美国对日经济复兴政策与日本加入关贸总协定(1948年—1955年)
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摘要
本论文遵循历史唯物主义的基本原理,以多国档案文件的比较研究和多学科研究方法为基本研究手段,运用历史学、国际政治学、国际经济学以及国际经济法学等多学科理论知识,深入研究了以推动日本加入关贸总协定为核心的美国对日经济复兴政策。
     本论文不仅从总体上考察了美国对日经济复兴政策,尤其论证了推动日本加入关贸总协定是美国对日经济复兴政策的重心所在。论文重点研究美国政府推动日本加入关贸总协定的外交政策。在国内和国际两个层面上充分阐述美国为推动日本入关做出的努力。一方面,美国在国内千方百计排除国会中的贸易保护主义势力对日本入关设置的障碍;另一方面,在国际上竭力与以英国为首的反对日本入关势力作斗争,最终美日双方完成了至关重要的关税谈判。通过上述诸方面的探讨,旨在强调美国冷战战略和美国对日经济复兴政策之间、日本入关和美国对日经济复兴政策之间的内在关系,以及日本经济复兴的国际因素之复杂性。同时,也揭示出国内政治和国际政治之间的联系、集团利益和国家利益之间的矛盾。
     全文共六部分。第一部分是绪论,概括介绍学术界对“美国与战后日本经济复兴问题”的研究现状,指出到目前为止,研究战后日本经济发展的专著、论文大多数都忽略美国对日本经济成长所发挥的重要作用,一些著作即使谈到这一点,也没有深入研究以推动日本加入关贸总协定为核心的美国对日经济复兴政策。此外,这一部分还介绍本项研究的学术价值、理论和现实意义。第二部分(第一章)至第五部分(第四章)是论文的主体部分,首先论述美国对日经济复兴政策的演变历程,提出美国对日本的经济复兴政策是美国推行全球冷战战略的必然结果,随着国际形势和日本经济状况的变化,美国逐渐将推动日本入关视为对日经济复兴政策的最重要目标;其次详细阐述为了获得《互惠贸易协定法》的授权,以便与日本进行重要的关税谈判,美国政府和国会保守派持续不断地作斗争,重点强调,鉴于国内贸易保护主义势力的强大,行政部门不得不寻求国内利益和海外利益的平
    
    衡,但同时出于冷战战略的考虑,又尽量使对外经济政策向后者倾斜;
    第三,扼要分析美日关税谈判的基本内容,并总结关税谈判的结果,.
    认为美国政府在谈判中对日本政府所做的大幅度让步,使得日本人能
    够将美国的政治、战略利益转化为日本的商贸利益,从而成为谈判的
    最大赢家;第四,重点研究英国对日本入关的外交政策和美国对该政
    策的反应、施加的影响,在国际斗争中美国为日本入关而发挥的作用
    以及日本人自己做出的努力,指出虽然在美国施加的强大压力下,英
    国政府最终同意日本成为关贸总协定的成员国,但是它依然以国家利
    益为重,对日本援引关贸总协定第35条,不给予其商品最惠国待遇。”
    第六部分(第五章)是论文的最后一部分,主要对美国政策作深层次
    的思考,谈及该政策对美国自身、日本及资本主义世界秩序造成的影
    响,主要突出它对美国自身造成的影响是消极面大于积极面。
According to the fundamental tenets of historical materialism, using comparative method on archive files in many countries and research method concerning multi-subject as basic means, and making use of multi-subject knowledge on History, International Politics, International Economics and International Economics Law, this dissertation researches American economic recovery policy toward Japan centering around pushing for Japan' s accession to GATT in a thorough-going way.
    This dissertation explores American economic recovery policy toward Japan as a whole, especially, demonstrates that the main emphasis of American economic recovery policy toward Japan lies in propelling Japanese accession to GATT. The dissertation focuses mainly on American diplomatic policy toward Japan' s accession to GATT and expounds that the U.S. made efforts with the purpose of promoting Japan' s accession to GATT on domestic and international sides. On the one hand, the U.S. removed the obstacles made by the protectionism group in the Congress by all means; on the other hand, it stubbornly struggled with the international opposing forces led by U.K., the U.S. and Japan finished the crucial tariff negotiations ultimately. The purpose of these discussions is to emphasize the internal relations between American Cold War Strategies and American economic recovery policy toward Japan and between Japanese accession to GATT and American economic recovery policy toward Japan, and the complexity of the international factors on Japan's economic recovery. At the same time, it gives prominence to the relations between domestic politics and international politics and the conflict between the bloc interest and the national interest.
    This dissertation is composed of six sections. The first section is the introduction, which describes the present situation of the academic research about "the problem of America and Japan postwar economic
    
