车运行仿真系统中的研究[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(12)：3208-3211.
[67]宋晨亮,张勇.基于HLA的分布式三维视景列车运行模拟器的设计与实现[J].铁路计算机应用,2008,17(3)：27-30.
[68]李开成,刘丽娟.视景仿真的屏蔽门系统在地铁列控系统中的应用[J].北京交通大学学报,2009,33(5)：46-49.
[69]郭北苑,方卫宁.分布式仿真半实物机车驾驶工效学实验系统[J].实验技术与管理,2005.22(7)：41-44..
[70]田生彩.列车驾驶工效柔性仿真系统的研制[D].北京：北京交通大学,2005.
[71]毕莹玉郎诚廉.上海地铁三号线模拟驾驶器逻辑控制系统的建模[J].铁路计算机应用,2007,16(11)：33-35.
[72]王冬海.三维视景仿真技术在地铁列车运行控制系统仿真中的应用[D].北京：北京交通大学,2005.
[73]杜宵.三维视景仿真技术在地铁列车运行控制系统仿真中的应用[D].北京：北京交通大学,2006.
[74]宋晓伟.地铁列车运行控制视景仿真系统中三维建模技术的研究与实现[D].北京：北京交通大学,2007.
[75]刘丽娟.分布式虚拟现实仿真方法在列控系统中的研究与应用[D].北京：北京交通大学,2009.
[76]闫伟萍.基于CTCS-2的列车视景仿真系统研究与实现[D].成都：西南交通大学,2009.
[77]农梅.三维视景仿真技术在CTCS3级仿真系统中的应用[D].北京：北京交通大学,2006.
[78]Philippe Husni. Visual Simulation White Paper.1990.
[79]尹勇.分布式航海仿真系统中视景实时生成算法的研究[D].大连：大连海事大学,2001.
[80]中华人民共和国铁道部.铁路技术管理规程[M].北京：中国铁道出版社.2006.
[81]陈昌文.船舶操纵模拟器三维视景专用多细节层次图形数据库[D].大连海事大学硕士论文,1998.
[82]周前祥,姜国华,曲战胜等.视场角设置对虚拟环境中目标判断的影响[J].航天医学与医学工程,2003,16(4)：292-295.
[83]唐涛,徐田华,赵林.列车运行控制系统规范建模与验证[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2010.
[84]Radharamanan R, Wilsey P. A. Ruminations on the Implications of Multi-Resolution Modeling on DIS/HLA[C]. In:The 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Interactive Simulation and Real Time Applications,1999:101-108.
[85]Anand Natrajan, Paul F Reynolds, Jr., Sudhir Srinivasan. MRE:A Flexible Approach to Multi-Resolution Modeling[C]. In:Proceedings 11th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation, Austria,1997:156-163.
[86]David P K, Bigelow J. Experiments on Multiresolution Modeling (MRM) [R]. RAND Report-MR1004,1998.
[87]McGraw R, Treshansky A. MRMAideTM:A Technology for Implementing Mixed Resolution Models [C]. In:Proceedings of the 2002 Fall SIW.
[88]Cat K, Gardner K, Gryder T. Military Modeling Framework (MMF):A Framework Supporting Composability and Multi-ResolutionModeling[C]. In:Proceedings of the 1998 Fall SIW.
[89]Natrajan A. Consistency Maintenance in Concurrent Representations[D]. School of Engineering and Applied Science at the Univ. of Virginia 2000.
[90]刘宝宏.多分辨率建模的理论与关键技术研究[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学,2003.
[91]Page E H, Nicol D M, Balci O, et al. Strategic Directions In Simulation Research[C]. In:Simulation Conference Proceeding,1999:1509-1520.
[92]Natrajan A, Tuong A N. To Disaggregate or Not to Disaggregate,That Is Not the Question[C]. In: ELECSIM95. Mar,1995.
[93]Biddle M. A Proposed Scheme for Implementing Aggregation andDisaggregation in HLA[C]. In:. Processing of 2000 Fall SIW.
