机电产品环境意识设计及评价方法研究
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摘要
伴随着科技进步和工业化进程,人类赖以生存的地球环境受到巨大破坏,表现在气候变暖、臭氧层耗竭、环境污染、资源匮乏、生物多样性锐减等诸多方面。面对严峻的生存和发展挑战,可持续发展已成为众多国家的发展战略。产品设计可以从源头上减少对环境的负面影响,是影响可持续发展最重要的一部分。研究者已提出大量环境意识设计方法和工具并将其融入设计过程,但对如何平衡环境意识设计过程中的众多因素缺乏必要研究,特别是对如何平衡生命周期环境影响和成本以改进设计缺乏研究,而且如何综合利用这些方法和工具建立具有一定普适性的设计框架也存在问题。为此,本文从理论和应用的角度对集成环境影响评价和生命周期成本的机电产品环境意识设计方法进行了研究,主要研究内容如下：
第一章阐述了论文的研究背景和环境意识设计相关概念,对环境意识设计、环境影响评价和生命周期成本的国内外研究现状进行了综述和分析,在对研究综述总结的基础上提出了论文的研究问题,最后给出了论文主要研究内容及组织结构。
第二章提出了集成环境影响评价和生命周期成本的环境意识设计模型,运用环境意识设计参考模型描述环境意识设计过程。分析了生命周期环境影响和成本的形成及关系,利用环境影响-成本矩阵、基于价值工程的集成方法和多设计要素的平衡模型对生命周期环境影响和成本进行权衡。最后给出了环境意识设计方案综合评价方法以及环境意识设计实施方法的参考模型。
第三章分析了TRIZ与环境意识设计的关系,提出了集成TRIZ的机电产品环境意识设计过程框架和基于TRIZ融合RBR和CBR的机电产品环境意识设计过程框架,并对案例表示、案例匹配算法、设计冲突的消解和机电产品生态效率的改善等相关关键技术进行了研究。
第四章分析了机电产品生命周期环境影响类型和产生环境影响的过程,在此基础上提出了机电产品环境影响简化评价模型和方法。系统地阐述了机电产品环境影响因素的识别和分类、生态指数的计算方法、简化评价范围的确定和环境影响数据的获取方法等关键技术。最后建立了机电产品环境影响简化评价的结构分析、相关分析和敏感性分析等分析方法,为改进和优化机电产品生态性提供了反馈信息。
第五章分析了机电产品生命周期成本的构成并提出了机电产品的生命周期成本(包括环境成本)估算和分析方法。将环境成本纳入生命周期成本,拓宽了生命周期成本的涵义,揭示了机电产品更真实全面的生命周期成本,实现了生命周期环境影响评价和生命周期成本的有机集成。按照先分解后估算的思想,分面向改进设计和面向新设计两种情形进行估算方法的论述。最后通过对生命周期成本的帕累托分析等分析方法为改进机电产品设计、提高机电产品经济性提供了指导性建议。
第六章以某企业工业汽轮机及其主要零部件(转子、汽缸和叶片)为例,进行生命周期环境影响简化评价和分析、生命周期成本(包括环境成本)估算和分析。根据评价、估算和分析的结果给出改进设计的指导性建议,帮助设计者改善它们的生态性和经济性,从而验证了前述机电产品环境意识设计方法的可行性。
第七章对全文进行了总结,并对课题未来的研究方向进行了展望。
With the progress of technology and the process of industrialization, Earth's environment for human survival has been enormously damaged, which is manifested in global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution, lack of resources, reduced biodiversity, and many other aspects. Faced with the grim survival and development challenges, sustainable development has become the development strategy of many countries. The environment impact is reduced at the source by product design, which is the most important part of sustainable development. Researchers have proposed a large number of environmental consciousness design (ECD) methods and tools, and these methods and tools are integrated into design process. But how to balance many factors in the process of ECD is study little, particularly in how to balance the life cycle environmental impact and cost to improve the design. There are also some prolems in how to utilize comprehensively these methods and tools within a certain universal design framework. In this research, ECD methods integrated environmental impact assessment (EIA) and life cycle cost (LCC) for electromechanical products are studied from the point of the theory and application view, the main contents are as follows:
Chapter1describes the research background and relative concepts of ECD, summarizes and analyses the research status of ECD, EIA and LCC. On the basis of summing up the literature review, research problems are presented. And finally the main contents and structure of the paper are shown up.
