海底管道—流体—海床相互作用机理和监测技术研究
|
摘要
海底管道被称为海洋油气田开发的生命线工程，它的安全可靠运行是海上油气田正常生产的根本保证。本文以国家“863计划”子课题“长距离海底管道分布式光纤传感技术”(2001AA602022-1，2001AA602210-1)为依托，在海床液化、海底管道局部冲刷、悬跨海底管道涡激振动、海底管道结构—流体—土共同作用等方面进行了深入地研究；针对海底管道破坏因素，在开发长距离光纤传感系统的基础上，进行了静态和动态应变监测的标定试验。本文的主要研究内容有：
采用Biot动力固结有限元法对波浪荷载下海床土体的响应规律进行研究，分析了波浪荷载下超静孔隙水压力、有效应力的分布规律，提出了波浪荷载下均质弹性海床液化条件和液化深度计算方法。同时，研究了液化土体粘滞系数估算方法，探讨了海床液化对海底管道的影响。
设计了一种新型的海底输油管道水槽冲刷试验模型，研究海底管道与砂床之间存在不同间隙时砂床起动流速的变化规律，探讨了海底管道底砂床砂粒起动的机理，提出了微小间隙时海底管道局部冲刷起动流速的拟合公式。基于κ-ω模型提出了综合考虑近壁流速和湍动能的组合流速和修正Shields数，并据此分析了局部冲刷起动状态和发展过程，提出了相应的局部冲刷起动和局部冲刷平衡判断标准。
基于κ-ω模型分析了静止圆柱体在不同间隙比时的涡激力变化规律。认为间隙比的大小对涡激力频率影响相对较小，但对拖拽力和上举力的平均值和波动幅值影响较大。提出了拖拽力和上举力波动幅值随间隙比变化的拟合公式。建立海底管道流固耦合计算模型，分析了考虑流固耦合时海底管道结构涡激振动响应规律，提出了考虑流固耦合的涡激振动基频的计算方法。分析表明，海底管道振动各参量在横流向主要响应频率为流固耦合涡激力基频，而顺流向为基频的两倍。
基于Fluent软件进行二次开发，建立了海底管道结构-流体-土耦合振动的数值计算模型。根据数值模拟分析可知，海底管道相对于海水属于轻柔结构，结构固有阻尼较小时可能发生颤振，海底管道固有阻尼对抑制海底管道涡激振动有重要作用。海底管道固有频率与涡激振动基频越接近，从海流中吸收的振动能量就越大，管道振幅也越大。当海底管道固有频率与顺流向涡流激振频率相近时，管道涡激振动基频将发生迁移。当土体刚度较小时，土体刚度减小将使海底管道涡激振动幅值增大。当液化土体粘滞系数较高时，土体液化对管道涡激振动影响较小；当液化土体粘滞系数在10kPa／(m／s)左右时，土体液化对管道涡激振动具有抑制作用；当液化土体粘滞系数很小时，土体液化将使海底管道涡激振动幅值增大。
针对海底管道破坏因素，进行了长距离海底管道分布式光纤传感监测系统的静态试验和动态试验，探讨了其监测可行性和监测精度，并对不同铺设工艺下的测试值进行了标定，为该系统在实际工程中的应用做准备。
Submarine pipeline system is a main pattern in transportation of offshore oil and gas, and plays an important role in the offshore oil and gas development. To improve the security of submarine pipeline, Zhejiang University and CNOOC applied for the project of distributed optical fiber sensing technology for long-distance submarine pipeline, which sponsored by National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program). As a part of this project, this paper lucubrated in the state of submarine pipeline in severe ocean environmental condition such as liquefaction of seabed, local scour of submarine pipeline, vortex-induced vibration of suspended span submarine pipeline. Furthermore, the static and dynamic testing of the long-distance distributed optical fiber sensing system has been done to establish an efficient monitor system for submarine pipeline. The major contents are summarized as follows:
The Biot-dynamic-consolidation-finite-element method was introduced to analyze.the effect of wave condition and seabed soil characteristic on seabed liquefaction. It's found that the amplitude distributions of pore pressure and effective stress in elastic homogeneous seabed are mainly determined by the wave condition and boundary condition. The fit curves of amplitude distribution were applied to discuss the liquefaction criteria and liquefaction depth of seabed. Furthermore, the calculation method for the viscosity coefficient of liquefied soil was studied. Then, the response of submarine pipeline in liquefied soil was discussed.
The tests for the physical model of local scouring to submarine pipeline under the action of sea current were carried out to study the critical states of the onset of local scour. The mechanism of seabed scouring was discussed. The empirical formula of threshold velocity for small gap between submarine pipeline and seabed was found. To study in detail, the low-Reynolds-number Wilcox k-ε model was applied to analyze the experimental results. A new concept of the combined velocity, which considered the flow velocity and turbulence near wall, was proposed to define the critical onset condition of local scour. On this concept, the Shields' parameter was revised to consider the influence of turbulence for local scour. And then, the critical onset condition and the developing process of local scour were analyzed by the revised Shields' parameter to determine corresponding criteria of onset condition and. equilibrium condition of local scour.
The vortex-induced force on the immovable cylinder with different gap ratio was studied by the low-Reynolds-number k-ω model. Based on Fluent software, the submarine pipeline was simplified as a cylinder supported by two springs to establish a vibration analysis model, which can consider fluid-structure interaction. The fluid state and structural response for vortex-induced vibration was discussed by this method. It was found that the base frequency of vortex-induced vibration shifted when the fluid-structure interaction was considered, and the modified calculation method for the base frequency (f_(w0)) was proposed. The structure vibration frequency is f_(w0) in vertical direction, and 2 f_(w0) in current direction.
The model considering submarine pipeline-fluid-seabed interaction was established by the Newmark method and k-ω model with Fluent software to discuss the influence of structural damping, length of span, soil stiffness and liquefaction. It's found that submarine pipeline is light flexible structure in contrast with water. If the damping of pipeline were little, the pipeline would flutter in the flow. Therefore, the damping of pipeline is efficient in controlling the vortex-induced vibration of submarine pipeline. The vibration energy absorbed from the fluid is determined by the difference between the base frequency (f_(w0)) and natural frequency of submarine pipeline. The vibration frequency would shift, when the natural frequency of submarine pipeline near to 2 f_(w0). The decrease of soil stiffness will increase the vibration amplitude of submarine pipeline. The vortex-induced vibration of submarine pipeline would be restrained at the liquefied soil with viscosity coefficient about 10 kPa/(m/s), and would be enlarged when the viscosity coefficient of liquefied soil was very little.
The static and dynamic testing for the long-distance distributed optical fiber sensing system has been carried out. The monitoring capability for static deformation caused by seabed liquefaction and local scour of submarine pipeline was feasible. The monitoring system can detect the vortex-induced vibration. These capabilities can provide information for judging the health condition of submarine pipeline.