[94]Zeigler B P. A Systems Methodology for Structuring Families of Models at Multiple Levels of Resolution[C]. In:Proceeding of 1992 Variable Resolution Modeling Conference.
[95]Kim G, Zeigler B P. The DEVS Formalism:Hierarchical, Modular System Specification in an Object-Oriented Framework[C]. In:Proceedings of WSC'1987.
[96]Zeigler B P, Praehofe H, Kim T G. Theory of Modeling and Simulation [M]. Academic Press, 1999.
[97]Cubert R. M, Fishwick P A. MOOSE:Architecture of an Object-Oriented Multimodeling Simulation System[C]. In:Enabling technology for Simulation Science (Ⅰ). Proceeding of SPIE AeoroSense 1997.
[98]卢志忠,申冬慧,张智.潜艇航行训练模拟系统层次联邦设计研究[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(7)：1626-1630,1640.
[99]傅世善.闭塞与列控概论[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2006.
[100]铁路部科学技术司,铁道部运输局.列控系统工程数据表编制规定[M].北京：铁道部科学技术司,铁道部运输局,2008.
[101]常治平.铁路线路及站场[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2007.
[102]Thomas Kahne. Matters of (meta-) modeling[J]. software and Systems Modeling,2006,5(4); 369-385.
[103]刘兴堂,梁炳成,刘力等.复杂系统建模理论,方法与技术[M].北京：科学出版社,2008.
[104]Hans Vangheluwe, Juan de Lara. Meta-model are modelstoo[C]. In:Proceedings of the 2002 Winter SimulationConference,2002:597-605.
[105]Dale K. Pace. Dimensions and Attributes of Simulation Fidelity[C]. In:Proceedings of 1998 Fall SIW.
[106]石红国.列车运行过程仿真及优化研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006.
[107]列车牵引计算规程(TB/T1407-1998)[S].中国铁道部.
[108]Natrajan A. Consistency Maintenance in Concurrent Representations[D]. Virginia,USA: School of Engineering and Appfied Science at the University of Virgnia,2000.
[109]常鑫.三维图形引擎中场景管理的研究与实现[D].成都：电子科技大学,2006.
[110]Yujie Mao,Beiyuan Guo,Weining Fang. Research on intelligent method of generating virtual landscape along high-speed passenger dedicated line[C]. In:Proceeding of 2009 IEEE 10th International Conference on CAID&CD.2009,2:967-972.
[111]Trent W. Victor, Joanne L. Harbluk, Johan A. Engstrom. Sensitivity of eye-movement measures to in-vehicle task difficulty[J]. Transportation Research.2005,8(2):167-190..
[112]马勇.基于眼动分析的汽车驾驶员视觉搜索模式研究[D].西安：长安大学,2006.
[113]邓铸.眼动心理学的理论、技术及应用研究[J].南京师大学报：社会科学版.2005(1)：90-95.
[114]蔡红霞,胡小格,俞涛.虚拟仿真原理与应用[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2010.
[115]刘其斌,马桂贞.铁路车站及枢纽[M].北京：中国铁道出版社.2005.
[116]Kleppe A, Warmer J, Bast W MDA Explained:The Model Driven Architecture:Practice and Promise[M]. Boston:Addison-Wesley,2003.
[117]Brent Hailpem, Peri Tarr. Model-driven development:The good, the bad, and the ugly[J]. IBM Systems Journal,2006,45(3):451-461.
[118]Coutaz J. Software Architecture Modeling for User Interfaces[C]. In:Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, Wiley,1993.
[119]Hussey A. Carrington D. Comparing Two User-Interface Architecture:MVC and PAC[R]. TECHNICAL REPORT N0.95-33. Software Verification Research Centre. Dept. of Computer Science. The University of Queensland.
[2]张曙光.CTCS-3级列控系统总体技术方案[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2008.
[3]燕飞,唐涛.轨道交通信号系统安全技术的发展和研究现状[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,15(6)：94-99.
[4]A. Kaufman. Scientific visualization:advance and challenges [C]. IEEE Computer Society Press,1994.
