基于经验的计算机辅助工艺决策模型及系统
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摘要
自1965年开始研发CAPP以来,已有很多不同类型的CAPP系统问世,尤其在八十年代以后,由于CAPP在CIMS和IMS等先进制造系统中的重要作用,CAPP越来越引起人们的重视。然而。同CAD、CAM等计算机辅助技术相比,CAPP在应用方面仍是薄弱环节。
传统CAPP过分强调对零件信息的自动获取、工艺决策的自动化和智能化,但由于工艺决策的复杂性和非结构性使其难以建立通用的模型,限制了它的应用。因此,当前许多企业转而使用填表式CAPP系统,此类CAPP系统多是基于Word/Excel/AutoCAD等通用软件开发的工艺卡片填写系统,未能体现“计算机辅助工艺设计”的辅助特点,工艺设计因人而易,不利于工艺的标准化。本文基于对以上问题的分析,提出了基于经验的计算机辅助工艺决策模型及系统,其运用了CAPP工具化的思想,重点从注重工艺过程的自动生成,转向从整个产品工艺设计的角度,为工艺设计人员提供辅助工具,同时有利于企业信息集成。
CAPP系统中的信息主要有三种:与企业状态无关的信息、企业现有的资源状况信息以及企业的工艺经验信息。前两种信息可以通过通用的CAPP系统来进行处理,第三种信息是一个企业的最重要的信息之一,而目前的CAPP系统大都没有很好地把它管理和使用起来,影响了CAPP系统的实用化。本文针对企业的工艺经验信息提出了科学的管理和使用方法,同时配合通用CAPP系统形成基于经验的计算机辅助工艺设计的工具型CAPP系统,这样,CAPP系统在面向各类企业移植时就可以保持系统框架不变,从而使CAPP系统应用于不同的企业,并适应企业动态发展的变化。
Since CAPP development started in 1965, various types of system of CAPP has come into being, especially after 1980s. Owing to the important role of CAPP in the advanced manufacturing system such as CIMS and IMS, CAPP has attracted more and more attention. However, compared with other computer aided technology such as CAD and CAM, CAPP is still a weak point.Traditional CAPP mainly focuses on automatic acquirement of parts information, automation and intelligence of process decision. But it is hard to set up a general model for complicate and non-structural process decision, limiting its wide application. Therefore many enterprises take form-filling CAPP systems. These are mostly card-filling systems for process based on general software like Word/Excel/AutoCAD, not showing the features of computer aided design. Designs will change with different people, not good for standardization of process. Therefore the paper raised experience-based computer aided process decision model and system. The focus are from the automation of process courses to provide designer aided tools based on the whole product process planning, also helpful to information integration.There are 3 types of information in CAPP system: information unrelated to situations of enterprises, information of present resources, and information of process planning experiences. The first two kinds of information can be dealt with by general CAPP, The third kind of information is the most important information for enterprises, but present CAPP systems have not taken the full functions for
information management and usage, affecting the application of CAPP. As to information of enterprise's process planning experience, the paper raises scientific methods for management and usage. Meanwhile based on general CAPP systems, we may develop tool-CAPP system experience-based computer aided process design. Thus the frame of CAPP system may keep unchanged when employed by different enterprises. Correspondingly, CAPP will be taken by different enterprises and adaptive to update changes.Process decision is a typical half structuralized course based on human-computer intercourse. The decision is multiple-targeting, with complicated restriction, demanding experiences and individuality. It is also somehow random. It is relatively difficult to solve the problem. The paper raises solution to process planning decision based on classified planning, dividing the decision into 4 levels and 10 reasoning engines. The 10 reasoning engines are processing method chioce, machine choice, tool choice, and cutting parameters choice modules etc. The 10 modules and general-control level process decision modules are combined to be aided tools for process planning decision, and providing designers with the most direct help.Under the planning, the paper analyzes five modules in details, including process route decision, processing method chioce,machine choice, tools choice and cutting parameters choice. Various factors have the influence on process decision with different extent. Thus the decision-making module and system is set up based on experiences, and the experiences of an enterprise will be of great effect. Besides the applied CAPP system, the paper tries to put general decision strategy in the system, and completes relative calculating methods (such as machine cost inquiry for machine choice module), thus offering designers more help for aided decision.