采用Biot动力固结有限元法对波浪荷载下海床土体的响应规律进行研究，分析了波浪荷载下超静孔隙水压力、有效应力的分布规律，提出了波浪荷载下均质弹性海床液化条件和液化深度计算方法。同时，研究了液化土体粘滞系数估算方法，探讨了海床液化对海底管道的影响。
设计了一种新型的海底输油管道水槽冲刷试验模型，研究海底管道与砂床之间存在不同间隙时砂床起动流速的变化规律，探讨了海底管道底砂床砂粒起动的机理，提出了微小间隙时海底管道局部冲刷起动流速的拟合公式。基于κ-ω模型提出了综合考虑近壁流速和湍动能的组合流速和修正Shields数，并据此分析了局部冲刷起动状态和发展过程，提出了相应的局部冲刷起动和局部冲刷平衡判断标准。
基于κ-ω模型分析了静止圆柱体在不同间隙比时的涡激力变化规律。认为间隙比的大小对涡激力频率影响相对较小，但对拖拽力和上举力的平均值和波动幅值影响较大。提出了拖拽力和上举力波动幅值随间隙比变化的拟合公式。建立海底管道流固耦合计算模型，分析了考虑流固耦合时海底管道结构涡激振动响应规律，提出了考虑流固耦合的涡激振动基频的计算方法。分析表明，海底管道振动各参量在横流向主要响应频率为流固耦合涡激力基频，而顺流向为基频的两倍。
基于Fluent软件进行二次开发，建立了海底管道结构-流体-土耦合振动的数值计算模型。根据数值模拟分析可知，海底管道相对于海水属于轻柔结构，结构固有阻尼较小时可能发生颤振，海底管道固有阻尼对抑制海底管道涡激振动有重要作用。海底管道固有频率与涡激振动基频越接近，从海流中吸收的振动能量就越大，管道振幅也越大。当海底管道固有频率与顺流向涡流激振频率相近时，管道涡激振动基频将发生迁移。当土体刚度较小时，土体刚度减小将使海底管道涡激振动幅值增大。当液化土体粘滞系数较高时，土体液化对管道涡激振动影响较小；当液化土体粘滞系数在10kPa／(m／s)左右时，土体液化对管道涡激振动具有抑制作用；当液化土体粘滞系数很小时，土体液化将使海底管道涡激振动幅值增大。
针对海底管道破坏因素，进行了长距离海底管道分布式光纤传感监测系统的静态试验和动态试验，探讨了其监测可行性和监测精度，并对不同铺设工艺下的测试值进行了标定，为该系统在实际工程中的应用做准备。
Submarine pipeline system is a main pattern in transportation of offshore oil and gas, and plays an important role in the offshore oil and gas development. To improve the security of submarine pipeline, Zhejiang University and CNOOC applied for the project of distributed optical fiber sensing technology for long-distance submarine pipeline, which sponsored by National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program). As a part of this project, this paper lucubrated in the state of submarine pipeline in severe ocean environmental condition such as liquefaction of seabed, local scour of submarine pipeline, vortex-induced vibration of suspended span submarine pipeline. Furthermore, the static and dynamic testing of the long-distance distributed optical fiber sensing system has been done to establish an efficient monitor system for submarine pipeline. The major contents are summarized as follows:
The Biot-dynamic-consolidation-finite-element method was introduced to analyze.the effect of wave condition and seabed soil characteristic on seabed liquefaction. It's found that the amplitude distributions of pore pressure and effective stress in elastic homogeneous seabed are mainly determined by the wave condition and boundary condition. The fit curves of amplitude distribution were applied to discuss the liquefaction criteria and liquefaction depth of seabed. Furthermore, the calculation method for the viscosity coefficient of liquefied soil was studied. Then, the response of submarine pipeline in liquefied soil was discussed.
The tests for the physical model of local scouring to submarine pipeline under the action of sea current were carried out to study the critical states of the onset of local scour. The mechanism of seabed scouring was discussed. The empirical formula of threshold velocity for small gap between submarine pipeline and seabed was found. To study in detail, the low-Reynolds-number Wilcox k-ε model was applied to analyze the experimental results. A new concept of the combined velocity, which considered the flow velocity and turbulence near wall, was proposed to define the critical onset condition of local scour. On this concept, the Shields' parameter was revised to consider the influence of turbulence for local scour. And then, the critical onset condition and the developing process of local scour were analyzed by the revised Shields' parameter to determine corresponding criteria of onset condition and. equilibrium condition of local scour.
The vortex-induced force on the immovable cylinder with different gap ratio was studied by the low-Reynolds-number k-ω model. Based on Fluent software, the submarine pipeline was simplified as a cylinder supported by two springs to establish a vibration analysis model, which can consider fluid-structure interaction. The fluid state and structural response for vortex-induced vibration was discussed by this method. It was found that the base frequency of vortex-induced vibration shifted when the fluid-structure interaction was considered, and the modified calculation method for the base frequency (f_(w0)) was proposed. The structure vibration frequency is f_(w0) in vertical direction, and 2 f_(w0) in current direction.
The model considering submarine pipeline-fluid-seabed interaction was established by the Newmark method and k-ω model with Fluent software to discuss the influence of structural damping, length of span, soil stiffness and liquefaction. It's found that submarine pipeline is light flexible structure in contrast with water. If the damping of pipeline were little, the pipeline would flutter in the flow. Therefore, the damping of pipeline is efficient in controlling the vortex-induced vibration of submarine pipeline. The vibration energy absorbed from the fluid is determined by the difference between the base frequency (f_(w0)) and natural frequency of submarine pipeline. The vibration frequency would shift, when the natural frequency of submarine pipeline near to 2 f_(w0). The decrease of soil stiffness will increase the vibration amplitude of submarine pipeline. The vortex-induced vibration of submarine pipeline would be restrained at the liquefied soil with viscosity coefficient about 10 kPa/(m/s), and would be enlarged when the viscosity coefficient of liquefied soil was very little.
The static and dynamic testing for the long-distance distributed optical fiber sensing system has been carried out. The monitoring capability for static deformation caused by seabed liquefaction and local scour of submarine pipeline was feasible. The monitoring system can detect the vortex-induced vibration. These capabilities can provide information for judging the health condition of submarine pipeline.
引文
[1-1] National Transportation Statistics 2005. Bureau of Transportation Statistic [R]. USA , Department of Transportation, June, 2005.
[1-2] Average and Summary Statistics 2005. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [R]. USA, Office of Pipeline Safety, Department Of Transportation, June, 2005.
[1-3] 李宁．我国海洋石油油气储运回顾与展望[J]．油气储运，22(9)，30-32，2003．
[1-4] 李顺德．我国油气长输管道的建设与发展[J]．油气田地面工程，24(11)，16-17，2005．
[1-5] 13th Report of the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group [R], EGIG, March 2003
[1-6] 5th Report of the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group [R], EGIG, Sept. 2002.
[1-7] Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Accident Summary By Cause [R], USA, Office Of Pipeline Safety, Sept. 16, 2005
[1-8] 中国海洋石油总公司所属海底管道失效损失统计[R]．中国海洋石油工程公司，2003．6．
[1-9] 孟凡生，徐爱民，李军．滩海海底管线悬空问题治理对策[J]．中国海洋平台，21(1)，52-54， 2006.
[1-10] DNV RP-F-101. Corrosion Pipelines [S], Norway, Det Norske Veritas, Oct, 2004.
[1-11] 马良．海底油气管道工程[M]．海洋出版社，1987．
[1-12] Alexandre Dupuis, Bastien Chopard. Lattice Gas Modeling of Scour Formation under Submarine Pipelines [J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 178(1), 161-174,2002.
[1-13] Dongfang Liang, Liang Cheng. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part I. Flow simulation[J]. Coastal Engineering, 52(1), 25-42, 2005.
[1-14] Lin Lua, Yucheng Li, Jianmin Qin. Numerical simulation of the equilibrium profile of local scour around submarine pipelines based on renormalized group turbulence model [J]. Ocean Engineering, 32(17), 2007-2019,2005
[1-15] Dongfang Liang, Liang Cheng, Kervin Yeow. Numerical study of the Reynolds-number dependence of two-dimensional scour beneath offshore pipelines in steady currents[J]. Ocean Engineering, 32(13), 1590-1607, 2005.
[1-16] Meyer-Peter, E., Muller, R. Formula for bed-load transport [C], Proceedings of the International Association for Hydraulic Research, Second Meeting, vol. 3. Stockholm, Sweden pp. 39-65, 1948.
[1-17] B.M. Sumer, C. Truelsen, T. Sichmann, J. Fredsφe. Onset of scour below pipelines and self-burial[J]. Coastal Engineering, 42(4), 313-335, 2001
[1-18] Dag Myrhaug, Havard Rue. Scour below pipelines and around vertical piles in random waves[J]. Coastal Engineering, 48(4), 227-242, 2003
[1-19] A. Vijaya kumar, S. Neelamani, S. Narasimha Rao. Wave pressures and uplift forces on and scour around submarine pipeline in clayey soil [J]. Ocean Engineering, 30(2), 271-295, 2003.
[1-20] Heather D. Smith and Diane L. Foster. Modelling of Flow and Scour Around a Pipeline [J]. Coastal Engineering, 52(1), 25-42, 2002.
[1-21] Dadush Hosseini, Habib Hakimzadeh. Numerical and Experimental Modeling of Scour around Submarine Pipeline Due to Currents [C]. The Pipeline Division Specialty Conference, 793-802, 2005
[1-22] Fangjun Li and Liang Cheng. Prediction of Lee-Wake Scouring of pipelines In Currents [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 127(2),106-112, 2001.
