弹道中段目标逆合成孔径雷达成像技术研究
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摘要
弹道中段目标作高速轨道运动且目标微动,运动形式复杂多变,平动补偿后通常为非匀速旋转目标,传统成像方法很难得到聚焦良好的ISAR图像。论文以宽带雷达弹道中段目标的成像与识别为背景,在分析中段目标的ISAR回波特征的基础上,重点研究了中段目标ISAR成像技术。论文主要研究内容概括如下：
第一章阐述了论文的研究背景及意义,概述了ISAR成像系统的发展现状,归纳了目前ISAR成像技术的研究现状,介绍了论文的研究工作。
第二章对弹道中段目标的ISAR回波特性进行了系统探讨。首先分析了弹道中段目标的弹道特性、宽带雷达特性和自旋、进动、翻滚等几种典型的弹道目标微动形式,以此为基础建立了弹道微动目标的LFM雷达回波模型；然后从微动目标ISAR成像系统的脉冲响应和微动产生的多谱勒效应两个角度分析了弹道目标微动对ISAR像的影响：最后利用静态电磁散射数据模拟生成的中段目标动态回波数据,从仿真试验角度分析验证了微动对ISAR像的影响。
第三章研究了基于GRT-Clean方法的中段目标ISAR成像技术。根据成像积累时间内,匀加速转动目标的回波在方位向上可表示为多分量的LMF信号,提出了基于GRT-Clean的匀加速转动目标ISAR成像方法,利用GRT-Clean技术估计得到目标回波各分量的时频参数,从而消除目标平动补偿后匀加速旋转对成像的影响,获得聚焦的目标ISAR图像。该方法误差稳定,有效解决了中段目标ISAR成像中回波信号计算量与估计精准度的结合问题,具有工程应用价值。仿真试验结果表明了所提方法的有效性。
第四章研究了基于波数域方法的中段目标ISAR成像技术。根据成像积累时间内,非匀速旋转目标的回波在波数谱域为二维傅里叶空间的非均匀采样,提出了基于NUFFT的二维平面非匀速旋转目标ISAR成像方法,利用NUFFT变换重构得到目标二维成像平面的均匀波数谱,获得聚焦的目标ISAR图像。该方法不依赖于模型的假设和参数的估计,具有较强的适应性。仿真试验结果表明了所提方法的有效性。
第五章研究了基于稀疏信号处理的中段目标ISAR成像技术。针对中段目标自旋、进动较快,现有雷达脉冲重复频率不够,导致目标回波方位向采样稀疏的问题,提出了基于稀疏信号处理的中段复杂运动目标ISAR成像方法。该方法根据中段目标的雷达回波模型,结合稀疏信号理论,推导得到中段目标回波信号的稀疏表示,然后通过稀疏信号处理方法,获得聚焦的ISAR图像。仿真数据试验验证了所提方法的有效性。
第六章研究了基于EMD和HHT的瞬时频率ISAR成像技术。运用经验模态分解(EMD)理论和希尔伯特—黄(HHT)理论,建立了将HHT谱应用于时频成像的模型。进行了基于EMD和HHT方法的ISAR成像仿真,以仿真结果为依据,分析HHT方法的特点和限制条件。为了解决复杂目标成像时的“重影”和放射状模糊的问题,根据EMD的频率分解特性,滤除了回波信号中的快变化分量(高频部分),利用慢变化分量(低频部分)成像,得到了相对清晰的成像结果。
第七章总结了论文的研究成果,指出需要进—步研究的问题。
For ballistic mid-course targets, in addition to highspeed orbital motion, the target undergoes micro-motion dynamics, such as spin, precession and tumbling. The micro-motions induce modulations on the echoes that generate sidebands about the target's Doppler frequency shift, which made the ISAR imaging be more complex. With the research background of target imaging and recognition for the wideband radar, this dissertation researches inverse synthesis aperture radar (ISAR) imaging for ballistic mid-course targets based on the mid-course targets micro-motion modulation effects analysis of the wideband radar echoes.
Firstly, the research background is introduced, and the development of inverse synthesis aperture radar system for ballistic missile defense system is reviewed. Then technology development of ISAR imaging is summarized, and problems of ISAR imaging for targets with complex motion are analyzed. At last, the main contents of the dissertation are introduced.