[5]A. Kaufman. Rendering Visualization and Rasterization Hardware[M]. Springer-Verlag,1993.
[6]B.M. McCormick, et al. Visualization in Scientific Computing[R]. Report of the NSF Advisory Panel on Graphics. Image Processing and Workstations,1987.
[7]龚建华,林辉,肖乐斌等.地学可视化探讨[J].遥感学报,1999,3(3)：236-244.
[8]唐泽圣等.三维数据场可视化[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1999年.
[9]吴家铸,党岗,刘华峰等.视景仿真技术及应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2001.
[10]B.H.McCormick. Visualization in scientific computing [J]. ACM SIGBIO Newsletter,1988, 10(1):15-21.
[11]高曙.网格环境下面向服务的分布式可视化研究与实现[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2007.
[12]Gallagher, R. S. Computer Visualization [M].CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,1995.
[13]Rosenblum, L. et al. Scientific Visualization:Advances and Challenges[M]. AcademicPress, London,1994.
[14]Arie Kaufman. Volume visualization[J]. ACM Computing Surveys,1996,28:165-167.
[15]Arie Kaufman. Volume Visualization (Tutorial)[M]. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA,1991.
[16]Baker MP, Bushell C. After the storm:considerations for information visualization [J]. IEEE Computer Graphics Application 1995,15:12-15.
[17]刘树勇.组件技术在用户界而设计中的应用研究[D].大连：大连海事大学,2004
[18]Jiri Zara,Pavel Chromy. A Scaleable Approach to Visualization of Large Virtual Cities [J]. IEEE Transon Visualization and Computer Graphics,2001,1(3):639-644.
[19]解辉.虚拟铁路视景仿真系统中三维建模技术的研究与实现[D].北京：北京交通大学,2007.
[20]贾凉.基于CreatorVega城市环境仿真系统的研究[D].武汉：武汉大学,2005.
[21]朱雨香.视景仿真技术的研究与实现[D].南京：南京理工大学,2004.
[22]Donald Hearn,M Pauline Bader.Computer Graphic[M].USA:Prentice Hall,1997:435-443.
[23]陈华斌.视景仿真的理论研究及在机车仿真器中的实现：[D].成都：西南交通大学,1998.
[24]陈昊,洪景新,陈辉煌.基于MultiGen和Vega的场景仿真系统技术[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2005,5：45-47.
[25]Alan Wexeblat.VR Application and Explorations[J].Academic Press Professional,1990,10(3): 30-35.
[26]Card SK.Mackinlay JD.Shneiderman B. Readings in Information Visualization:Using Vision to Think[M]. Academic Press,1999.
[27]王威信,戴国忠.信息可视化[J].情报学进展,2006,6：80-111.
[28]Shneiderman B. The eyes have it:A task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations [C]. In:Proc. of the IEEE Symp. on Visual Languages. Boulder:IEEE Press, 1996.336-343.
[29]Heer J, Card SK, Landy JA. Prefuse:A toolkit for interactive information visualization[C]. In: Proc. of the SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York:ACM Press, 2005:421-430.
[30]Shneiderman B. Dynamic queries for visual information seeking[J].Software,1994(06):70-77.
[31]Hornbaek K,Bederson BB, Plaisant C Navigation patterns and usability of zoomable user interfaces with and without an overview[J]. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,2006,9(04):362-389.
[32]Furnas GW. A fisheye follow-up:Further reflections on focus+context[C]. In:Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems. New York:ACM Press,2006: 999-1008.
[33]Baldonado MQ.,Woodruff A.,Kuchinsky A. Guidelines for using multiple views in information visualization[C]. In:Proceedings of the Advanced Visual Interfaces Conference.New York: ACM Press,2000:110-119.
[34]Bederson BB.,Hollan JD. Pad++:A zoomable graphical sketchpad for exploring alternate interface physics[C].In:Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. New York:ACM Press,1994:17-26.
[35]Bederson BB.,Meyer J.,Good L. Jazz:An extensible zoomable user interface graphics toolkit in Java[C].In:Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. New York:ACM Press,2000:171-180.