[1-23] Heather D. Smith and Diane L. Foster. Modeling of Flow Around a Cylinder Over a Scoured Bed[J]. Journal Of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 131(1), 14-24, 2005.
[1-24] Dongfang Liang and Liang Cheng. Numerical Model for Wave-Induced Scour below a Submarine Pipeline[J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 131(5), 193-202, 2005.
[1-25] By Esin C evikl and Yalcm Yuksel, Scour Under Submarine Pipelines In Waves In Shoaling Conditions[J]. Journal Of Waterway, Port, Coastal, And Ocean Engineering, 125(1), 9-19, 1999
[1-26] A.G. Davies, L.C. van Rijn et al. Intercomparison of research and practical sand transport models[J]. Coastal Engineering, 46, 1-23, 2002
[1-27] B. Brφrs. Numerical Modeling Of Flow And Scour At Pipelinesm [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125(5), 511-523, 1999.
[1-28] 申仲翰，刘玉标．海底管道振动对砂基淘蚀影响的试验研究[J]．中国海上油气，12(2)，22-25，2000
[1-29] Sawicki, A., and Mierczynski, J. Developments in modeling liquefaction of granular soils caused by cyclic loads[J]. Applied Mechanics Review, 59(2), 91-106, 2006.
[1-30] Bjerrum, J. Geotechnical problem involved in foundations of structures in the North Sea [J]. Geotechnique, 23 (3), 319-358, 1973.
[1-31] 朱继伟，邱长林等．液化土中海底管线的运动与受力分析[J]．石油工程建设，1，11-14，2000．
[1-32] Nataraja, M.S., Singh, H., Maloney, D. ocean wave-induced liquefaction analysis: a simplified procedure, Proceedings of an International Symposium on Soils under Cyclic and Transient Loadings, 509-516, 1980.
[1-33] Nataraja, M.S., Gill, H.S. Ocean wave-induced liquefaction analysis [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 109(4), 573-590, 1983.
[1-34] Ishihara, K., Yamazaki, A. Analysis of wave-induced liquefaction in seabed deposit of sand [J]. Soil and Foundation, 24 (3), 85-100, 1984.
[1-35] Yamamoto, T., Koning, H.L., Sellmejjer, H., Hijum, E.V.. On the response ofa poro-elaztic bed to water waves[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 87, 193-206, 1978.
[1-36] Maeno, Y.H., Sakai, T., Mase, H. Influences of wave steepness on wave-induced liquefaction in sand layer [C]. In: Proceedings of 6th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Coastal Zone, 89, 3945-3957, 1989.
[1-37] Maeno, Y.H., Hasegawa, T. In-situ measurements of wave-induced pore pressure for predicting properties of seabed deposits [J]. Coastal Engineering in Japan, 30(1), 99-115, 1987.
[1-38] Rahman, M.S., El-Zahaby, K.M. Probabilistic liquefaction risk analysis including fuzzy variables [J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 16(I), 63-79, 1997.
[1-39] Umehara, Y., Zen, K., Yoshizawa, H. Design concept of treated ground by premixing method [C]. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Coastal Development—Theory and Practice on Soft Ground (Geot-Coaztal 91), Yokohama, Japan, 1, 519-524, 1991.
[1-40] Tsotsos, S., Georgiadis, M., Damaskindou. A Numerical analysis of liquefaction potential of partially drained seafloor [J]. Coastal Engineering 13 (2), 117-128, 1989.
[1-41] B. Mutlu Sumer, Figen Hatipoglu et al. Critical Flotation Density of Pipelines in Soils Liquefied by Waves and Density of Liquefied Soils [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 252-265, 2006
[1-42] P. Foray, D. Bonjean et al. Fluid-Soil-Structure Interaction in Liquefaction around a Cyclically Moving Cylinder [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 289-299, 2006.
[1-43] B. Chowdhury, G. R. Dasari et al. Laboratory Study of Liquefaction due to Wave-Seabed Interaction [J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(7), 842-851, 2006.
[1-44] B. Mutlu Sumer, Christoffer Truelsen, Jφrgen Fredsφe. Liquefaction around Pipelines under Waves[J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 266-275, 2006
[1-45] D.S. Jeng. Mechanism of the wave-induced seabed instability in the vicinity of a breakwater: a review[J]. Ocean Engineering, 28(5), 537-570, 2001
[1-46] B.M. Sumer, J. Fredsφe et al. Sinking/floatation of pipelines and other objects in liquefied soil under waves [J]. Coastal Engineering, 38(2), 53-90, 1999
[1-47] T. C. Teh, A. C. Palmer et al. Stability of Submarine Pipelines on Liquefied Seabeds [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 244-251, 2006.
[1-48] L. Cheng, Y. Zhou, M.M. Zhang. Controlled vortex-induced vibration on a fix-supported flexible cylinder in cross-flow [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 292(1-2), 279-299, 2006.
[1-49] G. Bosch, M. Kappler, W. Rodi. Experiments on the Flow Past a Square Cylinder Placed near a Wall[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 13(3), 292-305, 1996.
[1-50] H.S. Choi. Free spanning analysis of offshore pipelines [J]. Ocean Engineering, 28, 1325-1338, 2001
[1-51] Jianfeng Zhang, Charles Dalton. Interactions Of Vortex-Induced Vibrations Of A Circular Cylinder And A Steady Approach Flow At A Reynolds Number Of 13,000 [J]. Computers & Fluids, 25(3), 283-294, 1996.
[1-52] Phu Nguyen and Serpil Kocabiyik. On A Translating And Transversely Oscillating Cylinder. Part 1: The Effect Of The Strouhal Number On The Hydrodynamic Forces And The Near-Wake Structure [J]. Ocean Engineering, 24(8), 677～593, 1997.
[1-53] H. Marcollo, J.B. Hinwood. On shear flow single mode lock-in with both cross-flow and in-line lock-in mechanisms [J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22(2), 197-211, 2006.
[1-54] C. Lei, L. Cheng, K. Kavanagh. Re-examination of the effect of a plane boundary on force and vortex shedding of a circular cylinder [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 80(3), 263-286, 1999.
[1-55] S. Kang. Uniform-shear flow over a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers [J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22(4), 541-555, 2006.
[1-56] M. M. EI-Reface. Vortex lock-on for a rotationaHy oscillating circular cylinder —a BEM numerical study [J]. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 15(3), 235-247, 1995.
[1-57] D. Rocchi, A. Zasso. Vortex shedding from a circular cylinder in a smooth and wired configuration: comparison between 3D LES simulation and experimental analysis [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 90(4-5), 475-489, 2002.
[1-58] C. Lei, L. Cheng, et al. Vortex shedding suppression for flow over a circular cylinder near a plane boundary [J]. Ocean Engineering, 27(10), 1109-1127, 2000.
[1-59] Rune Yttervik, Carl M. Larsen, et al. Fatigue From Vortex-Induced Vibrations Of Free Span Pipelines Using Statistics Of Current Speed And Direction [C]. 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Cancun Mexico, 1-12, 2003
[1-60] Carl M. Larsen, Kamran Koushan. Frequency And Time Domain Analysis Of Vortex Induced Vibrations For Free Span Pipelines [C]. The 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Oslo, NORWAY, 1-9, 2002.
[1-61] L. Cheng, L.W. Chew, Modelling of flow around a near-bed pipeline with a spoiler [J]. Ocean Engineering, 30(13), 1595-1611, 2003.
[1-62] R. Iris Bahar, Srilatha Manne. Power and Energy Reduction Via Pipeline Balancing[J]. ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, 29(2), 218-219, 2001
[1-63] 杨兵，高福平．吴应湘．单向水流作用下近壁管道横向涡激振动实验研究[J]．中国海上油气，18(1)，52-57，2006．
[1-64] 余建星，俞永清．李红涛等．海底管跨涡激振动疲劳可靠性研究[J]．船舶力学，9(2)，109-114，2005
[1-65] 罗延生，余建星，方华灿．海底管线管跨段涡激振动下模糊可靠性评估[J]．中国海洋平 台，16(4)，26-31，2001．
[1-66] Pan Zhi-yuan, Gui Wei-cheng, Zhang Xiao-ci. An Overview on VIV of Slender Manne Structures [J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 9(6),135-154,2005.
