双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的分析理论和试验研究
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摘要
双拱型空间钢管结构闸门是应用大跨度空间结构设计理念提出的一种新型闸门，其承重结构是由模拟鱼体构造为适应闸门双向荷载特点设计的双拱钢管桁架组成。每榀双拱钢管桁架包括正拱、反拱、腹杆和弦杆等构件，多榀双拱钢管桁架由横向桁架连接就构成了双拱型空间钢管结构闸门。相对于传统实腹梁格结构闸门而言，双拱型空间钢管结构闸门构件主要承受轴向应力，刚度大。在相同条件下，采用这种结构型式的闸门比实腹梁格闸门节省大量的用钢量。
本文就对这种闸门进行了分析理论和试验的研究，首先对双拱钢管桁架结构的渊源进行了探讨，提出了双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的概念。并和传统的实腹梁格闸门进行比较，发现双拱型空间钢管结构闸门构件主要以承受轴向应力为主。介绍了双拱型空间钢管结构闸门在“中国第一河口大闸”曹娥江挡潮泄洪闸门中的应用，曹娥江大闸闸门将承受巨大的钱塘江涌潮荷载，双拱型空间钢管结构闸门在这里显示出较大的优势，相对于传统的实腹梁格型式闸门节省了30％左右的用钢量。
接着对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的静力计算方法做了研究。提出了两种静力计算方法，分别为按空间结构体系应用有限元计算的方法和按平面结构体系推导简化计算公式的方法。并根据静力计算结果对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的受力性能进行了分析。
同时针对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的重要参数，如双拱钢管桁架结构的布置榀数、双拱的线型、双拱的厚跨比等，进行了参数分析，找出合理的参数为双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的初步设计作参考。
进一步以曹娥江大闸工程为背景进行了闸门的静力模型试验研究。模型试验研究内容主要有3个部分，分别为闸门静力加载试验、反复加载试验、和滞回性能试验研究。静力加载试验研究验证了计算分析理论的准确性，并分析了结构的受力特性；反复加载试验研究验证了闸门在设计试验荷载谱反复作用下不会发生疲劳破坏；滞回性能试验研究发现闸门结构的承载特性分为三个阶段：分别为弹性阶段、局部塑性阶段、破坏阶段。相应有局部屈服点和整体屈服点，结构的延性较好。闸门结构在双拱交叉处和拱脚处节点破坏明显，这些部位是结构的薄弱之处。
闸门作为一种挡水构造物，经常会承受较大的水动力荷载作用，于是又以曹娥江大闸工程为背景对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门进行了动力性能的分析研究，动力性能研究主要有两个方面内容：首先对闸门的自振特性进行研究分析，分别考虑了闸门干模态(闸前无水时)和湿模态(闸前有水时)的情况。然后应用实测涌潮冲击荷载谱，考虑附加水质量的影响，对闸门在涌潮冲击下的动力响应进行了分析研究。从研究结果可知涌潮冲击荷载引起的动力效应不会对闸门结构造成破坏。
从整体模型试验中发现，拱脚处节点和正拱、反拱相交节点是双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的薄弱之处。于是进一步对正、反拱相交的节点进行模型试验研究，对其不同的节点型式(无加强型、套管加强型、肋板加强型)的承载力，应力分布等进行了分析，发现套管加强型是较好的加强节点型式。同时对拱脚支座节点，提出了设计原则，并以曹娥江大闸双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的拱脚节点为例进行了分析和改进优化设计。提出了双拱型空间钢管结构闸门疲劳性能分析方法，对曹娥江大闸双拱型空间钢管结构闸门进行了疲劳性能分析。
最后对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门制作工艺中注意的事项和尺寸检查步骤进行了研究探讨，并介绍了曹娥江大闸双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的制作情况。
Double-arch gate is a new gate made up of spatial tubular trusses, designed based on the idea of spatial structure. The load-bearing members of the gate are double-arch fish-alike trusses, which are capable of bearing bilateral load. The double-arch truss is composed of the main-arch, the minor-arch, the chord, and the wed-member. The double-arch gate is made up of multiple double-arch trusses. It has more rigidity and larger load-bearing capacity than the traditional gate made up of solid wed girder, because most of its members sustain axial stresses. As a result, this double-arch gate can save much steel consumption under the same condition.
