承德地区家用炊具安全性调查及铝溶出量分析
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摘要
本研究对承德市区内333位常住居民(心脑血管疾病患者219人，非患者114人)进行饮食及烹饪习惯问卷调查。通过对调查结果进行危害因子分析，发现使用铝制炊具显著地增加了脑血管病、冠心病和高血压等心脑血管疾病的发病率(OR值2.89～13.6)，使用铝制容器盛放剩余食物可以增加脑血管病和高血压的危险性，但增加幅度最大不超过1.1。使用不锈钢炊具可降低患脑血管病和高血压的危险性。使用铁锅与上述几种心脑血管疾病均无显著性关系。饮食习惯如饮水少、饮酒过多、摄盐过多也会导致患心脑血管疾病的可能性增加，但影响没有使用铝锅显著。喜食油炸食品对各类心脑血管疾病的发病率无影响。
另对承德市区内190个家庭的铝制炊具使用情况进行问卷调查，并对各家用铝制炊具进行铝溶出分析实验。实验结果表明，随着铝锅的使用时长增加，铝锅内铝的溶出量逐渐下降。从使用频率上看，每天使用、有时使用与偶尔使用的铝锅的铝溶出量之间均具有极显著性差异，且随着使用频率的递增，铝的溶出量递减。同为使用超过10年的铝锅，每天使用比偶尔使用铝的溶出量高出12.5倍。从使用目的上看，铝的溶出量从高到低依次为：煮水、煮奶、煮粥和煮米饭。煮奶锅、烧水分别与煮米饭、煮粥的锅的铝溶出量之间存在极显著差异，煮米饭锅的铝溶出量与煮粥锅的铝溶出量之间差异比较显著，煮奶与烧水的锅的铝溶出量之间无显著性差异。
333 residents from Chengde, Hebei Province (including 219 cardiovascular cerebrovascular disease patients and 114 healthy people) were selected to fill out a dietetic and cooking habits investigation forms. Through case control study of the investigation objects, we found that using aluminum saucepan as cooking tool dramatically increased the incidence of cerebrovascular disease(CVD), coronary heart disease(CHD), hypertension(HT) (OR value: 2.89~13.6), using aluminum vessel could add incidence of CVD and HT a bit, and the largest extent of increasing was less than 1.1. Using stainless steel saucepan decreased the incidence of CVD and HT. Using iron saucepan had no related with the three kinds of diseases. In addition, being short of water, drinking excessively, and eating redundant salt would give more likelihood of getting this disease, but the likelihood was not as much as that of using aluminum saucepan. On the other hand, eating deep fry food would not increase the incidence of CCD.
Otherwise we investigated 190 families which using aluminum saucepan to complete another questionnaire and carried through tests of boiling salt water in these aluminum saucepans. Results showed that dissolved quantity decreased with the time of using aluminum saucepan. On the fact of frequency, dissolved quantity between everyday, sometimes and occasionally used aluminum saucepan was dramatically different, and there was less aluminum dissolved quantity with the increasing of using frequency of aluminum saucepan. To the same aluminum saucepan used for over 10 years, aluminum dissolved quantity from aluminum saucepan used occasionally was 12.5 times that of used everyday. On the fact of using purpose, the aluminum dissolved quantity arranged from high to low as: boiling water, boiling milk, cooking porridge and cooking rice. Dissolved quantity of boiling milk aluminum saucepan or water were dramatically different from that of cooking porridge or rice. There was difference between cooking rice aluminum saucepan and cooking porridge aluminum saucepan, there was no difference between boiling water aluminum saucepan and boiling milk aluminum saucepan.
另对承德市区内190个家庭的铝制炊具使用情况进行问卷调查，并对各家用铝制炊具进行铝溶出分析实验。实验结果表明，随着铝锅的使用时长增加，铝锅内铝的溶出量逐渐下降。从使用频率上看，每天使用、有时使用与偶尔使用的铝锅的铝溶出量之间均具有极显著性差异，且随着使用频率的递增，铝的溶出量递减。同为使用超过10年的铝锅，每天使用比偶尔使用铝的溶出量高出12.5倍。从使用目的上看，铝的溶出量从高到低依次为：煮水、煮奶、煮粥和煮米饭。煮奶锅、烧水分别与煮米饭、煮粥的锅的铝溶出量之间存在极显著差异，煮米饭锅的铝溶出量与煮粥锅的铝溶出量之间差异比较显著，煮奶与烧水的锅的铝溶出量之间无显著性差异。
333 residents from Chengde, Hebei Province (including 219 cardiovascular cerebrovascular disease patients and 114 healthy people) were selected to fill out a dietetic and cooking habits investigation forms. Through case control study of the investigation objects, we found that using aluminum saucepan as cooking tool dramatically increased the incidence of cerebrovascular disease(CVD), coronary heart disease(CHD), hypertension(HT) (OR value: 2.89~13.6), using aluminum vessel could add incidence of CVD and HT a bit, and the largest extent of increasing was less than 1.1. Using stainless steel saucepan decreased the incidence of CVD and HT. Using iron saucepan had no related with the three kinds of diseases. In addition, being short of water, drinking excessively, and eating redundant salt would give more likelihood of getting this disease, but the likelihood was not as much as that of using aluminum saucepan. On the other hand, eating deep fry food would not increase the incidence of CCD.