[1-67] API 570. Piping Inspection Code: Inspection, Repair, Alternation, and re-rating of in-service Pipeline system [R]. USA, American Petroleum Institute, Dec, 2001.
[1-68] DNV RP-F-101. Corrosion Pipelines [S], Norway, Det Norske Veritas, Oct, 2004.
[1-69] API 1104. Recommend Practice: Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities - 20th Edition [S]. USA, American Petroleum Institute, Nov, 2005.
[1-70] Martin Adersen, Arne Berg, et al. Development of an Optical Monitoring System for Flexible Risers[C]. NKT Flexibles, OTC 13201, 2001.
[1-71] Ren Liang, Li Hong-Nan, et al. Development of tube-packaged FBG strain sensor and application in the vibration experiment of submarine pipeline model [C]. Proceedings of SHE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v 5634, n PART 1, Advanced Sensor Systems and Applications Ⅱ, 98～103, 2005.
[1-72] Borbon, I. Marquez, et al. Large scale sensing arrays based on fiber Bragg gratings [J]. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 4578(47), 320～327, 2001.
[1-73] Nikles, M. et al. Greatly extended distance pipeline monitoring using fiber optics [C]. Proceedings oft he International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE, v 3, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 2005 - OMAE2005, 539～546, 2005.
[1-74] Zingaretti, Primo. et al. Imaging Approach to Real-time Tracking of Submarine Pipeline [C]. Proceedings of SHE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2661, 129～137, 1996.
[1-75] Wei-Liang JIN, Jian-Wen SHAO. et al. Basic strategy of health monitoring on submarine pipeline by distributed optical fiber sensor [C]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering OMAE, 2, 531～536, 2003.
[1-76] 张恩勇．海底管道分布式光纤传感技术的基础研究[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2004．
[1-77] 刘德华．超长距离分布式光纤传感技术及其工程应用[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2005．
[1-78] 邵剑文．海底管道的健康监测系统与评估研究[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2006．
[2-1] 黄文熙．砂基和砂坡的液化研究[C]．水工建设中的结构力学与岩土力学问题．黄文熙论文选集．北京：水利电力出版社，252～256，1984．
[2-2] Sawicki, A., and Mierczynski, J. Developments in modeling liquefaction of granular soils caused by cyclic loads [J]. Applied Mechanics Review, 59(2), 91-106, 2006.
[2-3] Koppejan A W, Van Wamelen B M and Weinberg L J H. Coastal Flow slides in the Dutch Province of Zeeland [C]. Pro. 2nd ICOSMFE. 5. Rotterdam, 89～96, 1948.
[2-4] Terzaghi K. Mechanism of Landslides [J]. Application of Geology to Engineering Practice. Berkey Volume. GSA. 83～123, 1950.
[2-5] B. Mutlu Sumer, Figen Hatipoglu et al. Critical Flotation Density of Pipelines in Soils Liquefied by Waves and Density of Liquefied Soils [J], Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 252-265, 2006
[2-6] Nataraja, M.S., Singh, H., Maloney, D. Ocean wave-induced liquefaction analysis: a simplified procedure[J]. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Soils under Cyclic and Transient Loadings, 509-516, 1980.
[2-7] Nataraja, M.S., Gill, H.S. Ocean wave-induced liquefaction analysis [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 109(4), 573-590, 1983.
[2-8] Tsotsos, S., Georgiadis, M., Damaskindou. A numerical analysis of liquefaction potential of partially drained seafloor [J]. Coastal Engineering, 13 (2), 117-128, 1989.
[2-9] D.S. Jeng. Mechanism of the wave-induced seabed instability in the vicinity of a breakwater: a review [J]. Ocean Engineering, 28(5), 537-570, 2001.
[2-10] B.M. Sumer, J. Fredsφe et al. Sinking/floatation of pipelines and other objects in liquefied soil under waves [J]. Coastal Engineering 38(2), 53-90, 1999
[2-11] 邹志利．水波理论及其应用[M]．科学出版社，北京，2005年．
[2-12] Zienkiewicz O C, Bettess P. Soils and other saturated media under transient dynamic behaviour assumptions in soils [J]. Geotechnique, 1980, 30(4): 385-395.
[2-13] Yamamoto T. Wave-induced instability in seabed [J]. Coastal Sediments, 898-913,1997.
[2-14] 王栋．波浪作用下海床动力响应与液化的数值分析[D]．大连理工大学博士学位论文，2002年6月．
[2-15] 金伟良．工程荷载组合理论与应用[M]．机械工业出版社，2006年3月．
[2-16] Zhang J-M, Shamoto Y, Tokimatsu K. Moving critical and phase-transformation stress state lines of saturated sand during undrained cyclic shear [J]. Soils and Foundations, 37(2), 51-59, 1997.
[2-17] 张建民，时松孝次，田屋裕次．饱和砂土液化后的剪切吸水效应[J]．岩土工程学报， 21(40), 398-402. 1999.
[2-18] 马良．海底油气管道工程[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1987．
[3-1] Allen, J. R. L. Simple models for the shape and symmetry of tidal sand waves: Statically stable equilibrium forms[J]. Marine Geology, 48(2), 31-49, 1982.
[3-2] 许文兵．平湖油气田海底输油管线临时修复办法[J]．中国海洋平台，18(2)，37-40，2003．
[3-3] Chao, J. L., and Hennessy, P. V. Local scour under ocean outfall pipe-lines [J], Water Pollution Control, 4(7), 1443-1447, 1972.
[3-4] Streeter V. L. Fluid Mechanics [C]. 5th Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 1971.
[3-5] Kjeldsen S. P., Gjorsvik O., Bringaker K. G., and Jacobsen J. Local scour near offshore pipelines [C]. Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Portand Oc. Engrg. under Arctic Conditions, University of Iceland, Iceland, 308-331, 1973.
[3-6] Bijker E.W., and Leeuwestein W. Interaction between pipelines and the seabed under the influence of waves and currents [C]. Seabed Mech., Proe., Symp. IUTAM/IUGG. Int. Union of Theoretical Appl. Mech./Int. Union of Geology and Geophys. Graham and Trotman, London, 235-242, 1984.
[3-7] Madsen O. S. and Grant W.D. Quantitative description of sediment transport by waves [J]. Proc. 15th Coastal Eng. Conf. ASCE, 1093-1112, 1976.
[3-8] Bagnold R. A. Beach Formation by waves: some model experiments in a wave tank [J]. Inst. Civ Eng, 1,273-279, 1940.
[3-9] Bagnold. R. A. Motion of waves in shallow water interaction between waves and sand bottom, Proc. Roy. Soc, Seca, 87, 1176-1181, 1946.
[3-10] Manohar M. Mechanics of bottom sediment movement due to wave action [C], Tech. Men. No. 75 U. S. Beach Erosion Board. 876-882,1995
[3-11] Mao Y. The interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed [D]. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1986.
[3-12] Chiew Y.M. Prediction of maximum scour depth at submarine pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 117(4), 452-466, 1991.
[3-13] Sumer B.M., Fredsφe J. Onset of scour below a pipeline exposed to waves[J], Offshore Polar Eng. 1(3), 189-194, 1991.
[3-14] Brφrs B. Numerical moeling of flow and scour at pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering., 125 (5), 511-523, 1999.
[3-15] Dongfang Liang., Liang Cheng. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part I: Flow simulation [J]. Coastal Engineering, 52(1), 25-42, 2005.
[3-16] Dongfang Liang, Liang Cheng, Fangjun Li. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part Ⅱ. Scour simulation [J]. Coastal Engineering., 52(1), 43-62, 2005
[3-17] Fangjun Li and Liang Cheng. Numerical Model For Local Scour Under Offshore Pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 125(4), 400-406, 1999.
[3-18] Helicopter Decks [S], DNV-OS-E401, March, 2001.
[3-19] 钱宁．万兆惠．泥沙运动力学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2003．
[3-20] 马良．海底油气管道工程[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1987．
[4-1] Mao, Y. The interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed [D]. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark., 1986.
