Wyner-Ziv视频编码关键技术研究
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摘要
传统的视频编码标准如MPEG-x和H.264x系列，主要在编码器端通过使用运动估计和运动补偿等高复杂度的算法，利用视频信号的统计相关特性来实现压缩编码，使得编码器的运算复杂度是解码器的5至10倍以上，特别适用于一次编码、多次解码的应用场景，如电视广播、流媒体点播等。近年来，一些新兴的视频应用如无线视频监控和无线视频传感器网络等，对视频的编、解码结构提出了新的挑战，即编码器因运算能力和能量受限需要尽可能简单，而解码器可进行复杂的解码运算。Wyner-Ziv (WZ)视频编码是分布式视频编码的一种特定范例，它是一种基于Slepian-Wolf和Wyner-Ziv编码理论的全新的视频编码框架，通过将主要的高运算复杂度模块从编码端转移到解码端，有效地降低了编码端复杂度，而主要在解码器端利用信源之间的相关性以实现高效的压缩编码。因此，这种新的编码范例可以在编码器和解码器之间灵活地分配复杂度并能够提供内在的对信道差错的鲁棒性，被广泛应用于计算能力受限、功率受限的上行链路形式的应用场景中，具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
尽管在过去的几年里取得了一些进展，但是与传统预测视频编码所能达到的最优率失真性能相比，WZ视频编码系统与之仍有较大差距。WZ视频编码框架的压缩效率主要取决于在解码器端生成的边信息的质量以及对初始信源和对应边信息之间的相关噪声进行建模的能力。因此，改进边信息的生成算法以及相关噪声建模算法对设计和实现高效且实用的WZ视频编码系统来说是至关重要的。此外，为了解决在一些应用场景中反馈信道不存在的问题，有必要提出编码器码率控制策略。
WZ视频编码已成为国内外学术界的研究热点，论文主要分析了WZ视频编码的若干关键技术，对WZ视频编码存在的问题进行了深入研究并提出相应的解决方案。
论文的主要工作及取得的研究成果如下：
1、在WZ视频编码中，边信息的质量在很大程度上决定着系统的率失真性能。本文通过将运动补偿时域内插技术和编码端传送附加信息技术相结合，提出了一种改进的边信息生成方案，可以生成更高质量的边信息。首先在编码器端进行低复杂度的编码模式判决，将当前WZ帧的各个宏块按照一定的准则分别判决为Skip模式、Intra模式和WZ编码模式。对于采用Skip模式的编码宏块，可直接将参考帧中对应的宏块替代作为边信息帧的数据块，对于采用WZ模式的宏块，使用运动补偿时域内插技术生成边信息，而对于采用Intra模式的宏块，首先采用编码器端向解码器端传送附加信息来对其进行帧内编码，并采用运动补偿质量增强技术生成质量更高的边信息。并将改进的边信息生成算法集成到提出的WZ视频编码框架中。实验结果表明，对于视频序列运动剧烈和图像组(Group of Pictures, GOP)长度较大的情况，与DISCOVER系统相比，本文提出的方案的率失真性能增益可达2.1dB。视频内容运动越剧烈，GOP长度越大，则率失真性能改善越明显。
2、提出了改进的相关噪声模型。相关噪声模型在一定程度上决定着WZ视频编码系统的比特码率和解码视频的质量，其精确程度显著影响着系统整体率失真性能。本文在像素域WZ视频编码框架下提出一种改进的相关噪声模型算法。为了自适应于视频内容和编码参数的变化，首先根据时域和空域相关性准则，将帧中的宏块划分为两种类别：生成的边信息质量较高的情况和生成的边信息质量较低的情况。当生成的边信息质量较高时，采用Laplacian分布来对相关噪声进行建模，而对于生成的边信息质量较低的宏块，则采用Cauchy分布来描述相关噪声。然后对相关噪声模型进行参数估计，在对Laplacian分布的参数进行估计时考虑量化失真的影响，而Cauchy分布的参数根据分位数估计器估计得到。实验结果表明，尤其对于视频序列运动剧烈或GOP较大的情况，所提出的相关噪声模型可以显著提高系统的率失真性能。
3、提出了无反馈信道情况下的编码器码率控制算法。设计了一种支持编码器码率控制的无反馈WZ视频编码框架，提出一种编码器码率控制策略。在进行码率控制时，首先根据前、后参考帧通过采用低复杂度边信息生成算法在编码器端生成边信息的估计，然后根据视频内容选择最优的编码模式，接着利用基于Cauchy分布的DCT系数分布模型建立精确的率失真函数模型，采用Lagrange优化方法来估计所需的最优码率，并集成到支持编码器码率控制的WZ视频编码框架中。实验结果表明，本文提出的编码器码率控制策略可以有效地提高码率估计的精度，系统的率失真性能可以很接近采用解码器码率控制策略的WZ视频编码系统的性能。
针对上述提出的算法，论文都通过大量的软件仿真、测试及与传统算法的比较来验证其有效性和先进性。
The conventional video coding standards, such as MPEG-x or the H.26xrecommendations, mainly depend on the encoder to exploit the correlation statistics of thesource signal to achieve compression. The encoder is typically5to10times more complexthan the decoder due to heavy computations in motion estimation and compensation. Thisasymmetry in complexity suits well application scenarios where a video signal needs to becompressed once but decoded many times, e.g. broadcast or streaming video on demand. Inrecent years, the emerging applications, such as wireless sensor network and wireless videosurveillance systems, bread new challenges to the coding structure characterized by asignificantly lower complex encoder and a higher complex video decoder.
Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding is a particular case of distributed video coding, a novelvideo coding paradigm based on the Slepian-Wolf and Wyner-Ziv theorems which mainlyexploits the source correlation at the decoder and not only at the encoder as in traditionalpredictive video coding. Therefore, this new coding paradigm may provide a flexibleallocation of complexity between the encoder and the decoder and in-built channel errorrobustness. These benefits make the WZ video codec (WZVC) be used to implement various‘uplink’ video applications in resource-constrained mobile devices, therefore, research on WZvideo coding has great theoretical significance and practical value.