The analytic theory and experimental research for the new gate were presented in the paper. At first, the original idea of double-arch truss was introduced and the double-arch gate was designed. It was compared with the traditional gate made up of solid wed girder. The new gate was first adopted in Caoe River gate as tidal barrage and sluice .The Caoe River gate bore tremendous tidal bore strike in Qiantang River. Analyses showed that the new gate performed better than the traditional gate in the project because it saved about 30% steel consumption under the same condition.
Then the analytical methods under dead-load are studied. Comparisons are made between two methods: one of them is FEM regarding the gate as spatial structure and the other is simplified formula regarding the gate as independent plain substructure. The stress of gate is preliminarily analyzed from the result.
At the same time, for optimization, the significant designing parameters of the gate such as the number of the double-arch truss, the line style of arch axis, the thickness of double-arch were analyzed.
Further, the scale-model experiment was also conducted in the paper. The research included three procedures: static test, repetitive loading, and cyclic experiment. Result of the static test showed that the result from experiment was consistent with the result from FEA analysis .The repetitive loading experiment verify that fatigue failure cannot appear in Caoe River Gate during serviceable life. In cyclic experiment it is found that the bearing-status is divided into three stages: the elastic stage, the local plastic stage and the failure stage with
different local yield points and structural yield points. The arch-springing joints and the locations where the main-arches and minor-arches are jointed are the first to be damaged.
The gate usually bears the dynamic load, so the dynamic property of gate is also researched. The research includes two contents. Firstly, the vibration mode of gate was analyzed by numeric method in consideration of the situation with and without water. Secondly, a numerical analysis of the gate under the load spectrum of the tidal bore strike is carried out. The fluid-structure interaction is considered in the analysis.
It is shown that arch-springing joints and the locations where the main-arches and minor-arches are joined are relatively weak in the structure. So the detailed experiments on the joints where the main-arches and minor-arches are joined were carried out. Three types of X-shape joints, namely unreinforced joints, rib-plate-reinforced joints and sleeve-reinforced joints, were proposed and studied in experiments. Through the analysis of stress distribution and bearing-capacity of joints, it could be found the sleeve-reinforced joints have the best performance. Also, for the arch-springing joints, the designing principle was proposed, and those on Caoe River Gate were improved and optimized. Moreover, the methods of fatigue analysis were proposed and the fatigue life of the key joints of Caoe River gate was analyzed. At last, the fabrication process and inspection of the double-arch gate were proposed. The fabrication of Caoe River gate was introduced.
本文就对这种闸门进行了分析理论和试验的研究，首先对双拱钢管桁架结构的渊源进行了探讨，提出了双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的概念。并和传统的实腹梁格闸门进行比较，发现双拱型空间钢管结构闸门构件主要以承受轴向应力为主。介绍了双拱型空间钢管结构闸门在“中国第一河口大闸”曹娥江挡潮泄洪闸门中的应用，曹娥江大闸闸门将承受巨大的钱塘江涌潮荷载，双拱型空间钢管结构闸门在这里显示出较大的优势，相对于传统的实腹梁格型式闸门节省了30％左右的用钢量。
接着对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的静力计算方法做了研究。提出了两种静力计算方法，分别为按空间结构体系应用有限元计算的方法和按平面结构体系推导简化计算公式的方法。并根据静力计算结果对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的受力性能进行了分析。
同时针对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的重要参数，如双拱钢管桁架结构的布置榀数、双拱的线型、双拱的厚跨比等，进行了参数分析，找出合理的参数为双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的初步设计作参考。
进一步以曹娥江大闸工程为背景进行了闸门的静力模型试验研究。模型试验研究内容主要有3个部分，分别为闸门静力加载试验、反复加载试验、和滞回性能试验研究。静力加载试验研究验证了计算分析理论的准确性，并分析了结构的受力特性；反复加载试验研究验证了闸门在设计试验荷载谱反复作用下不会发生疲劳破坏；滞回性能试验研究发现闸门结构的承载特性分为三个阶段：分别为弹性阶段、局部塑性阶段、破坏阶段。相应有局部屈服点和整体屈服点，结构的延性较好。闸门结构在双拱交叉处和拱脚处节点破坏明显，这些部位是结构的薄弱之处。
闸门作为一种挡水构造物，经常会承受较大的水动力荷载作用，于是又以曹娥江大闸工程为背景对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门进行了动力性能的分析研究，动力性能研究主要有两个方面内容：首先对闸门的自振特性进行研究分析，分别考虑了闸门干模态(闸前无水时)和湿模态(闸前有水时)的情况。然后应用实测涌潮冲击荷载谱，考虑附加水质量的影响，对闸门在涌潮冲击下的动力响应进行了分析研究。从研究结果可知涌潮冲击荷载引起的动力效应不会对闸门结构造成破坏。