[4-2] Chiew, Y.M. Prediction of maximum scour depth at submarine pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 117(4), 452-466, 1991.
[4-3] Sumer, B.M., Fredsoe, J. Onset of scour below a pipeline exposed to waves [J]. Offshore Polar Eng, 1(3), 189-194, 1991.
[4-4] Brors, B. Numerical moeling of flow and scour at pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 125(5), 511-523, 1999.
[4-5] Fangjun Li and Liang Cheng. Numerical Model For Local Scour Under Offshore Pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 125(4),400-406, 1999.
[4-6] Dongfang Liang., Liang Cheng. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part I. Flow simulation [J]. Coastal Engineering, 52, 25-42, 2005
[4-7] Dongfang Liang, Liang Cheng, Fangjun Li. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part 11. Scour simulation [J]. Coastal Engineering., 52(1), 43-62, 2005.
[4-8] Wilcox, D.C. Simulation of transition with a two-equation turbulence model [J]. AIAA Journal, 32 (2), 247- 255, 1994.
[4-9] Mao, Y. The interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed [D]. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1986.
[4-10] Sumer, B.M., Jensen, H.R., Fredsbe, J. Effect of lee-wake on scour below pipelines in current [J]. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng. 114 (5), 599-614, 1988.
[4-11] Jensen, B.L. Large-scale vortices in the wake of a cylinder placed near a wall [C]. Proc. 2nd international conference on laser anemometry-advances and applications, Strathclyde, UK. pp. 153-163, 1987.
[4-12] Bearman, P.W., Zdravkovich, M.M. Flow around a circular cylinder near a plane boundary [J]. Fluid Mech. 89(1), 33-48, 1978.
[4-13] Alexandre Dupuis and Bastien Chopard. Lattice Gas Modeling of Scour Formation under Submarine Pipelines [J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 178(1), 161-174, 2002
[5-1] G. K. Furnes and J. Berntsen. On the response of a free span pipeline subjected to ocean currents[J]. Ocean Engineering, 30(12), 1553-1557, 2003.
[5-2] Tao Xu, Bao Lauridsen, Yong Bai. Wave-induced fatigue of multi-span pipelines[J]. Marine Structures, 12(2), 83-106, 1999.
[5-3] H. Marcollo, J.B. Hinwood. On shear flow single mode lock-in with both cross-flow and in-line lock-in mechanisms[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22(2), 197-211, 2006.
[5-4] C. Lei, L. Cheng, K. Kavanagh. Re-examination of the effect of a plane boundary on force and vortex shedding of a circular cylinder [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 80(3), 263-286, 1999.
[5-5] C. Lei, L. Cheng, et al. Vortex shedding suppression for flow over a circular cylinder near a plane boundary [J]. Ocean Engineering, 27(10), 1109-1127, 2000.
[5-6] Phu Nguyen and Serpil Kocabiyik. On a translating and transversely oscillating cylinder part I: the effect of the strouhal number on the hydrodynamic forces and the near-wake structure, [J]. Ocean Engineering, 24(8), 677～593, 1997.
[5-7] 余建星，罗延生，方华灿．海底管线管跨涡激振动相应的试验研究[J]．地震工程与工程振动，21(4)，93-97，2001．
[5-8] Griffin, O. M., and S. E. Ramberg. The Vortex-Street Wakes of Vibrating Cylinders[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 66(3), 553-576, 1974.
[5-9] Morison, J. R., et al. The Force exerted by surface Waves on Piles[J]. Petroleum Transactions, 189, 149-157, 1950.
[6-1] Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Accident Summary By Cause [R], Usa, Office Of Pipeline Safety, Sept. 16, 2005.
[6-2] G. K. Fumes And J. Berntsen. On the response of a free span pipeline subjected to ocean currents [J]. Ocean Engineering, 30, 1553-1557, 2003.
[6-3] Tao Xu, Bao Lauridsen, Yong Bai. Wave-induced fatigue of multi-span pipelines [J]. Marine Structures, 12, 83-106, 1999.
[6-4] H. Marcollo, J.B. Hinwood. On shear flow single mode lock-in with both cross-flow and in-line lock-in mechanisms [J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22, 197-211, 2006.
[6-5] 余建星，罗延生，方华灿．海底管线管跨涡激振动相应的试验研究[J]．地震工程与工程振动，21(4)，93—97，2001．
[6-6] 李昕，刘亚坤，周晶，马恒春．海底悬跨管道动力响应的试验研究和数值模拟[J]．工程力学，20(2)，21-25，2003．
[6-7] T. C. Teh, A. C. Palmer et al. Stability of Submarine Pipelines on Liquefied Seabeds [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 244-251, 2006.
[6-8] Carl M. Larsen, Kamran Koushan. Frequency And Time Domain Analysis Of Vortex Induced Vibrations For Free Span Pipelines [C]. The 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Oslo, NORWAY, 1-9, 2002.
[6-9] 罗延声．海底管道管跨段涡激振动下模糊疲劳可靠性评估的研究[D]．博士论文，1999年10月．
[6-10] Dale, J., H. Nenzel, and J. McCandless. Dynamic characterisics of underwater cables-flow induced transverse vibration [R]. U.S. Naval Air Development Center Report NADC-AE-6620, 1996.
[6-11] Fung, Y.C. An introduction to the theory of aeroelasticity [C]. Dover, New York P.62, 1969.
[6-12] Griffin, O.M., S. E. Ramberg. The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders [J]. Fluid Mech. 66, 553-576, 1974.
[6-13] 建筑基坑支护技术规程[S]，中华人民共和国行业标准，北京，1999．
[7-1] Martin Adersen, Arne Berg, et al. Development of an Optical Monitoring System for Flexible Risers [C]. NKT Flexibles, OTC 13201, 2001.
[7-2] Ren Liang, Li Hong-Nan, et al. Development of tube-packaged FBG strain sensor and application in the vibration experiment of submarine pipeline model [C], Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v 5634, n PART 1, Advanced Sensor Systems and Applications Ⅱ, 98～103, 2005.
[7-3] Borbon, I. Marquez, et al. Large scale sensing arrays based on fiber Bragg gratings [C]. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 4578(47), 320～327, 2001.
[7-4] Nikles, M. et al. Greatly extended distance pipeline monitoring using fiber optics [C]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE, v 3, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 2005 - OMAE2005, 539～546, 2005.
[7-5] 张恩勇．海底管道分布式光纤传感技术的基础研究[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2004．
[7-6] 刘德华．超长距离分布式光纤传感技术及其工程应用[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文．2005．
[7-7] 邵剑文．海底管道的健康监测系统与评估研究[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2006．
[1-2] Average and Summary Statistics 2005. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [R]. USA, Office of Pipeline Safety, Department Of Transportation, June, 2005.
[1-3] 李宁．我国海洋石油油气储运回顾与展望[J]．油气储运，22(9)，30-32，2003．
[1-4] 李顺德．我国油气长输管道的建设与发展[J]．油气田地面工程，24(11)，16-17，2005．
[1-5] 13th Report of the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group [R], EGIG, March 2003
[1-6] 5th Report of the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group [R], EGIG, Sept. 2002.
[1-7] Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Accident Summary By Cause [R], USA, Office Of Pipeline Safety, Sept. 16, 2005
[1-8] 中国海洋石油总公司所属海底管道失效损失统计[R]．中国海洋石油工程公司，2003．6．
[1-9] 孟凡生，徐爱民，李军．滩海海底管线悬空问题治理对策[J]．中国海洋平台，21(1)，52-54， 2006.
[1-10] DNV RP-F-101. Corrosion Pipelines [S], Norway, Det Norske Veritas, Oct, 2004.
[1-11] 马良．海底油气管道工程[M]．海洋出版社，1987．
[1-12] Alexandre Dupuis, Bastien Chopard. Lattice Gas Modeling of Scour Formation under Submarine Pipelines [J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 178(1), 161-174,2002.
[1-13] Dongfang Liang, Liang Cheng. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part I. Flow simulation[J]. Coastal Engineering, 52(1), 25-42, 2005.