    
    
    recovery" briefly and indicates that the important role of the U.S. playing in Japanese economic growing is nearly neglected in the monographs and theses which research Japan Postwar economic development up to now. Although discussing the problem, some books do not research American economic recovery policy toward Japan centering around pushing for Japan' s accession to GATT thoroughly. Furthermore, the academic value, theoretic and realistic roles of the study are introduced in this section. The main body of the dissertation is from the second section (the first chapter) to the fifth section (the fourth chapter), which firstly discusses the evolvement of American economic recovery policy toward Japan and argues that the economic recovery policy toward Japan was the inevitable result which the United States pursued her global containment strategies, with the changes of the international situation and the economic conditions in Japan, the U.S. regarded Japan' s accession to GATT gradually as the most important objective of the economic recovery policy toward Japan; secondly explains in detail that the U.S. fought up against the Old Guard in Congress persistently in order to win the authorization from Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA) so as to conduct the crucial tariff negotiations with Japan, and emphasizes mainly that the Executive had to seek for the balance between the national interest and oversea interest because of the strong forces of the domestic protectionism group, but made efforts to make foreign economic policy which is favourable to the latter because of the need of the Cold War strategies; thirdly analyzes the basic contents of U.S.-Japanese tariff negotiations briefly and summarizes the results of the negotiations, and considers that under a large number of concession which the U.S. made in the negotiations, the Japanese could change American political and strategical interest into the Japanese trade interest and became the main winner; fourthly researches mainly British diplomatic policy towards Japan' s accession to GATT and American reaction to the policy and influence on it, and American ro
引文
Records of the Department of State, International Trade Files, Record Group 43
    Ann Whitman File (Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers as President )
    White House Central Files (Dwight D. Eisenhower Records as President )
    Record Class BT 11. Records of the Board of Trade Commercial Department
    Record Class CAB 128, Cabinet Minutes
    Record Class CAB 129, Cabinet Memorandum
    Record Class CAB 130, Records of Cabinet Miscellaneous Committees
    Record Class CAB 133, Records of Cabinet Office
    Record Class CAB 134, Records of Cabinet Miscellaneous Committees
    Record Class FO 371, General Records of the Foreign Office
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    17.吴学文,《日本外交轨迹(1945—1989)》,北京:时事出版社,1990年版。
    18.哈里·杜鲁门:《杜鲁门回忆录》,北京:三联书店,1974年1版。
    19.哈罗德·史塔生,《艾森豪威尔:推动和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版。
    20.陈国庆,《战后澳大利亚经济》,天津:天津人民出版社,1984年版。
    21.格林伍德编,《澳大利亚政治社会史》,北京:商务印书馆,1960年版。
    
    
    22.罗荣渠、佟正华编,《东亚现代化的新模式与新经验》,北京:北京大学出版社,1997年版。
    23.阿尔弗雷德·格马塞,《战后欧美关系》,上海译文出版社,1986年版。
    24.伊万诺夫,《艾森豪威尔传》,北京:新华出版社,1987年版。
    25.艾森豪威尔,《艾森豪威尔回忆录-白宫岁月(上、下)》,北京:三联书店,1978年版。
    26.吉泽清次郎,《战后日美关系》,上海:上海人民出版社,1977年版。
    27.李庆余,《美国外交:从孤立主义到全球主义》,南京:南京大学出版社,1990年版。
    28.戴维·霍罗维茨,《美国冷战时期的外交政策》,上海:上海人民出版社,1974年版。
    29.约瑟夫·格鲁:《使日十年》,北京:商务印书馆,1983年版。
    30.《“二十世纪美国与亚太地区”国际学术讨论会论文集》,北京:现代出版社,1992年版。
    31.《杜勒斯言论选辑》,北京:世界知识出版社,1961年版。
    32.迪安·艾奇逊,《艾奇逊回忆录》,(第1--2册),北京:三联书店,1978年版。
    33.欧内斯特·梅,小詹姆斯·汤姆逊编,《美中关系史论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991年。
    34.田尻育三,《岸信介》,长春:吉林人民出版社,1980年版。
    35.M·贝科威茨,《美国对外政策的政治背景》,北京:商务印书馆,1979年版。
    36.迈克尔·沙勒,《二十世纪的美国与中国》,北京:三联书店,1985年版。
    37.斯蒂芬·安布罗斯,《艾森豪威尔传》(上、下卷),北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版。
    38.托马斯·帕特森等著,《美国外交政策》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988年版。
    