Although some progresses have been made in the last few years, the rate-distortionperformance of WZ video coding is still far from the maximum performance attained withpredictive video coding. The WZ video coding compression efficiency depends critically onthe quality of the side information created at the decoder and the capability to model thecorrelation noise between the original information and its corresponding side information.The development of advanced side information creation algorithms and realistic and powerfulcorrelation noise modeling techniques is, therefore, crucial to reach practical and efficient WZvideo coding solutions. In addition, to also address application scenarios where a feedbackchannel is not available, it is necessary to develop encoder driven rate control strategies.
In this context, this dissertation focuses on researching and analyzing several keytechnologies of WZ video coding, and the main contributions and innovation points of thethesis are listed as follows:
1) A novel framework is proposed to generate side information at the block level in two modes. At first, low compexity coding mode decision at the encoder is performed to classifythe blocks in the WZ frame to Skip mode, Intra mode and WZ mode. For the Skip mode,substitutes the co-located block in the reference frames for side information. While the WZmode corresponds to motion compensated temporal interpolation (MCTI) technique, the Intramode corresponds to a motion compensated quality enhancement technique where a lowquality Intra block sent by the encoder is used to generate the side information by performingmotion estimation with the help of the reference frames. Finaly, the proposed algorithm isintegrated into the proposed WZ video coding framework. Experimental results demonstratethat the proposed schemes can achieve up to2.1dB improvement in rate distortion (RD)performance when compared to state-of-the-art distributed video coding, especially for highmotion video sequences and long GOP sizes.
2) A novel pixel-domain correlation noise modeling for WZ video coding is proposed. Inorder to adapt to the video content and coding parameters, we firstly distinguish blocks intotwo cases: high quality side information creation and low quality side information creation,according to temporal and spatial correlation measures. For the high quality side informationcreation case, we model the correlation noise as Laplacian distribution while modeling theother case as Cauchy distribution. Moreover, the location and scale parameter estimation forCauchy distribution is based on quantile estimators. Experimental results show that significantRD improvements of the proposed novel correlation noise modeling are achieved especiallyfor high motion video sequences and large GOP sizes.