[1-14] Lin Lua, Yucheng Li, Jianmin Qin. Numerical simulation of the equilibrium profile of local scour around submarine pipelines based on renormalized group turbulence model [J]. Ocean Engineering, 32(17), 2007-2019,2005
[1-15] Dongfang Liang, Liang Cheng, Kervin Yeow. Numerical study of the Reynolds-number dependence of two-dimensional scour beneath offshore pipelines in steady currents[J]. Ocean Engineering, 32(13), 1590-1607, 2005.
[1-16] Meyer-Peter, E., Muller, R. Formula for bed-load transport [C], Proceedings of the International Association for Hydraulic Research, Second Meeting, vol. 3. Stockholm, Sweden pp. 39-65, 1948.
[1-17] B.M. Sumer, C. Truelsen, T. Sichmann, J. Fredsφe. Onset of scour below pipelines and self-burial[J]. Coastal Engineering, 42(4), 313-335, 2001
[1-18] Dag Myrhaug, Havard Rue. Scour below pipelines and around vertical piles in random waves[J]. Coastal Engineering, 48(4), 227-242, 2003
[1-19] A. Vijaya kumar, S. Neelamani, S. Narasimha Rao. Wave pressures and uplift forces on and scour around submarine pipeline in clayey soil [J]. Ocean Engineering, 30(2), 271-295, 2003.
[1-20] Heather D. Smith and Diane L. Foster. Modelling of Flow and Scour Around a Pipeline [J]. Coastal Engineering, 52(1), 25-42, 2002.
[1-21] Dadush Hosseini, Habib Hakimzadeh. Numerical and Experimental Modeling of Scour around Submarine Pipeline Due to Currents [C]. The Pipeline Division Specialty Conference, 793-802, 2005
[1-22] Fangjun Li and Liang Cheng. Prediction of Lee-Wake Scouring of pipelines In Currents [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 127(2),106-112, 2001.
[1-23] Heather D. Smith and Diane L. Foster. Modeling of Flow Around a Cylinder Over a Scoured Bed[J]. Journal Of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 131(1), 14-24, 2005.
[1-24] Dongfang Liang and Liang Cheng. Numerical Model for Wave-Induced Scour below a Submarine Pipeline[J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 131(5), 193-202, 2005.
[1-25] By Esin C evikl and Yalcm Yuksel, Scour Under Submarine Pipelines In Waves In Shoaling Conditions[J]. Journal Of Waterway, Port, Coastal, And Ocean Engineering, 125(1), 9-19, 1999
[1-26] A.G. Davies, L.C. van Rijn et al. Intercomparison of research and practical sand transport models[J]. Coastal Engineering, 46, 1-23, 2002
[1-27] B. Brφrs. Numerical Modeling Of Flow And Scour At Pipelinesm [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125(5), 511-523, 1999.
[1-28] 申仲翰，刘玉标．海底管道振动对砂基淘蚀影响的试验研究[J]．中国海上油气，12(2)，22-25，2000
[1-29] Sawicki, A., and Mierczynski, J. Developments in modeling liquefaction of granular soils caused by cyclic loads[J]. Applied Mechanics Review, 59(2), 91-106, 2006.
[1-30] Bjerrum, J. Geotechnical problem involved in foundations of structures in the North Sea [J]. Geotechnique, 23 (3), 319-358, 1973.
[1-31] 朱继伟，邱长林等．液化土中海底管线的运动与受力分析[J]．石油工程建设，1，11-14，2000．
[1-32] Nataraja, M.S., Singh, H., Maloney, D. ocean wave-induced liquefaction analysis: a simplified procedure, Proceedings of an International Symposium on Soils under Cyclic and Transient Loadings, 509-516, 1980.
[1-33] Nataraja, M.S., Gill, H.S. Ocean wave-induced liquefaction analysis [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 109(4), 573-590, 1983.
[1-34] Ishihara, K., Yamazaki, A. Analysis of wave-induced liquefaction in seabed deposit of sand [J]. Soil and Foundation, 24 (3), 85-100, 1984.
[1-35] Yamamoto, T., Koning, H.L., Sellmejjer, H., Hijum, E.V.. On the response ofa poro-elaztic bed to water waves[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 87, 193-206, 1978.
[1-36] Maeno, Y.H., Sakai, T., Mase, H. Influences of wave steepness on wave-induced liquefaction in sand layer [C]. In: Proceedings of 6th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Coastal Zone, 89, 3945-3957, 1989.
[1-37] Maeno, Y.H., Hasegawa, T. In-situ measurements of wave-induced pore pressure for predicting properties of seabed deposits [J]. Coastal Engineering in Japan, 30(1), 99-115, 1987.
[1-38] Rahman, M.S., El-Zahaby, K.M. Probabilistic liquefaction risk analysis including fuzzy variables [J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 16(I), 63-79, 1997.
[1-39] Umehara, Y., Zen, K., Yoshizawa, H. Design concept of treated ground by premixing method [C]. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Coastal Development—Theory and Practice on Soft Ground (Geot-Coaztal 91), Yokohama, Japan, 1, 519-524, 1991.
[1-40] Tsotsos, S., Georgiadis, M., Damaskindou. A Numerical analysis of liquefaction potential of partially drained seafloor [J]. Coastal Engineering 13 (2), 117-128, 1989.
[1-41] B. Mutlu Sumer, Figen Hatipoglu et al. Critical Flotation Density of Pipelines in Soils Liquefied by Waves and Density of Liquefied Soils [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 252-265, 2006
[1-42] P. Foray, D. Bonjean et al. Fluid-Soil-Structure Interaction in Liquefaction around a Cyclically Moving Cylinder [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 289-299, 2006.
[1-43] B. Chowdhury, G. R. Dasari et al. Laboratory Study of Liquefaction due to Wave-Seabed Interaction [J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(7), 842-851, 2006.
[1-44] B. Mutlu Sumer, Christoffer Truelsen, Jφrgen Fredsφe. Liquefaction around Pipelines under Waves[J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 266-275, 2006
[1-45] D.S. Jeng. Mechanism of the wave-induced seabed instability in the vicinity of a breakwater: a review[J]. Ocean Engineering, 28(5), 537-570, 2001
[1-46] B.M. Sumer, J. Fredsφe et al. Sinking/floatation of pipelines and other objects in liquefied soil under waves [J]. Coastal Engineering, 38(2), 53-90, 1999
[1-47] T. C. Teh, A. C. Palmer et al. Stability of Submarine Pipelines on Liquefied Seabeds [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 244-251, 2006.
[1-48] L. Cheng, Y. Zhou, M.M. Zhang. Controlled vortex-induced vibration on a fix-supported flexible cylinder in cross-flow [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 292(1-2), 279-299, 2006.
[1-49] G. Bosch, M. Kappler, W. Rodi. Experiments on the Flow Past a Square Cylinder Placed near a Wall[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 13(3), 292-305, 1996.
[1-50] H.S. Choi. Free spanning analysis of offshore pipelines [J]. Ocean Engineering, 28, 1325-1338, 2001
[1-51] Jianfeng Zhang, Charles Dalton. Interactions Of Vortex-Induced Vibrations Of A Circular Cylinder And A Steady Approach Flow At A Reynolds Number Of 13,000 [J]. Computers & Fluids, 25(3), 283-294, 1996.
[1-52] Phu Nguyen and Serpil Kocabiyik. On A Translating And Transversely Oscillating Cylinder. Part 1: The Effect Of The Strouhal Number On The Hydrodynamic Forces And The Near-Wake Structure [J]. Ocean Engineering, 24(8), 677～593, 1997.
[1-53] H. Marcollo, J.B. Hinwood. On shear flow single mode lock-in with both cross-flow and in-line lock-in mechanisms [J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22(2), 197-211, 2006.
[1-54] C. Lei, L. Cheng, K. Kavanagh. Re-examination of the effect of a plane boundary on force and vortex shedding of a circular cylinder [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 80(3), 263-286, 1999.
[1-55] S. Kang. Uniform-shear flow over a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers [J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22(4), 541-555, 2006.
[1-56] M. M. EI-Reface. Vortex lock-on for a rotationaHy oscillating circular cylinder —a BEM numerical study [J]. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 15(3), 235-247, 1995.
[1-57] D. Rocchi, A. Zasso. Vortex shedding from a circular cylinder in a smooth and wired configuration: comparison between 3D LES simulation and experimental analysis [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 90(4-5), 475-489, 2002.