In chapter2, several typical micro-motion forms for mid-course targets are analyzed to get ISAR imaging model of micro-motion dynamics. According to the complex motion of mid-course targets, the wideband radar echo model of ballistic mid-course targets after dechirping is firstly built. Then, the influence of micro-motion on ISAR imaging based on the established imaging model was presented. Computer simulation to get mid-course target echoes from static darkroom electromagnetic scattering data based on the established target motion model is realized. Finally, the simulated echo is used for ISAR imaging, and the echo model is verified by the imaging result.
In chapter3, ISAR imaging for mid-course targets with uniformly accelerative rotation is researched. In ISAR, after rang compression and envelope alignment, the target can be equivalent to turntable imaging target. The motion of ballistic targets is very complex, after translational motion compensation, these targets cannot approximate to uniformly rotating targets, which means that traditional range-Doppler method can hardly achieve the desired ISAR imaging quality. To solve the problem, a new ISAR imaging algorithm based on the GRT and Clean method are proposed. Experiments based on simulation datas show the validity of the algorithm.
In chapter4, ISAR imaging for mid-course targets with non-uniform rotation is investigated. Doppler frequency is time-varying due to non-uniform rotation, which results in ISAR images degradation. New ISAR imaging algorithm is proposed for the nonumform rotating target in2-D plane. The basic idea is to reconstruct the uniform sampling wavenumber spectrum of nonuniform rotating targets via the NUFFT transform. It is important to note that the proposed method does not assume any particular target motion model and has no parameter estimation. So it is more adaptable for realistic motion of targets. The result of simulated data shows the effectiveness of the method.
In chapter5, an imaging method for mid-course targets within a small aspect sector is presented with the application of sparse signal processing. This method can form. ISAR images with higher resolution from compensated incomplete measured data, improve the clarity of the images and make feature structure much more clear, which are helpful for target recognition. The simulation results indicate that this method can provide clear ISAR images with high contrast under complex motion case.
In chapter6, ISAR imaging for mid-course targets based on instantaneous frequency method is investigated. Firstly the performances of HHT transform and Hilbert/Huang time-frequency distributions in instantaneous frequency extraction are analyzed. Then new ISAR imaging algorithm based on EMD and HHT is proposed for time-frequency imaging of mid-course targets, and its performance is discussed afterwards. Experiments based on simulation datas show the validity of the algorithm.
Chapter7is the summary of the dissertation. It also discusses the future work to be further researched.
第一章阐述了论文的研究背景及意义,概述了ISAR成像系统的发展现状,归纳了目前ISAR成像技术的研究现状,介绍了论文的研究工作。
第二章对弹道中段目标的ISAR回波特性进行了系统探讨。首先分析了弹道中段目标的弹道特性、宽带雷达特性和自旋、进动、翻滚等几种典型的弹道目标微动形式,以此为基础建立了弹道微动目标的LFM雷达回波模型；然后从微动目标ISAR成像系统的脉冲响应和微动产生的多谱勒效应两个角度分析了弹道目标微动对ISAR像的影响：最后利用静态电磁散射数据模拟生成的中段目标动态回波数据,从仿真试验角度分析验证了微动对ISAR像的影响。
第三章研究了基于GRT-Clean方法的中段目标ISAR成像技术。根据成像积累时间内,匀加速转动目标的回波在方位向上可表示为多分量的LMF信号,提出了基于GRT-Clean的匀加速转动目标ISAR成像方法,利用GRT-Clean技术估计得到目标回波各分量的时频参数,从而消除目标平动补偿后匀加速旋转对成像的影响,获得聚焦的目标ISAR图像。该方法误差稳定,有效解决了中段目标ISAR成像中回波信号计算量与估计精准度的结合问题,具有工程应用价值。仿真试验结果表明了所提方法的有效性。
第四章研究了基于波数域方法的中段目标ISAR成像技术。根据成像积累时间内,非匀速旋转目标的回波在波数谱域为二维傅里叶空间的非均匀采样,提出了基于NUFFT的二维平面非匀速旋转目标ISAR成像方法,利用NUFFT变换重构得到目标二维成像平面的均匀波数谱,获得聚焦的目标ISAR图像。该方法不依赖于模型的假设和参数的估计,具有较强的适应性。仿真试验结果表明了所提方法的有效性。
第五章研究了基于稀疏信号处理的中段目标ISAR成像技术。针对中段目标自旋、进动较快,现有雷达脉冲重复频率不够,导致目标回波方位向采样稀疏的问题,提出了基于稀疏信号处理的中段复杂运动目标ISAR成像方法。该方法根据中段目标的雷达回波模型,结合稀疏信号理论,推导得到中段目标回波信号的稀疏表示,然后通过稀疏信号处理方法,获得聚焦的ISAR图像。仿真数据试验验证了所提方法的有效性。
第六章研究了基于EMD和HHT的瞬时频率ISAR成像技术。运用经验模态分解(EMD)理论和希尔伯特—黄(HHT)理论,建立了将HHT谱应用于时频成像的模型。进行了基于EMD和HHT方法的ISAR成像仿真,以仿真结果为依据,分析HHT方法的特点和限制条件。为了解决复杂目标成像时的“重影”和放射状模糊的问题,根据EMD的频率分解特性,滤除了回波信号中的快变化分量(高频部分),利用慢变化分量(低频部分)成像,得到了相对清晰的成像结果。