3) An efficient encoder rate control strategy for a transform domain WZ video codingarchitecture is proposed. The proposed algorithm first obtains an estimate of the sideinformation at the encoder through low complexity side information creation technique, thenchooses the best coding mode in terms of the video content, and then establishes an accuraterate-distortion function model which based on Cauchy distribution to estimate the optimalWZ rate. Finally, the proposed algorithm is integrated into the WZ video coding architecture.Simulations indicate that the proposed Cauchy-based rate allocation algorithm is much moreaccurate than the Laplacian-based method. Moreover, the proposed encoder rate controlsolution achieves a RD performance similar to the decoder rate control solution.
尽管在过去的几年里取得了一些进展，但是与传统预测视频编码所能达到的最优率失真性能相比，WZ视频编码系统与之仍有较大差距。WZ视频编码框架的压缩效率主要取决于在解码器端生成的边信息的质量以及对初始信源和对应边信息之间的相关噪声进行建模的能力。因此，改进边信息的生成算法以及相关噪声建模算法对设计和实现高效且实用的WZ视频编码系统来说是至关重要的。此外，为了解决在一些应用场景中反馈信道不存在的问题，有必要提出编码器码率控制策略。
WZ视频编码已成为国内外学术界的研究热点，论文主要分析了WZ视频编码的若干关键技术，对WZ视频编码存在的问题进行了深入研究并提出相应的解决方案。
论文的主要工作及取得的研究成果如下：
1、在WZ视频编码中，边信息的质量在很大程度上决定着系统的率失真性能。本文通过将运动补偿时域内插技术和编码端传送附加信息技术相结合，提出了一种改进的边信息生成方案，可以生成更高质量的边信息。首先在编码器端进行低复杂度的编码模式判决，将当前WZ帧的各个宏块按照一定的准则分别判决为Skip模式、Intra模式和WZ编码模式。对于采用Skip模式的编码宏块，可直接将参考帧中对应的宏块替代作为边信息帧的数据块，对于采用WZ模式的宏块，使用运动补偿时域内插技术生成边信息，而对于采用Intra模式的宏块，首先采用编码器端向解码器端传送附加信息来对其进行帧内编码，并采用运动补偿质量增强技术生成质量更高的边信息。并将改进的边信息生成算法集成到提出的WZ视频编码框架中。实验结果表明，对于视频序列运动剧烈和图像组(Group of Pictures, GOP)长度较大的情况，与DISCOVER系统相比，本文提出的方案的率失真性能增益可达2.1dB。视频内容运动越剧烈，GOP长度越大，则率失真性能改善越明显。
2、提出了改进的相关噪声模型。相关噪声模型在一定程度上决定着WZ视频编码系统的比特码率和解码视频的质量，其精确程度显著影响着系统整体率失真性能。本文在像素域WZ视频编码框架下提出一种改进的相关噪声模型算法。为了自适应于视频内容和编码参数的变化，首先根据时域和空域相关性准则，将帧中的宏块划分为两种类别：生成的边信息质量较高的情况和生成的边信息质量较低的情况。当生成的边信息质量较高时，采用Laplacian分布来对相关噪声进行建模，而对于生成的边信息质量较低的宏块，则采用Cauchy分布来描述相关噪声。然后对相关噪声模型进行参数估计，在对Laplacian分布的参数进行估计时考虑量化失真的影响，而Cauchy分布的参数根据分位数估计器估计得到。实验结果表明，尤其对于视频序列运动剧烈或GOP较大的情况，所提出的相关噪声模型可以显著提高系统的率失真性能。
3、提出了无反馈信道情况下的编码器码率控制算法。设计了一种支持编码器码率控制的无反馈WZ视频编码框架，提出一种编码器码率控制策略。在进行码率控制时，首先根据前、后参考帧通过采用低复杂度边信息生成算法在编码器端生成边信息的估计，然后根据视频内容选择最优的编码模式，接着利用基于Cauchy分布的DCT系数分布模型建立精确的率失真函数模型，采用Lagrange优化方法来估计所需的最优码率，并集成到支持编码器码率控制的WZ视频编码框架中。实验结果表明，本文提出的编码器码率控制策略可以有效地提高码率估计的精度，系统的率失真性能可以很接近采用解码器码率控制策略的WZ视频编码系统的性能。
针对上述提出的算法，论文都通过大量的软件仿真、测试及与传统算法的比较来验证其有效性和先进性。
The conventional video coding standards, such as MPEG-x or the H.26xrecommendations, mainly depend on the encoder to exploit the correlation statistics of thesource signal to achieve compression. The encoder is typically5to10times more complexthan the decoder due to heavy computations in motion estimation and compensation. Thisasymmetry in complexity suits well application scenarios where a video signal needs to becompressed once but decoded many times, e.g. broadcast or streaming video on demand. Inrecent years, the emerging applications, such as wireless sensor network and wireless videosurveillance systems, bread new challenges to the coding structure characterized by asignificantly lower complex encoder and a higher complex video decoder.
Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding is a particular case of distributed video coding, a novelvideo coding paradigm based on the Slepian-Wolf and Wyner-Ziv theorems which mainlyexploits the source correlation at the decoder and not only at the encoder as in traditionalpredictive video coding. Therefore, this new coding paradigm may provide a flexibleallocation of complexity between the encoder and the decoder and in-built channel errorrobustness. These benefits make the WZ video codec (WZVC) be used to implement various‘uplink’ video applications in resource-constrained mobile devices, therefore, research on WZvideo coding has great theoretical significance and practical value.
Although some progresses have been made in the last few years, the rate-distortionperformance of WZ video coding is still far from the maximum performance attained withpredictive video coding. The WZ video coding compression efficiency depends critically onthe quality of the side information created at the decoder and the capability to model thecorrelation noise between the original information and its corresponding side information.The development of advanced side information creation algorithms and realistic and powerfulcorrelation noise modeling techniques is, therefore, crucial to reach practical and efficient WZvideo coding solutions. In addition, to also address application scenarios where a feedbackchannel is not available, it is necessary to develop encoder driven rate control strategies.
In this context, this dissertation focuses on researching and analyzing several keytechnologies of WZ video coding, and the main contributions and innovation points of thethesis are listed as follows:
1) A novel framework is proposed to generate side information at the block level in two modes. At first, low compexity coding mode decision at the encoder is performed to classifythe blocks in the WZ frame to Skip mode, Intra mode and WZ mode. For the Skip mode,substitutes the co-located block in the reference frames for side information. While the WZmode corresponds to motion compensated temporal interpolation (MCTI) technique, the Intramode corresponds to a motion compensated quality enhancement technique where a lowquality Intra block sent by the encoder is used to generate the side information by performingmotion estimation with the help of the reference frames. Finaly, the proposed algorithm isintegrated into the proposed WZ video coding framework. Experimental results demonstratethat the proposed schemes can achieve up to2.1dB improvement in rate distortion (RD)performance when compared to state-of-the-art distributed video coding, especially for highmotion video sequences and long GOP sizes.
2) A novel pixel-domain correlation noise modeling for WZ video coding is proposed. Inorder to adapt to the video content and coding parameters, we firstly distinguish blocks intotwo cases: high quality side information creation and low quality side information creation,according to temporal and spatial correlation measures. For the high quality side informationcreation case, we model the correlation noise as Laplacian distribution while modeling theother case as Cauchy distribution. Moreover, the location and scale parameter estimation forCauchy distribution is based on quantile estimators. Experimental results show that significantRD improvements of the proposed novel correlation noise modeling are achieved especiallyfor high motion video sequences and large GOP sizes.
3) An efficient encoder rate control strategy for a transform domain WZ video codingarchitecture is proposed. The proposed algorithm first obtains an estimate of the sideinformation at the encoder through low complexity side information creation technique, thenchooses the best coding mode in terms of the video content, and then establishes an accuraterate-distortion function model which based on Cauchy distribution to estimate the optimalWZ rate. Finally, the proposed algorithm is integrated into the WZ video coding architecture.Simulations indicate that the proposed Cauchy-based rate allocation algorithm is much moreaccurate than the Laplacian-based method. Moreover, the proposed encoder rate controlsolution achieves a RD performance similar to the decoder rate control solution.
引文
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