Chapter2proposes a model integrated EIA and LCC for ECD. A reference model for ECD is used to describe the process of ECD. The formation and relationship of lifecycle environmental impact and cost are analysed, and they are balanced with the environmental impact-cost matrix, the integrated approach based on value engineering, the equilibrium model of design elements. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation method of ECD and the reference model of implementation approach for ECD are proposed.
Chapter3analyzes the relationship between TRIZ and ECD, propses a process framework of ECD for electromechanical products integrated TRIZ and a process framework of ECD for electromechanical products integrated TRIZ Fused RBR and CBR. The related key technologies are researched, such as case representation, case matching algorithm, design conflict digestion and eco-efficiency improvement of electromechanical products.
Chapter4analyzes the life cycle environmental impact type and the generation process of the environmental impact of electromechanical products. On the basis of the analysis, a simplified EIA model and method is established. The related key technologies are described systematically, such as the the identification and classification of environmental impact factors, for the identification and classification of machinery and electronic products environmental impact factors, the calculation method of ecological index, determination of the evaluation scope and the access method of environmental impact data. Finally, analytical methods of simplified EIA are established to provide feedback information for eco-efficiency improvement of electromechanical products, including structural analysis, correlation analysis and sensitivity analysis.
Chapter5analyzes the composition of LCC proposed estimation and analysis methods of LCC (including environmental costs). Environmental costs are contained into LCC, by means of which the meaning of LCC is broadened, the real and comprehensive LCC of electromechanical products is revealed, and the organic integration of EIA and LCC is achieved. In accordance with the idea of decomposition, estimation methods of sub-oriented to improveing design and new design are discussed. Finally, LCC analysis methods are established to provide advices for improving the economical efficiency of electromechanical products.
Chapter6takes an industrial steam turbine and its core components (rotor, cylinder and leaves) for example to conduct simplified EIA, LCC (including environmental costs) estimation and analysis. Based on the evaluation, estimation and analysis, advices are provided to help designers improve ecological and economical efficiency, which verifies the feasibility of the foregoing ECD methods of electromechanical products.
Chapter7summarizes the full text and gives some suggestions for future research.
第一章阐述了论文的研究背景和环境意识设计相关概念,对环境意识设计、环境影响评价和生命周期成本的国内外研究现状进行了综述和分析,在对研究综述总结的基础上提出了论文的研究问题,最后给出了论文主要研究内容及组织结构。
第二章提出了集成环境影响评价和生命周期成本的环境意识设计模型,运用环境意识设计参考模型描述环境意识设计过程。分析了生命周期环境影响和成本的形成及关系,利用环境影响-成本矩阵、基于价值工程的集成方法和多设计要素的平衡模型对生命周期环境影响和成本进行权衡。最后给出了环境意识设计方案综合评价方法以及环境意识设计实施方法的参考模型。
第三章分析了TRIZ与环境意识设计的关系,提出了集成TRIZ的机电产品环境意识设计过程框架和基于TRIZ融合RBR和CBR的机电产品环境意识设计过程框架,并对案例表示、案例匹配算法、设计冲突的消解和机电产品生态效率的改善等相关关键技术进行了研究。
第四章分析了机电产品生命周期环境影响类型和产生环境影响的过程,在此基础上提出了机电产品环境影响简化评价模型和方法。系统地阐述了机电产品环境影响因素的识别和分类、生态指数的计算方法、简化评价范围的确定和环境影响数据的获取方法等关键技术。最后建立了机电产品环境影响简化评价的结构分析、相关分析和敏感性分析等分析方法,为改进和优化机电产品生态性提供了反馈信息。
第五章分析了机电产品生命周期成本的构成并提出了机电产品的生命周期成本(包括环境成本)估算和分析方法。将环境成本纳入生命周期成本,拓宽了生命周期成本的涵义,揭示了机电产品更真实全面的生命周期成本,实现了生命周期环境影响评价和生命周期成本的有机集成。按照先分解后估算的思想,分面向改进设计和面向新设计两种情形进行估算方法的论述。最后通过对生命周期成本的帕累托分析等分析方法为改进机电产品设计、提高机电产品经济性提供了指导性建议。
第六章以某企业工业汽轮机及其主要零部件(转子、汽缸和叶片)为例,进行生命周期环境影响简化评价和分析、生命周期成本(包括环境成本)估算和分析。根据评价、估算和分析的结果给出改进设计的指导性建议,帮助设计者改善它们的生态性和经济性,从而验证了前述机电产品环境意识设计方法的可行性。
第七章对全文进行了总结,并对课题未来的研究方向进行了展望。