Otherwise we investigated 190 families which using aluminum saucepan to complete another questionnaire and carried through tests of boiling salt water in these aluminum saucepans. Results showed that dissolved quantity decreased with the time of using aluminum saucepan. On the fact of frequency, dissolved quantity between everyday, sometimes and occasionally used aluminum saucepan was dramatically different, and there was less aluminum dissolved quantity with the increasing of using frequency of aluminum saucepan. To the same aluminum saucepan used for over 10 years, aluminum dissolved quantity from aluminum saucepan used occasionally was 12.5 times that of used everyday. On the fact of using purpose, the aluminum dissolved quantity arranged from high to low as: boiling water, boiling milk, cooking porridge and cooking rice. Dissolved quantity of boiling milk aluminum saucepan or water were dramatically different from that of cooking porridge or rice. There was difference between cooking rice aluminum saucepan and cooking porridge aluminum saucepan, there was no difference between boiling water aluminum saucepan and boiling milk aluminum saucepan.
引文
[1] Alfrey AC, et al. Aluminum and alzheimer's disease. Kidney int, 1986,29(18): 53
[2] Boegmon, et al. Neurotoxicity of aluminum. Can J Physiol Pharmacal, 1984, 62:1010
[3] Boni U, et al. Intracelluar aluminum binging. Ahistochemical Histochem, 1974, 29:809
[4] Cochran M, et al. Aluminum absorption by rat duodenum further evidence of energy—dependent uptake. Toxicollett, 1990, 51(3): 287
[5] Copestake P. Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease on update. Food Chem Toxical, 1993, 31(9): 679～685
[6] Crapper DR, et al. Aluminum neurofibrillary distribution in Alzheimer's disease and experimental neurofibrillary degeneration. Science, 1973,180:511
[7] De Boni U, et al. Neurofibrillary degeneration induced by systemic aluminum. Acta Neuropathol, 1976, 35:285
[8] Dermott JR, et al. Brain aluminum in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurol, 1979, 40:31
[9] Drueke T, et al. Oral aluminum administration to uremic, hyperparathyroid or mitamin D-supplemented rats. Nephrol, 1985, 29:10
[10] Fraga CG, et al. Toxicol Lett, 1990, 51(2): 213～219
[11] Greger JL. Aluminum metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr, 1993, 13:43～63
[12] Greger JL, Gueta W, Sullivan DJ. Food Protection, 1985, 48:772
[13] Hledin MA, et al. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 increases serum and tissue accumlation of aluminun in rats. J Lab Clin, 1986, 108:96
[14] Lin JL, Yang YJ, Yang SS, et al. Aluminum utensils contribute to aluminum accumulation in patients with renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis, 1997, 30, 653-658
[15] Mccrron DA, Morris CD, Henry HJ, et al. Blood Pressure and nutrient intake in the United States. Science, 1984, 224:1392～1398
[16] Prasunpriya N. Review. Aluminum: Impacts and disease. Environmental Research Section A, 2002, 89, 101～115
[17] Takal O, et al. Biochem Biophys Acta, 1998, 1389 (2): 141～149
[18] Terra RD. The fine structure of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1973, 22: 629