[36]Bederson BB., Grosjean J., Meyer J. Toolkit design for interactive structured graphics[J]. Software Engineering,2004(08):535-546.
[37]Graphviz. http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/.
[38]Marshall MS., Herman I., Melancon G. An object-oriented design for graph visualization[J]. Software:Practice and Experience,2001(08):739-756
[39]Batagelj V., Mrvar A. Pajek:Analysis and visualization of large networks[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2002(2265):8-11.
[40]Stolte C., Tang D., Hanrahan P. Polaris:A system for query,analysis and visualization of multidimensional relational databases[J]. Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2002(01):52-65.
[41]Fekete JD. The InfoVis Toolkit[J]. Information Visualization,2004:167-174.
[42]Viegas FB., Wattenberg M., van Ham F., Kriss J., McKeon M. Manyeyes:A site for visualization at Internet scale[J]. Visualization and Computer Graphics,2007(06):1121-1128.
[43]North C., Shneiderman B. Snap-Together Visualization:A user Interface for coordinating visualizations via relational schemata[C]. In:Proceedings of Advanced Visual Interfaces 2000, Palermo, Italy,2000,128-135.
[44]Takatsuka M., Gahegan M. GeoVISTA studio:A codeless visual programming environment for geoscientific data analysis and visualization[J]. The Journal of Computers & Geosciences, 2002,28(10).1131-1144.
[45]Godinho PIA., Meiguins BS., Meiguins ASG., et al. PRISMA--A multidimensional information visualization tool using multiple coordinated views[C]. In:11th International Conference Information Visualization,Switzerland,2007
[46]Borner K., Zhou Y. A software repository for education and research in information visualization[J]. Information Visualisation,2001:257-262.
[47]任磊,王威信,周明骏等.一种模型驱动的交互式信息可视化开发方法[J].软件学报,2008,19(8)：1947-1964.
[48]Francis Delooz著,郭秀伟译.列车模拟装置的发展.国外铁道车辆[J].2002,39(1)：20-23.
[49]C.S.Chang. Interactive Multimedia In Training-a case study in underground railway application[J]. Computing & Contror Engineering Journal,1996.10.
[50]Rainer Schwentke, Dr istvan Hrivnak, Attila Dobrosi. Multifunction Simulator Developed For Hamburg[J]. International Railway Journal.1999,39(4):25-27.
[51]A.Fernandez,J.de Ponga,etc. Multi-train Simulator For Regulation Purpose[C]. In:Proceeding of 7th COMPRAIL Conference, Bologna,2000.
[52]Railway Simulators Become More Driversified[C]. International Railway Journal,2001,41 (4): 29-31.
[53]张刚,王东丽.三维视景建模软件在仿真中的应用[C].2003全国仿真技术学术会议论文集.
[54]杜霄.三维视景仿真技术在地铁列车运行控制系统仿真中的应用[D].北京：北京交通大学.2006,3
[55]苏虎,周美玉.列车驾驶仿真系统中分布式视景仿真[J].铁道学报,2002.24(5)：37-41.
[56]唐冰.基于微机的多通道列车视景仿真系统的研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2002.
[57]苏虎,何鸿云.分布式地铁列车驾驶仿真器的体系结构[J].中国铁道科学,2004,25(6)：120-123.
[58]胡敏聪,郎诚廉等.列车运行视景仿真及险情特效的实现[J].计算机应用,2008,28(B06)：244-246.
[59]蒋炜栋,郎诚廉.基于OpenGVS的城轨列车三维视景仿真系统的开发[J].计算机时代,2008,2：22-24.
[60]曹骅,蒋炜栋,郎诚廉.城市轨道列车视景仿真的光照效果研究[J].计算机时代,2009,6：1-3.
[61]易思蓉.虚拟环境铁路选线设计系统的理论与方法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2000.
[62]蒋红霁.铁路线路三维可视化设计原理与方法的研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2001.
[63]史晓涛.线路设计虚拟现实模型系统的研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008.