    
    39.约·斯帕尼尔,《第二次世界大战后的美国外交政策》,北京:商务印书馆,1992年版。
    40.奥尔森,《日本在战后亚洲》,上海:上海译文出版社,1974年版。
    41.岸信介等著,《官场政界60年—岸信介回忆录》,北京:商务印书馆,1981年版。
    42.朱立南,《战后日本对外开放》,北京:当代中国出版社,1993年版。
    43.丸山静雄,《东南亚与日本》,上海:上海人民出版社,1974年版。
    44.李公绰,《战后日本的经济起飞》,长沙:湖南人民出版社,1988年版。
    45.鸠山一郎,《鸠山一郎回忆录》,上海:上海译文出版社,1978年版。
    46.《国际条约集》(1950—1952),北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版。
    47.《国际条约集》(1953—1955),北京:世界知识出版社,1960年版。
    48.信夫清三郎,《日本外交史》(下册),北京:商务印书馆,1980年版。
    49.林珏,《战后美国对外贸易政策研究》,昆明:云南大学出版社,1995年版。
    50.徐更生等译,苏联科学院美加研究所,《美国对外经济战略》,北京:三联书店,1982年版。
    51.比尔,《约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯》,上海:上海人民出版社,1976年版。
    52.艾登,《艾登回忆录》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年版。
    53.威廉·富布赖特,《帝国的代价》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年版。
    
    
    54.保罗·肯尼迪,《大国的兴衰》,北京:中国经济出版社,1989年版。
    55.郑励志、陈建安主编,《战后日本对外贸易》,北京:航空工业出版社,1988年版。
    56.永野信利,《日本外务省研究》,上海:上海译文出版社,1979年版。
    57.罗伯特·H.费雷尔,《艾森豪威尔日记》,北京:新华出版社,1987年版。
    58.吉田茂,《激荡的百年史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1980年版。
    59.宫崎义一,《日本经济的结构和演变》,北京:中国对外经济贸易出版社,1990年版。
    60.金熙德,《日美基轴与经济外交——日本外交的转型》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年版。
    61.宋成有、李寒梅等著,《战后日本外交史》(1945—1994),北京:世界知识出版社,1995年版。
    62.竹内宏,《日本现代经济发展史》,北京:中信出版社,1993年版。
    63.金明善、宋绍英、孙执中,《战后日本经济发展史》,北京:航空工业出版社,1988年版。
    64.邹洪波、陈雪根,《新三国论——未来美日德关系》,成都:四川人民出版社,1993年版。
    65.李植谷、郑汉军等,《美国全球战略大调整》,成都:四川人民出版社,1993年版。
    66.崔彧臣、马再华,《日本的“第二次袭击”》,成都:四川人民出版社,1992年版。
    67.布鲁斯特·C.丹尼,《从整体考察美国对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1988年版。
    68.金应忠、倪世雄,《国际关系理论比较研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992年版。
    69.詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫,《争论中的国际关系理论》,北京:世界知识出版社,1987年版。
    