[1-58] C. Lei, L. Cheng, et al. Vortex shedding suppression for flow over a circular cylinder near a plane boundary [J]. Ocean Engineering, 27(10), 1109-1127, 2000.
[1-59] Rune Yttervik, Carl M. Larsen, et al. Fatigue From Vortex-Induced Vibrations Of Free Span Pipelines Using Statistics Of Current Speed And Direction [C]. 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Cancun Mexico, 1-12, 2003
[1-60] Carl M. Larsen, Kamran Koushan. Frequency And Time Domain Analysis Of Vortex Induced Vibrations For Free Span Pipelines [C]. The 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Oslo, NORWAY, 1-9, 2002.
[1-61] L. Cheng, L.W. Chew, Modelling of flow around a near-bed pipeline with a spoiler [J]. Ocean Engineering, 30(13), 1595-1611, 2003.
[1-62] R. Iris Bahar, Srilatha Manne. Power and Energy Reduction Via Pipeline Balancing[J]. ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, 29(2), 218-219, 2001
[1-63] 杨兵，高福平．吴应湘．单向水流作用下近壁管道横向涡激振动实验研究[J]．中国海上油气，18(1)，52-57，2006．
[1-64] 余建星，俞永清．李红涛等．海底管跨涡激振动疲劳可靠性研究[J]．船舶力学，9(2)，109-114，2005
[1-65] 罗延生，余建星，方华灿．海底管线管跨段涡激振动下模糊可靠性评估[J]．中国海洋平 台，16(4)，26-31，2001．
[1-66] Pan Zhi-yuan, Gui Wei-cheng, Zhang Xiao-ci. An Overview on VIV of Slender Manne Structures [J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 9(6),135-154,2005.
[1-67] API 570. Piping Inspection Code: Inspection, Repair, Alternation, and re-rating of in-service Pipeline system [R]. USA, American Petroleum Institute, Dec, 2001.
[1-68] DNV RP-F-101. Corrosion Pipelines [S], Norway, Det Norske Veritas, Oct, 2004.
[1-69] API 1104. Recommend Practice: Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities - 20th Edition [S]. USA, American Petroleum Institute, Nov, 2005.
[1-70] Martin Adersen, Arne Berg, et al. Development of an Optical Monitoring System for Flexible Risers[C]. NKT Flexibles, OTC 13201, 2001.
[1-71] Ren Liang, Li Hong-Nan, et al. Development of tube-packaged FBG strain sensor and application in the vibration experiment of submarine pipeline model [C]. Proceedings of SHE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v 5634, n PART 1, Advanced Sensor Systems and Applications Ⅱ, 98～103, 2005.
[1-72] Borbon, I. Marquez, et al. Large scale sensing arrays based on fiber Bragg gratings [J]. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 4578(47), 320～327, 2001.
[1-73] Nikles, M. et al. Greatly extended distance pipeline monitoring using fiber optics [C]. Proceedings oft he International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE, v 3, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 2005 - OMAE2005, 539～546, 2005.
[1-74] Zingaretti, Primo. et al. Imaging Approach to Real-time Tracking of Submarine Pipeline [C]. Proceedings of SHE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2661, 129～137, 1996.
[1-75] Wei-Liang JIN, Jian-Wen SHAO. et al. Basic strategy of health monitoring on submarine pipeline by distributed optical fiber sensor [C]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering OMAE, 2, 531～536, 2003.
[1-76] 张恩勇．海底管道分布式光纤传感技术的基础研究[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2004．
[1-77] 刘德华．超长距离分布式光纤传感技术及其工程应用[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2005．
[1-78] 邵剑文．海底管道的健康监测系统与评估研究[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2006．
[2-1] 黄文熙．砂基和砂坡的液化研究[C]．水工建设中的结构力学与岩土力学问题．黄文熙论文选集．北京：水利电力出版社，252～256，1984．
[2-2] Sawicki, A., and Mierczynski, J. Developments in modeling liquefaction of granular soils caused by cyclic loads [J]. Applied Mechanics Review, 59(2), 91-106, 2006.
[2-3] Koppejan A W, Van Wamelen B M and Weinberg L J H. Coastal Flow slides in the Dutch Province of Zeeland [C]. Pro. 2nd ICOSMFE. 5. Rotterdam, 89～96, 1948.
[2-4] Terzaghi K. Mechanism of Landslides [J]. Application of Geology to Engineering Practice. Berkey Volume. GSA. 83～123, 1950.
[2-5] B. Mutlu Sumer, Figen Hatipoglu et al. Critical Flotation Density of Pipelines in Soils Liquefied by Waves and Density of Liquefied Soils [J], Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 252-265, 2006
[2-6] Nataraja, M.S., Singh, H., Maloney, D. Ocean wave-induced liquefaction analysis: a simplified procedure[J]. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Soils under Cyclic and Transient Loadings, 509-516, 1980.
[2-7] Nataraja, M.S., Gill, H.S. Ocean wave-induced liquefaction analysis [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 109(4), 573-590, 1983.
[2-8] Tsotsos, S., Georgiadis, M., Damaskindou. A numerical analysis of liquefaction potential of partially drained seafloor [J]. Coastal Engineering, 13 (2), 117-128, 1989.
[2-9] D.S. Jeng. Mechanism of the wave-induced seabed instability in the vicinity of a breakwater: a review [J]. Ocean Engineering, 28(5), 537-570, 2001.
[2-10] B.M. Sumer, J. Fredsφe et al. Sinking/floatation of pipelines and other objects in liquefied soil under waves [J]. Coastal Engineering 38(2), 53-90, 1999
[2-11] 邹志利．水波理论及其应用[M]．科学出版社，北京，2005年．
[2-12] Zienkiewicz O C, Bettess P. Soils and other saturated media under transient dynamic behaviour assumptions in soils [J]. Geotechnique, 1980, 30(4): 385-395.
[2-13] Yamamoto T. Wave-induced instability in seabed [J]. Coastal Sediments, 898-913,1997.
[2-14] 王栋．波浪作用下海床动力响应与液化的数值分析[D]．大连理工大学博士学位论文，2002年6月．
[2-15] 金伟良．工程荷载组合理论与应用[M]．机械工业出版社，2006年3月．
[2-16] Zhang J-M, Shamoto Y, Tokimatsu K. Moving critical and phase-transformation stress state lines of saturated sand during undrained cyclic shear [J]. Soils and Foundations, 37(2), 51-59, 1997.
[2-17] 张建民，时松孝次，田屋裕次．饱和砂土液化后的剪切吸水效应[J]．岩土工程学报， 21(40), 398-402. 1999.
[2-18] 马良．海底油气管道工程[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1987．
[3-1] Allen, J. R. L. Simple models for the shape and symmetry of tidal sand waves: Statically stable equilibrium forms[J]. Marine Geology, 48(2), 31-49, 1982.
[3-2] 许文兵．平湖油气田海底输油管线临时修复办法[J]．中国海洋平台，18(2)，37-40，2003．
[3-3] Chao, J. L., and Hennessy, P. V. Local scour under ocean outfall pipe-lines [J], Water Pollution Control, 4(7), 1443-1447, 1972.
[3-4] Streeter V. L. Fluid Mechanics [C]. 5th Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 1971.
[3-5] Kjeldsen S. P., Gjorsvik O., Bringaker K. G., and Jacobsen J. Local scour near offshore pipelines [C]. Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Portand Oc. Engrg. under Arctic Conditions, University of Iceland, Iceland, 308-331, 1973.
[3-6] Bijker E.W., and Leeuwestein W. Interaction between pipelines and the seabed under the influence of waves and currents [C]. Seabed Mech., Proe., Symp. IUTAM/IUGG. Int. Union of Theoretical Appl. Mech./Int. Union of Geology and Geophys. Graham and Trotman, London, 235-242, 1984.
[3-7] Madsen O. S. and Grant W.D. Quantitative description of sediment transport by waves [J]. Proc. 15th Coastal Eng. Conf. ASCE, 1093-1112, 1976.
[3-8] Bagnold R. A. Beach Formation by waves: some model experiments in a wave tank [J]. Inst. Civ Eng, 1,273-279, 1940.