传统CAPP过分强调对零件信息的自动获取、工艺决策的自动化和智能化,但由于工艺决策的复杂性和非结构性使其难以建立通用的模型,限制了它的应用。因此,当前许多企业转而使用填表式CAPP系统,此类CAPP系统多是基于Word/Excel/AutoCAD等通用软件开发的工艺卡片填写系统,未能体现“计算机辅助工艺设计”的辅助特点,工艺设计因人而易,不利于工艺的标准化。本文基于对以上问题的分析,提出了基于经验的计算机辅助工艺决策模型及系统,其运用了CAPP工具化的思想,重点从注重工艺过程的自动生成,转向从整个产品工艺设计的角度,为工艺设计人员提供辅助工具,同时有利于企业信息集成。
CAPP系统中的信息主要有三种:与企业状态无关的信息、企业现有的资源状况信息以及企业的工艺经验信息。前两种信息可以通过通用的CAPP系统来进行处理,第三种信息是一个企业的最重要的信息之一,而目前的CAPP系统大都没有很好地把它管理和使用起来,影响了CAPP系统的实用化。本文针对企业的工艺经验信息提出了科学的管理和使用方法,同时配合通用CAPP系统形成基于经验的计算机辅助工艺设计的工具型CAPP系统,这样,CAPP系统在面向各类企业移植时就可以保持系统框架不变,从而使CAPP系统应用于不同的企业,并适应企业动态发展的变化。
Since CAPP development started in 1965, various types of system of CAPP has come into being, especially after 1980s. Owing to the important role of CAPP in the advanced manufacturing system such as CIMS and IMS, CAPP has attracted more and more attention. However, compared with other computer aided technology such as CAD and CAM, CAPP is still a weak point.Traditional CAPP mainly focuses on automatic acquirement of parts information, automation and intelligence of process decision. But it is hard to set up a general model for complicate and non-structural process decision, limiting its wide application. Therefore many enterprises take form-filling CAPP systems. These are mostly card-filling systems for process based on general software like Word/Excel/AutoCAD, not showing the features of computer aided design. Designs will change with different people, not good for standardization of process. Therefore the paper raised experience-based computer aided process decision model and system. The focus are from the automation of process courses to provide designer aided tools based on the whole product process planning, also helpful to information integration.There are 3 types of information in CAPP system: information unrelated to situations of enterprises, information of present resources, and information of process planning experiences. The first two kinds of information can be dealt with by general CAPP, The third kind of information is the most important information for enterprises, but present CAPP systems have not taken the full functions for
information management and usage, affecting the application of CAPP. As to information of enterprise's process planning experience, the paper raises scientific methods for management and usage. Meanwhile based on general CAPP systems, we may develop tool-CAPP system experience-based computer aided process design. Thus the frame of CAPP system may keep unchanged when employed by different enterprises. Correspondingly, CAPP will be taken by different enterprises and adaptive to update changes.Process decision is a typical half structuralized course based on human-computer intercourse. The decision is multiple-targeting, with complicated restriction, demanding experiences and individuality. It is also somehow random. It is relatively difficult to solve the problem. The paper raises solution to process planning decision based on classified planning, dividing the decision into 4 levels and 10 reasoning engines. The 10 reasoning engines are processing method chioce, machine choice, tool choice, and cutting parameters choice modules etc. The 10 modules and general-control level process decision modules are combined to be aided tools for process planning decision, and providing designers with the most direct help.Under the planning, the paper analyzes five modules in details, including process route decision, processing method chioce,machine choice, tools choice and cutting parameters choice. Various factors have the influence on process decision with different extent. Thus the decision-making module and system is set up based on experiences, and the experiences of an enterprise will be of great effect. Besides the applied CAPP system, the paper tries to put general decision strategy in the system, and completes relative calculating methods (such as machine cost inquiry for machine choice module), thus offering designers more help for aided decision.