第七章总结了论文的研究成果,指出需要进—步研究的问题。
For ballistic mid-course targets, in addition to highspeed orbital motion, the target undergoes micro-motion dynamics, such as spin, precession and tumbling. The micro-motions induce modulations on the echoes that generate sidebands about the target's Doppler frequency shift, which made the ISAR imaging be more complex. With the research background of target imaging and recognition for the wideband radar, this dissertation researches inverse synthesis aperture radar (ISAR) imaging for ballistic mid-course targets based on the mid-course targets micro-motion modulation effects analysis of the wideband radar echoes.
Firstly, the research background is introduced, and the development of inverse synthesis aperture radar system for ballistic missile defense system is reviewed. Then technology development of ISAR imaging is summarized, and problems of ISAR imaging for targets with complex motion are analyzed. At last, the main contents of the dissertation are introduced.
In chapter2, several typical micro-motion forms for mid-course targets are analyzed to get ISAR imaging model of micro-motion dynamics. According to the complex motion of mid-course targets, the wideband radar echo model of ballistic mid-course targets after dechirping is firstly built. Then, the influence of micro-motion on ISAR imaging based on the established imaging model was presented. Computer simulation to get mid-course target echoes from static darkroom electromagnetic scattering data based on the established target motion model is realized. Finally, the simulated echo is used for ISAR imaging, and the echo model is verified by the imaging result.
In chapter3, ISAR imaging for mid-course targets with uniformly accelerative rotation is researched. In ISAR, after rang compression and envelope alignment, the target can be equivalent to turntable imaging target. The motion of ballistic targets is very complex, after translational motion compensation, these targets cannot approximate to uniformly rotating targets, which means that traditional range-Doppler method can hardly achieve the desired ISAR imaging quality. To solve the problem, a new ISAR imaging algorithm based on the GRT and Clean method are proposed. Experiments based on simulation datas show the validity of the algorithm.
In chapter4, ISAR imaging for mid-course targets with non-uniform rotation is investigated. Doppler frequency is time-varying due to non-uniform rotation, which results in ISAR images degradation. New ISAR imaging algorithm is proposed for the nonumform rotating target in2-D plane. The basic idea is to reconstruct the uniform sampling wavenumber spectrum of nonuniform rotating targets via the NUFFT transform. It is important to note that the proposed method does not assume any particular target motion model and has no parameter estimation. So it is more adaptable for realistic motion of targets. The result of simulated data shows the effectiveness of the method.
In chapter5, an imaging method for mid-course targets within a small aspect sector is presented with the application of sparse signal processing. This method can form. ISAR images with higher resolution from compensated incomplete measured data, improve the clarity of the images and make feature structure much more clear, which are helpful for target recognition. The simulation results indicate that this method can provide clear ISAR images with high contrast under complex motion case.
In chapter6, ISAR imaging for mid-course targets based on instantaneous frequency method is investigated. Firstly the performances of HHT transform and Hilbert/Huang time-frequency distributions in instantaneous frequency extraction are analyzed. Then new ISAR imaging algorithm based on EMD and HHT is proposed for time-frequency imaging of mid-course targets, and its performance is discussed afterwards. Experiments based on simulation datas show the validity of the algorithm.
Chapter7is the summary of the dissertation. It also discusses the future work to be further researched.
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