[3-9] Bagnold. R. A. Motion of waves in shallow water interaction between waves and sand bottom, Proc. Roy. Soc, Seca, 87, 1176-1181, 1946.
[3-10] Manohar M. Mechanics of bottom sediment movement due to wave action [C], Tech. Men. No. 75 U. S. Beach Erosion Board. 876-882,1995
[3-11] Mao Y. The interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed [D]. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1986.
[3-12] Chiew Y.M. Prediction of maximum scour depth at submarine pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 117(4), 452-466, 1991.
[3-13] Sumer B.M., Fredsφe J. Onset of scour below a pipeline exposed to waves[J], Offshore Polar Eng. 1(3), 189-194, 1991.
[3-14] Brφrs B. Numerical moeling of flow and scour at pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering., 125 (5), 511-523, 1999.
[3-15] Dongfang Liang., Liang Cheng. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part I: Flow simulation [J]. Coastal Engineering, 52(1), 25-42, 2005.
[3-16] Dongfang Liang, Liang Cheng, Fangjun Li. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part Ⅱ. Scour simulation [J]. Coastal Engineering., 52(1), 43-62, 2005
[3-17] Fangjun Li and Liang Cheng. Numerical Model For Local Scour Under Offshore Pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 125(4), 400-406, 1999.
[3-18] Helicopter Decks [S], DNV-OS-E401, March, 2001.
[3-19] 钱宁．万兆惠．泥沙运动力学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2003．
[3-20] 马良．海底油气管道工程[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1987．
[4-1] Mao, Y. The interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed [D]. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark., 1986.
[4-2] Chiew, Y.M. Prediction of maximum scour depth at submarine pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 117(4), 452-466, 1991.
[4-3] Sumer, B.M., Fredsoe, J. Onset of scour below a pipeline exposed to waves [J]. Offshore Polar Eng, 1(3), 189-194, 1991.
[4-4] Brors, B. Numerical moeling of flow and scour at pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 125(5), 511-523, 1999.
[4-5] Fangjun Li and Liang Cheng. Numerical Model For Local Scour Under Offshore Pipelines [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 125(4),400-406, 1999.
[4-6] Dongfang Liang., Liang Cheng. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part I. Flow simulation [J]. Coastal Engineering, 52, 25-42, 2005
[4-7] Dongfang Liang, Liang Cheng, Fangjun Li. Numerical modeling of flow and scour below a pipeline in currents Part 11. Scour simulation [J]. Coastal Engineering., 52(1), 43-62, 2005.
[4-8] Wilcox, D.C. Simulation of transition with a two-equation turbulence model [J]. AIAA Journal, 32 (2), 247- 255, 1994.
[4-9] Mao, Y. The interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed [D]. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1986.
[4-10] Sumer, B.M., Jensen, H.R., Fredsbe, J. Effect of lee-wake on scour below pipelines in current [J]. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng. 114 (5), 599-614, 1988.
[4-11] Jensen, B.L. Large-scale vortices in the wake of a cylinder placed near a wall [C]. Proc. 2nd international conference on laser anemometry-advances and applications, Strathclyde, UK. pp. 153-163, 1987.
[4-12] Bearman, P.W., Zdravkovich, M.M. Flow around a circular cylinder near a plane boundary [J]. Fluid Mech. 89(1), 33-48, 1978.
[4-13] Alexandre Dupuis and Bastien Chopard. Lattice Gas Modeling of Scour Formation under Submarine Pipelines [J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 178(1), 161-174, 2002
[5-1] G. K. Furnes and J. Berntsen. On the response of a free span pipeline subjected to ocean currents[J]. Ocean Engineering, 30(12), 1553-1557, 2003.
[5-2] Tao Xu, Bao Lauridsen, Yong Bai. Wave-induced fatigue of multi-span pipelines[J]. Marine Structures, 12(2), 83-106, 1999.
[5-3] H. Marcollo, J.B. Hinwood. On shear flow single mode lock-in with both cross-flow and in-line lock-in mechanisms[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22(2), 197-211, 2006.
[5-4] C. Lei, L. Cheng, K. Kavanagh. Re-examination of the effect of a plane boundary on force and vortex shedding of a circular cylinder [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 80(3), 263-286, 1999.
[5-5] C. Lei, L. Cheng, et al. Vortex shedding suppression for flow over a circular cylinder near a plane boundary [J]. Ocean Engineering, 27(10), 1109-1127, 2000.
[5-6] Phu Nguyen and Serpil Kocabiyik. On a translating and transversely oscillating cylinder part I: the effect of the strouhal number on the hydrodynamic forces and the near-wake structure, [J]. Ocean Engineering, 24(8), 677～593, 1997.
[5-7] 余建星，罗延生，方华灿．海底管线管跨涡激振动相应的试验研究[J]．地震工程与工程振动，21(4)，93-97，2001．
[5-8] Griffin, O. M., and S. E. Ramberg. The Vortex-Street Wakes of Vibrating Cylinders[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 66(3), 553-576, 1974.
[5-9] Morison, J. R., et al. The Force exerted by surface Waves on Piles[J]. Petroleum Transactions, 189, 149-157, 1950.
[6-1] Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Accident Summary By Cause [R], Usa, Office Of Pipeline Safety, Sept. 16, 2005.
[6-2] G. K. Fumes And J. Berntsen. On the response of a free span pipeline subjected to ocean currents [J]. Ocean Engineering, 30, 1553-1557, 2003.
[6-3] Tao Xu, Bao Lauridsen, Yong Bai. Wave-induced fatigue of multi-span pipelines [J]. Marine Structures, 12, 83-106, 1999.
[6-4] H. Marcollo, J.B. Hinwood. On shear flow single mode lock-in with both cross-flow and in-line lock-in mechanisms [J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22, 197-211, 2006.
[6-5] 余建星，罗延生，方华灿．海底管线管跨涡激振动相应的试验研究[J]．地震工程与工程振动，21(4)，93—97，2001．
[6-6] 李昕，刘亚坤，周晶，马恒春．海底悬跨管道动力响应的试验研究和数值模拟[J]．工程力学，20(2)，21-25，2003．
[6-7] T. C. Teh, A. C. Palmer et al. Stability of Submarine Pipelines on Liquefied Seabeds [J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 132(4), 244-251, 2006.
[6-8] Carl M. Larsen, Kamran Koushan. Frequency And Time Domain Analysis Of Vortex Induced Vibrations For Free Span Pipelines [C]. The 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Oslo, NORWAY, 1-9, 2002.
[6-9] 罗延声．海底管道管跨段涡激振动下模糊疲劳可靠性评估的研究[D]．博士论文，1999年10月．
[6-10] Dale, J., H. Nenzel, and J. McCandless. Dynamic characterisics of underwater cables-flow induced transverse vibration [R]. U.S. Naval Air Development Center Report NADC-AE-6620, 1996.
[6-11] Fung, Y.C. An introduction to the theory of aeroelasticity [C]. Dover, New York P.62, 1969.
[6-12] Griffin, O.M., S. E. Ramberg. The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders [J]. Fluid Mech. 66, 553-576, 1974.
[6-13] 建筑基坑支护技术规程[S]，中华人民共和国行业标准，北京，1999．
[7-1] Martin Adersen, Arne Berg, et al. Development of an Optical Monitoring System for Flexible Risers [C]. NKT Flexibles, OTC 13201, 2001.
[7-2] Ren Liang, Li Hong-Nan, et al. Development of tube-packaged FBG strain sensor and application in the vibration experiment of submarine pipeline model [C], Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v 5634, n PART 1, Advanced Sensor Systems and Applications Ⅱ, 98～103, 2005.
[7-3] Borbon, I. Marquez, et al. Large scale sensing arrays based on fiber Bragg gratings [C]. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 4578(47), 320～327, 2001.
[7-4] Nikles, M. et al. Greatly extended distance pipeline monitoring using fiber optics [C]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE, v 3, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 2005 - OMAE2005, 539～546, 2005.
[7-5] 张恩勇．海底管道分布式光纤传感技术的基础研究[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2004．
[7-6] 刘德华．超长距离分布式光纤传感技术及其工程应用[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文．2005．
[7-7] 邵剑文．海底管道的健康监测系统与评估研究[D]．浙江大学博士学位论文，2006．