引文
[1] 赵汝嘉,孙波主编,计算机辅助工艺设计(CAPP),机械工业出版社,2003,9:2,49-53
[2] 王细洋,张晓荣,多元化决策的CAPP系统研究,南昌航空工业学院学报,2001,15(1):1-5.
[3] 张卫华,赵武,李治钧,面向生产管理的集成化CAPP系统,四川大学学报,2001,3:85-88
[4] 徐弘山等,基于PDM的CAPP系统体系结构研究,成组技术与生产现代化2000,1:21-23
[5] 程光耀,基于PDM的智能CAPP系统的研究与实现,机械设计与制造,2003,6:16-18
[6] 姜兆亮,基于iMAN的CAPP系统—Wit-CAPP,www.icad.com.cn/
[7] 钱祥生,陈万领,袁惠敏,开目CAPP软件自学教程,机械工业出版社,2003年8月
[8] 李治钧,陈国定,赵武,计算机辅助工艺设计,成都科技大学出版社,1996,10:31
[9] 王贤坤主编,机械CAD/CAM技术、应用与开发,机械工业出版社,2001年2月
[10] 曾芬芳,CAPP发展现状与发展趋势,2003-8-21:32-33
[11] CAPP基础,上海交大CIM所,2002-8-20, www.e-works.com
[12] 张振明,许建明,CAPP的应用与发展,计算机辅助设计与制造,2002,7:3-5
[13] 孔宪光,黄乃康,CAPP技术发展的新阶段与智能化工艺信息系统(IPIS)构想(西北工业大学CAPP与制造工程软件研究所),2002-8-26:631—634
[14] 赵庚,马小明,彭志,基于Pro/ENGINEER2001的CAD/CAPP集成技术研究,新技术新工艺,2004,3:11—13
[15] 赖利国,王义强,朱光宇,Solidworks平台上基于特征的CAPP系统研究,新技术新工艺,2004,3:14-16
[16] 焦黎,慈建平,程光耀等,基于工艺特征元的自动机CAPP系统研究,组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,6:10-14
[17] 沈斌,陶荣华,工艺计划与生产调度集成的动态CAPP系统的研究,组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,5:45-46,48
[18] 贾秀杰,工具型CAPP系统制造资源快速重组模型的研究,机电一体化2003,6:17-18
[19] 陈万领,CAPP深化应用的思考,2004-10-7:25-26
[20] 李颖,企业工艺设计对CAPP系统提出的要求,计算机世界网2001-6-5:29-31
[21] 胡颖华,基于数据库面向产品的综合式CAPP系统.上海汽轮机,2001年9月第3 期:19-23,28
[22] 苏海洋,刘成颖,翟听,企业集成环境下CAPP系统的研究.现代制造工程2002年5月:24-26
[23] 王先逵,计算机辅助制造,北京:清华大学出版社,1998年2月
[24] 蔡力刚,李培根,回转类零件基于分级约束的加工方法排序算法,中国机械工程学报,2000,36(2)42-46.
[25] 吴丹,王先逵,蒲建,智能化工艺设计系统的几个关键技术,清华大学学报(自然科学版),1996,36(4):54-59.
[26] 邵新宇,蔡力刚,现代CAPP技术与应用,机械工业出版社,2004.10
[27] 葛友华,廖文和,周儒荣,通用CAPP系统结构及其实现方法,南京航空航天大学学报,2000年8月:455-460
[28] 蔡力刚,李培根,叶正,基于分级规划的工艺决策推理与知识管理策略,华中理工大学学报,1998.11:66-68
[29] 饶运清,蔡力刚,李培根,基于分级规划的工艺决策策略与模型,高技术通讯,1999,4:5-9
[30] 严向东,Delphi基础培训教程,人民邮电出版社,2003年7月
[31] 陆昌辉,吴小华主编,SQL Server 2000开发人员指南,北京希望电子出版社,2002年6月
[32] 邵小英,我国企业CAPP技术应用现状,电子与信息化,2001-6-3:13-16
[33] 沈其文,徐鸿本主编,机械制造工艺禁忌手册
[34] 鲍军鹏,刘晓东,基于XML的知识融合与知识库组织,计算机工程 2003,3:56-57,138
[35] 张荣进,基于XML的大型通用知识库的构建,计算机工程,2003,2:69-72
[36] 葛慧,Java与XML实现数据抽取,计算机与现代化,2003,4:11-12,17
[37] Q. Peng, F. R. Hall, P. Lister, Application and evaluation of VR-based CAPP system, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 107 (2000) 153-159.