[64]宋晓伟,唐涛.视景仿真技术在地铁列控系统中的应用[J].北京交通大学学报,2007,31(3)：67-71.
[65]宋晓伟,唐涛.列车运控系统视景仿真的设计与实现[J].系统仿真学报,2007,19(16)：3864-3867.
[66]黄友能,唐涛,宋晓伟.虚拟仿真技术在地铁列车运行仿真系统中的研究[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(12)：3208-3211.
[67]宋晨亮,张勇.基于HLA的分布式三维视景列车运行模拟器的设计与实现[J].铁路计算机应用,2008,17(3)：27-30.
[68]李开成,刘丽娟.视景仿真的屏蔽门系统在地铁列控系统中的应用[J].北京交通大学学报,2009,33(5)：46-49.
[69]郭北苑,方卫宁.分布式仿真半实物机车驾驶工效学实验系统[J].实验技术与管理,2005.22(7)：41-44..
[70]田生彩.列车驾驶工效柔性仿真系统的研制[D].北京：北京交通大学,2005.
[71]毕莹玉郎诚廉.上海地铁三号线模拟驾驶器逻辑控制系统的建模[J].铁路计算机应用,2007,16(11)：33-35.
[72]王冬海.三维视景仿真技术在地铁列车运行控制系统仿真中的应用[D].北京：北京交通大学,2005.
[73]杜宵.三维视景仿真技术在地铁列车运行控制系统仿真中的应用[D].北京：北京交通大学,2006.
[74]宋晓伟.地铁列车运行控制视景仿真系统中三维建模技术的研究与实现[D].北京：北京交通大学,2007.
[75]刘丽娟.分布式虚拟现实仿真方法在列控系统中的研究与应用[D].北京：北京交通大学,2009.
[76]闫伟萍.基于CTCS-2的列车视景仿真系统研究与实现[D].成都：西南交通大学,2009.
[77]农梅.三维视景仿真技术在CTCS3级仿真系统中的应用[D].北京：北京交通大学,2006.
[78]Philippe Husni. Visual Simulation White Paper.1990.
[79]尹勇.分布式航海仿真系统中视景实时生成算法的研究[D].大连：大连海事大学,2001.
[80]中华人民共和国铁道部.铁路技术管理规程[M].北京：中国铁道出版社.2006.
[81]陈昌文.船舶操纵模拟器三维视景专用多细节层次图形数据库[D].大连海事大学硕士论文,1998.
[82]周前祥,姜国华,曲战胜等.视场角设置对虚拟环境中目标判断的影响[J].航天医学与医学工程,2003,16(4)：292-295.
[83]唐涛,徐田华,赵林.列车运行控制系统规范建模与验证[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2010.
[84]Radharamanan R, Wilsey P. A. Ruminations on the Implications of Multi-Resolution Modeling on DIS/HLA[C]. In:The 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Interactive Simulation and Real Time Applications,1999:101-108.
[85]Anand Natrajan, Paul F Reynolds, Jr., Sudhir Srinivasan. MRE:A Flexible Approach to Multi-Resolution Modeling[C]. In:Proceedings 11th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation, Austria,1997:156-163.
[86]David P K, Bigelow J. Experiments on Multiresolution Modeling (MRM) [R]. RAND Report-MR1004,1998.
[87]McGraw R, Treshansky A. MRMAideTM:A Technology for Implementing Mixed Resolution Models [C]. In:Proceedings of the 2002 Fall SIW.
[88]Cat K, Gardner K, Gryder T. Military Modeling Framework (MMF):A Framework Supporting Composability and Multi-ResolutionModeling[C]. In:Proceedings of the 1998 Fall SIW.
[89]Natrajan A. Consistency Maintenance in Concurrent Representations[D]. School of Engineering and Applied Science at the Univ. of Virginia 2000.
[90]刘宝宏.多分辨率建模的理论与关键技术研究[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学,2003.
[91]Page E H, Nicol D M, Balci O, et al. Strategic Directions In Simulation Research[C]. In:Simulation Conference Proceeding,1999:1509-1520.