With the progress of technology and the process of industrialization, Earth's environment for human survival has been enormously damaged, which is manifested in global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution, lack of resources, reduced biodiversity, and many other aspects. Faced with the grim survival and development challenges, sustainable development has become the development strategy of many countries. The environment impact is reduced at the source by product design, which is the most important part of sustainable development. Researchers have proposed a large number of environmental consciousness design (ECD) methods and tools, and these methods and tools are integrated into design process. But how to balance many factors in the process of ECD is study little, particularly in how to balance the life cycle environmental impact and cost to improve the design. There are also some prolems in how to utilize comprehensively these methods and tools within a certain universal design framework. In this research, ECD methods integrated environmental impact assessment (EIA) and life cycle cost (LCC) for electromechanical products are studied from the point of the theory and application view, the main contents are as follows:
Chapter1describes the research background and relative concepts of ECD, summarizes and analyses the research status of ECD, EIA and LCC. On the basis of summing up the literature review, research problems are presented. And finally the main contents and structure of the paper are shown up.
Chapter2proposes a model integrated EIA and LCC for ECD. A reference model for ECD is used to describe the process of ECD. The formation and relationship of lifecycle environmental impact and cost are analysed, and they are balanced with the environmental impact-cost matrix, the integrated approach based on value engineering, the equilibrium model of design elements. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation method of ECD and the reference model of implementation approach for ECD are proposed.
Chapter3analyzes the relationship between TRIZ and ECD, propses a process framework of ECD for electromechanical products integrated TRIZ and a process framework of ECD for electromechanical products integrated TRIZ Fused RBR and CBR. The related key technologies are researched, such as case representation, case matching algorithm, design conflict digestion and eco-efficiency improvement of electromechanical products.
Chapter4analyzes the life cycle environmental impact type and the generation process of the environmental impact of electromechanical products. On the basis of the analysis, a simplified EIA model and method is established. The related key technologies are described systematically, such as the the identification and classification of environmental impact factors, for the identification and classification of machinery and electronic products environmental impact factors, the calculation method of ecological index, determination of the evaluation scope and the access method of environmental impact data. Finally, analytical methods of simplified EIA are established to provide feedback information for eco-efficiency improvement of electromechanical products, including structural analysis, correlation analysis and sensitivity analysis.
Chapter5analyzes the composition of LCC proposed estimation and analysis methods of LCC (including environmental costs). Environmental costs are contained into LCC, by means of which the meaning of LCC is broadened, the real and comprehensive LCC of electromechanical products is revealed, and the organic integration of EIA and LCC is achieved. In accordance with the idea of decomposition, estimation methods of sub-oriented to improveing design and new design are discussed. Finally, LCC analysis methods are established to provide advices for improving the economical efficiency of electromechanical products.
Chapter6takes an industrial steam turbine and its core components (rotor, cylinder and leaves) for example to conduct simplified EIA, LCC (including environmental costs) estimation and analysis. Based on the evaluation, estimation and analysis, advices are provided to help designers improve ecological and economical efficiency, which verifies the feasibility of the foregoing ECD methods of electromechanical products.
Chapter7summarizes the full text and gives some suggestions for future research.
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