[38] N. Ahmad, A. Haque, A. Hasin, in: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Paper Meet and 2nd International Conference, 25-27 October 2001, Bangladesh, Current trend in computer aided process planning, 2001, pp. 81-92.
[39] J. M. Usher, K. J. Fernandes, An Object-Oriented Application of Tool Selection in Dynamic Process Planning, Int. J. Prod. Res. 37(13) (1999) 2879-2894.
[40] D. Soromaz, B. Khosknevis, Machine and tool constraint specification for integrated process planning system, in: Proceedings ofthe 7th Industrial Engineering Research Conference, May 1997, Miami beach, FL, USA, 1997, pp. 901-906.
[41] J. M. Usher, K. J. Fernandes, An Object-Oriented Application of Tool Selection in Dynamic Process Planning, Int. J. Prod. Res. 37 (13) (1999) 2879-2894.
[42] V. Subramaniam, D. K. Lee, T. Ramesh, D. S. Hong, Y. S. Wong, Machine selection rules in a dynamic job shop, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 16 (2000) 902-908.
[43] Z. M. Qiu, Y. R Chen, Z. D. Zhou, S. K. Ong, A. Y. C. Nee, Multiuser NC machining simulation over the WWW, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 18 (2001) 1-6.
[44] S. K. Ong, L. Jiang, A. Y. C. Nee, An intemet-based virtual CNC milling system, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 20 (2002) 20-30.
[45] Chulho Chung , Qingjin Peng, The selection of tools and machines on web-based manufacturing environments, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 44 (2004) 317-326
[46] 王世杰,CAPP中机床选择知识表示及冲突消解,机械工艺师,1999,10:13-14
[47] 萨师煊,王珊,数据库系统概论,清华大学出版社
[48] 刘光帅,赵武,程鲲,基于经验的刀量具选择系统的研究,工具技术 2005.3(72-73)
[49] 姚根锁,机械加工切削用量最佳化的探讨,研究与试验,2001,3:22-25
[50] 王晶,刘璇,CAPP中切削用量的自动确定,北京轻工业学院学报,2001,3:1-6
[51] 梁新德,陈必清,杨治国,机械制造工程学,四川大学出版社
[52] 顾立志,张惠丽,袁哲俊,基于刀具使用寿命的切削用量优化,哈尔滨理工大学学报,2000.4:62-65
[53] 张华,雷大江,成群林等,基于绿色制造的金属切削用量的优化,武汉科技大学学报,第24卷第2期2001年6月,160-163
[2] 王细洋,张晓荣,多元化决策的CAPP系统研究,南昌航空工业学院学报,2001,15(1):1-5.