[92]Natrajan A, Tuong A N. To Disaggregate or Not to Disaggregate,That Is Not the Question[C]. In: ELECSIM95. Mar,1995.
[93]Biddle M. A Proposed Scheme for Implementing Aggregation andDisaggregation in HLA[C]. In:. Processing of 2000 Fall SIW.
[94]Zeigler B P. A Systems Methodology for Structuring Families of Models at Multiple Levels of Resolution[C]. In:Proceeding of 1992 Variable Resolution Modeling Conference.
[95]Kim G, Zeigler B P. The DEVS Formalism:Hierarchical, Modular System Specification in an Object-Oriented Framework[C]. In:Proceedings of WSC'1987.
[96]Zeigler B P, Praehofe H, Kim T G. Theory of Modeling and Simulation [M]. Academic Press, 1999.
[97]Cubert R. M, Fishwick P A. MOOSE:Architecture of an Object-Oriented Multimodeling Simulation System[C]. In:Enabling technology for Simulation Science (Ⅰ). Proceeding of SPIE AeoroSense 1997.
[98]卢志忠,申冬慧,张智.潜艇航行训练模拟系统层次联邦设计研究[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(7)：1626-1630,1640.
[99]傅世善.闭塞与列控概论[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2006.
[100]铁路部科学技术司,铁道部运输局.列控系统工程数据表编制规定[M].北京：铁道部科学技术司,铁道部运输局,2008.
[101]常治平.铁路线路及站场[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2007.
[102]Thomas Kahne. Matters of (meta-) modeling[J]. software and Systems Modeling,2006,5(4); 369-385.
[103]刘兴堂,梁炳成,刘力等.复杂系统建模理论,方法与技术[M].北京：科学出版社,2008.
[104]Hans Vangheluwe, Juan de Lara. Meta-model are modelstoo[C]. In:Proceedings of the 2002 Winter SimulationConference,2002:597-605.
[105]Dale K. Pace. Dimensions and Attributes of Simulation Fidelity[C]. In:Proceedings of 1998 Fall SIW.
[106]石红国.列车运行过程仿真及优化研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006.
[107]列车牵引计算规程(TB/T1407-1998)[S].中国铁道部.
[108]Natrajan A. Consistency Maintenance in Concurrent Representations[D]. Virginia,USA: School of Engineering and Appfied Science at the University of Virgnia,2000.
[109]常鑫.三维图形引擎中场景管理的研究与实现[D].成都：电子科技大学,2006.
[110]Yujie Mao,Beiyuan Guo,Weining Fang. Research on intelligent method of generating virtual landscape along high-speed passenger dedicated line[C]. In:Proceeding of 2009 IEEE 10th International Conference on CAID&CD.2009,2:967-972.
[111]Trent W. Victor, Joanne L. Harbluk, Johan A. Engstrom. Sensitivity of eye-movement measures to in-vehicle task difficulty[J]. Transportation Research.2005,8(2):167-190..
[112]马勇.基于眼动分析的汽车驾驶员视觉搜索模式研究[D].西安：长安大学,2006.
[113]邓铸.眼动心理学的理论、技术及应用研究[J].南京师大学报：社会科学版.2005(1)：90-95.
[114]蔡红霞,胡小格,俞涛.虚拟仿真原理与应用[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2010.
[115]刘其斌,马桂贞.铁路车站及枢纽[M].北京：中国铁道出版社.2005.
[116]Kleppe A, Warmer J, Bast W MDA Explained:The Model Driven Architecture:Practice and Promise[M]. Boston:Addison-Wesley,2003.
[117]Brent Hailpem, Peri Tarr. Model-driven development:The good, the bad, and the ugly[J]. IBM Systems Journal,2006,45(3):451-461.
[118]Coutaz J. Software Architecture Modeling for User Interfaces[C]. In:Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, Wiley,1993.
[119]Hussey A. Carrington D. Comparing Two User-Interface Architecture:MVC and PAC[R]. TECHNICAL REPORT N0.95-33. Software Verification Research Centre. Dept. of Computer Science. The University of Queensland.