从整体模型试验中发现，拱脚处节点和正拱、反拱相交节点是双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的薄弱之处。于是进一步对正、反拱相交的节点进行模型试验研究，对其不同的节点型式(无加强型、套管加强型、肋板加强型)的承载力，应力分布等进行了分析，发现套管加强型是较好的加强节点型式。同时对拱脚支座节点，提出了设计原则，并以曹娥江大闸双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的拱脚节点为例进行了分析和改进优化设计。提出了双拱型空间钢管结构闸门疲劳性能分析方法，对曹娥江大闸双拱型空间钢管结构闸门进行了疲劳性能分析。
最后对双拱型空间钢管结构闸门制作工艺中注意的事项和尺寸检查步骤进行了研究探讨，并介绍了曹娥江大闸双拱型空间钢管结构闸门的制作情况。
Double-arch gate is a new gate made up of spatial tubular trusses, designed based on the idea of spatial structure. The load-bearing members of the gate are double-arch fish-alike trusses, which are capable of bearing bilateral load. The double-arch truss is composed of the main-arch, the minor-arch, the chord, and the wed-member. The double-arch gate is made up of multiple double-arch trusses. It has more rigidity and larger load-bearing capacity than the traditional gate made up of solid wed girder, because most of its members sustain axial stresses. As a result, this double-arch gate can save much steel consumption under the same condition.
The analytic theory and experimental research for the new gate were presented in the paper. At first, the original idea of double-arch truss was introduced and the double-arch gate was designed. It was compared with the traditional gate made up of solid wed girder. The new gate was first adopted in Caoe River gate as tidal barrage and sluice .The Caoe River gate bore tremendous tidal bore strike in Qiantang River. Analyses showed that the new gate performed better than the traditional gate in the project because it saved about 30% steel consumption under the same condition.
Then the analytical methods under dead-load are studied. Comparisons are made between two methods: one of them is FEM regarding the gate as spatial structure and the other is simplified formula regarding the gate as independent plain substructure. The stress of gate is preliminarily analyzed from the result.
At the same time, for optimization, the significant designing parameters of the gate such as the number of the double-arch truss, the line style of arch axis, the thickness of double-arch were analyzed.
Further, the scale-model experiment was also conducted in the paper. The research included three procedures: static test, repetitive loading, and cyclic experiment. Result of the static test showed that the result from experiment was consistent with the result from FEA analysis .The repetitive loading experiment verify that fatigue failure cannot appear in Caoe River Gate during serviceable life. In cyclic experiment it is found that the bearing-status is divided into three stages: the elastic stage, the local plastic stage and the failure stage with
different local yield points and structural yield points. The arch-springing joints and the locations where the main-arches and minor-arches are jointed are the first to be damaged.
The gate usually bears the dynamic load, so the dynamic property of gate is also researched. The research includes two contents. Firstly, the vibration mode of gate was analyzed by numeric method in consideration of the situation with and without water. Secondly, a numerical analysis of the gate under the load spectrum of the tidal bore strike is carried out. The fluid-structure interaction is considered in the analysis.
It is shown that arch-springing joints and the locations where the main-arches and minor-arches are joined are relatively weak in the structure. So the detailed experiments on the joints where the main-arches and minor-arches are joined were carried out. Three types of X-shape joints, namely unreinforced joints, rib-plate-reinforced joints and sleeve-reinforced joints, were proposed and studied in experiments. Through the analysis of stress distribution and bearing-capacity of joints, it could be found the sleeve-reinforced joints have the best performance. Also, for the arch-springing joints, the designing principle was proposed, and those on Caoe River Gate were improved and optimized. Moreover, the methods of fatigue analysis were proposed and the fatigue life of the key joints of Caoe River gate was analyzed. At last, the fabrication process and inspection of the double-arch gate were proposed. The fabrication of Caoe River gate was introduced.
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