    
    70.蔡佳禾,《双重的遏制:艾森豪威尔政府的东亚政策》,南京:南京大学出版社,1999年版。
    71.杨继瑞,朱方明,孙英编:《大冲击—中国重返关贸总协定》,成都:四川大学出版社,1993年版。
    72.罗伯特·基欧汉,《霸权之后》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年版。
    73.贾庆国,《未实现的和解》,北京:文化艺术出版社,1998年版。
    74.大卫·A.鲍德温,《新现实主义和新自由主义》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2001年版。
    75.王逸舟,《西方国际政治学:历史与理论》,上海:上海人民出版社,1998年版。
    76.刘健红、蔡阳、李绿菊,编著,《关税与贸易总协定应用指南》,北京:电子工业出版社,1992年版。
    77.汪尧田、范淑蓉,主编,《关税与贸易总协定基本文件汇编》,北京:中国对外经济贸易出版社,1993年版。
    78.迈克尔·H.亨特,《意识形态与美国外交政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1999年版。
    论文
    1.崔丕,《美国对日经济复兴政策与中国》,《美国研究》,1993年第4期,第63—79页。
    2.崔丕,《美国国家安全委员会第13/2号文件形成探微》,《历史研究》,1992年第3期,第183—192页。
    3.崔丕,《美国关于日本战争赔偿政策的演变》,《历史研究》,1995年第4期,第72—84页。
    4.崔丕,《美国对日单独媾和政策形成史论》,《美国研究》,1992年第2期,第77—93页。
    5.崔丕,《美国在东亚的遏制政策与千岛群岛归属问题》,《社会科学战线》,1993年第4期,第196—201页。
    
    
    6.崔丕,《艾森豪威尔政府的东西方贸易管制政策》,《东北师大学报》,1999年第2期,第30—41页。
    7.石斌,《美国冷战史学的变迁与杜勒斯研究》,《美国研究》,2000年第3期,第89—113页。
    8.王逸舟,《霸权·秩序·规则》,《美国研究》,1995年第2期,第43—68页。
    9.陈宝森,《论战后国际货币制度和美国的国际金融政策》,《美国研究》,1995年第2期,第7—24页。
    10.毛德松,《当代“国际经济政治化”简析》,《世界经济与政治》,1998年10期,第35—38页。
    日文部分(Japanese)
    1.赤根谷达雄,《日本加入关贸总协定的问题》,东京大学出版会,1992年。
    2.小宫隆太郎:《现代日本经济》,东京大学出版会,1989年版。
    3.《经济团体联合会月报》,1955年7月。
    主要参考互联网网址(Selected Internet Websites)
    1. http://www.afpc.org/
    2. http://www.archives.anu.edu.au/archives/html
    3. http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/asp/joumal.asp?ref=1369-1481
    4. http://cwihp.si.edu/default.htm
    5. http://www.ehs.org.uk
    6. http://www.eisenhower.utexas.edu/
    7. http://www.foreignaffairs.org/
    8. http://www.foreignpolicv.com/
    9. http://www.fpif.org/progressp/volume4/v4n43-body.html
    10. http://gulib.lausun.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/c1999.htm
    11. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/index.html
    
    
    12. http://hir.harvard.edu/fulltext/
    13. http://www.hfhi.gsehd.gwu.edu/-nsarchiv/japan/barnhartwp.html
    14. http://www.ihr.sas.ac.uk/publications/ejihart6. html
    15. http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/c-clctns.html
    16. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bdsds/bdsdhome.html
    17. http://www.m1holvoke.edu/acad/intrel/irhistrv.htm
    18. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/pre1898. htm
    19. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/to 1914. htm
    20. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/wwl.htm
    21. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar.htm
    22. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww2. htm
    23. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/coldwar.htm
    24. http://muse.ihu.edu/journals/reviews-in-american-historv/index.html
    25. http://www.nationalinterest.org/issues/67/wechsler.html
    26. http://www.ohiou.edu/shafr/news/1999
    27. http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/%7Ehpcws/journal.htm
    28. http://www.state.gov/www/about-state/historv/frus.html
    29. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/carfax/10357718. html
    30. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/routledge/09512748. html
    31. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/foreign/foreign.htm
    32. http://thomas.loc.gov/
    33. http://www.tulane.edu/lmiller/ArchivesResources.html
    34. Http://www.uiowa.edu/co30162/Common/Handouts/Potus/IKE.html.
    35. http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat
    36. http://worldpolicy.org/joumal/codaxviii4. html
    37. http://www.wto.org/
    38. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy

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