[3] 张卫华,赵武,李治钧,面向生产管理的集成化CAPP系统,四川大学学报,2001,3:85-88
[4] 徐弘山等,基于PDM的CAPP系统体系结构研究,成组技术与生产现代化2000,1:21-23
[5] 程光耀,基于PDM的智能CAPP系统的研究与实现,机械设计与制造,2003,6:16-18
[6] 姜兆亮,基于iMAN的CAPP系统—Wit-CAPP,www.icad.com.cn/
[7] 钱祥生,陈万领,袁惠敏,开目CAPP软件自学教程,机械工业出版社,2003年8月
[8] 李治钧,陈国定,赵武,计算机辅助工艺设计,成都科技大学出版社,1996,10:31
[9] 王贤坤主编,机械CAD/CAM技术、应用与开发,机械工业出版社,2001年2月
[10] 曾芬芳,CAPP发展现状与发展趋势,2003-8-21:32-33
[11] CAPP基础,上海交大CIM所,2002-8-20, www.e-works.com
[12] 张振明,许建明,CAPP的应用与发展,计算机辅助设计与制造,2002,7:3-5
[13] 孔宪光,黄乃康,CAPP技术发展的新阶段与智能化工艺信息系统(IPIS)构想(西北工业大学CAPP与制造工程软件研究所),2002-8-26:631—634
[14] 赵庚,马小明,彭志,基于Pro/ENGINEER2001的CAD/CAPP集成技术研究,新技术新工艺,2004,3:11—13
[15] 赖利国,王义强,朱光宇,Solidworks平台上基于特征的CAPP系统研究,新技术新工艺,2004,3:14-16
[16] 焦黎,慈建平,程光耀等,基于工艺特征元的自动机CAPP系统研究,组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,6:10-14
[17] 沈斌,陶荣华,工艺计划与生产调度集成的动态CAPP系统的研究,组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,5:45-46,48
[18] 贾秀杰,工具型CAPP系统制造资源快速重组模型的研究,机电一体化2003,6:17-18
[19] 陈万领,CAPP深化应用的思考,2004-10-7:25-26
[20] 李颖,企业工艺设计对CAPP系统提出的要求,计算机世界网2001-6-5:29-31
[21] 胡颖华,基于数据库面向产品的综合式CAPP系统.上海汽轮机,2001年9月第3 期:19-23,28
[22] 苏海洋,刘成颖,翟听,企业集成环境下CAPP系统的研究.现代制造工程2002年5月:24-26
[23] 王先逵,计算机辅助制造,北京:清华大学出版社,1998年2月
[24] 蔡力刚,李培根,回转类零件基于分级约束的加工方法排序算法,中国机械工程学报,2000,36(2)42-46.
[25] 吴丹,王先逵,蒲建,智能化工艺设计系统的几个关键技术,清华大学学报(自然科学版),1996,36(4):54-59.
[26] 邵新宇,蔡力刚,现代CAPP技术与应用,机械工业出版社,2004.10
[27] 葛友华,廖文和,周儒荣,通用CAPP系统结构及其实现方法,南京航空航天大学学报,2000年8月:455-460
[28] 蔡力刚,李培根,叶正,基于分级规划的工艺决策推理与知识管理策略,华中理工大学学报,1998.11:66-68
[29] 饶运清,蔡力刚,李培根,基于分级规划的工艺决策策略与模型,高技术通讯,1999,4:5-9
[30] 严向东,Delphi基础培训教程,人民邮电出版社,2003年7月
[31] 陆昌辉,吴小华主编,SQL Server 2000开发人员指南,北京希望电子出版社,2002年6月
[32] 邵小英,我国企业CAPP技术应用现状,电子与信息化,2001-6-3:13-16
[33] 沈其文,徐鸿本主编,机械制造工艺禁忌手册
[34] 鲍军鹏,刘晓东,基于XML的知识融合与知识库组织,计算机工程 2003,3:56-57,138
[35] 张荣进,基于XML的大型通用知识库的构建,计算机工程,2003,2:69-72
[36] 葛慧,Java与XML实现数据抽取,计算机与现代化,2003,4:11-12,17
[37] Q. Peng, F. R. Hall, P. Lister, Application and evaluation of VR-based CAPP system, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 107 (2000) 153-159.
[38] N. Ahmad, A. Haque, A. Hasin, in: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Paper Meet and 2nd International Conference, 25-27 October 2001, Bangladesh, Current trend in computer aided process planning, 2001, pp. 81-92.
[39] J. M. Usher, K. J. Fernandes, An Object-Oriented Application of Tool Selection in Dynamic Process Planning, Int. J. Prod. Res. 37(13) (1999) 2879-2894.
[40] D. Soromaz, B. Khosknevis, Machine and tool constraint specification for integrated process planning system, in: Proceedings ofthe 7th Industrial Engineering Research Conference, May 1997, Miami beach, FL, USA, 1997, pp. 901-906.
[41] J. M. Usher, K. J. Fernandes, An Object-Oriented Application of Tool Selection in Dynamic Process Planning, Int. J. Prod. Res. 37 (13) (1999) 2879-2894.
[42] V. Subramaniam, D. K. Lee, T. Ramesh, D. S. Hong, Y. S. Wong, Machine selection rules in a dynamic job shop, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 16 (2000) 902-908.
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