[19] White DM, et al. Neurologlc syndrome in 25 works from an aluminum smelting plant. Arch Intern Med, 1992, 152: 1443
[20] Yokel RA, Mcnamara PJ. Influence of renal impaiment, chemical form, and serum protein binding on intravenous and oral aluminum kinetics in the rabbit. Toxi. All. Pharm, 1988, 95, 32～43
[21] 迟锡增．微量元素与人体健康．北京：化学工业出版社，1997：79
[22] 傅素虹，等．铝制容器烧水时铝的溶出量．海峡预防医学杂志，2000，6(5)：47
[23] 顾奎琴．现代营养知识全书．北京：现代出版社，1997：247
[24] 郭智勇．电解铝工人机体铝、氟负荷及脂质过氧化水平研究．安徽预防医学杂志，2002，31(2)：78
[25] 黄国伟，等．膳食中铝和几种元素的相互影响．营养学报，1993，15(2)：185
[26] 李姝．铝锌钙单独或协同作用对大鼠肝脏脂质过氧化影响的研究．微量元素与健康研究，2000，17(2)：7
[27] 梁永红．微量元素锌铜铁与心血管病的研究．广东微量元素科学，1997，4(11)：6
[28] 刘冬莲，等．浅谈铝的污染及其毒性效应．化学世界，2002(4)：224
[29] 刘凤贞，等．饮水铝卫生标准的初步研究．中华预防医学杂志，1991，25(2)：75
[30] 刘文新，等．水体中铝的化学形态及其生态效应的研究进展．生态学报，1996，16(2)：214
[31] 刘为生，等．临床高血压病学(第3版)．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1990，15～24
[32] 刘兆平，孙秀发．铝致神经细胞Ca2+浓度升高的可能机制．国外医学卫生学分册，1997，24(4)：214～217
[33] 刘为生，等．临床高血压病学(第3版)．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1990，15～24
[34] 马军，等．镉对神经细胞内游离钙浓度的影响．中国公共卫生学报，1996，15(1)：21～23
[35] 王劲．铝的生物学作用研究概况．卫生研究，2002，31(4)：320-322
[36] 王伟君．铝炊具中铝溶出影响因素的探讨．中国公共卫生，1997，13(10)：617
[37] 王艳霞，等．不同条件对铝制炊具中铝溶出量的实验研究．海峡预防医学杂志，2001，7(3)：39
[38] 韦进宝，等．环境分析化学．北京：化学工业出版社，2002，126
[39] 闻武，等．铝器溶出影响因素的研究．中华预防医学杂志，1991，25(3)：174
[40] 吴柏龄．铝的代谢、毒性和食品卫生问题．生理科学进展，1989，3(22)：238
[41] 张军，等．小而密LDL-冠状动脉疾病重要的危险因素．心血管病学进展，2000，21(4)：243
[42] 张万起，金蓉培，陈杰，等．铝制食具容器铝溶出情况研究．天津医科大学学报，1996，2(3)：18～20
[43] 张本忠，吴德生．铝盐对大鼠脑突触小体摄取谷氨酸功能的影响．现代预防医学，1999，26(4)：464～465
[44] 张忠贤．铝与脂质过氧化．国外医学卫生学分册，1999，26(4)：222
[2] Boegmon, et al. Neurotoxicity of aluminum. Can J Physiol Pharmacal, 1984, 62:1010
[3] Boni U, et al. Intracelluar aluminum binging. Ahistochemical Histochem, 1974, 29:809
[4] Cochran M, et al. Aluminum absorption by rat duodenum further evidence of energy—dependent uptake. Toxicollett, 1990, 51(3): 287
[5] Copestake P. Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease on update. Food Chem Toxical, 1993, 31(9): 679～685
[6] Crapper DR, et al. Aluminum neurofibrillary distribution in Alzheimer's disease and experimental neurofibrillary degeneration. Science, 1973,180:511
[7] De Boni U, et al. Neurofibrillary degeneration induced by systemic aluminum. Acta Neuropathol, 1976, 35:285
[8] Dermott JR, et al. Brain aluminum in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurol, 1979, 40:31
[9] Drueke T, et al. Oral aluminum administration to uremic, hyperparathyroid or mitamin D-supplemented rats. Nephrol, 1985, 29:10
[10] Fraga CG, et al. Toxicol Lett, 1990, 51(2): 213～219
[11] Greger JL. Aluminum metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr, 1993, 13:43～63
[12] Greger JL, Gueta W, Sullivan DJ. Food Protection, 1985, 48:772
[13] Hledin MA, et al. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 increases serum and tissue accumlation of aluminun in rats. J Lab Clin, 1986, 108:96
[14] Lin JL, Yang YJ, Yang SS, et al. Aluminum utensils contribute to aluminum accumulation in patients with renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis, 1997, 30, 653-658
[15] Mccrron DA, Morris CD, Henry HJ, et al. Blood Pressure and nutrient intake in the United States. Science, 1984, 224:1392～1398
[16] Prasunpriya N. Review. Aluminum: Impacts and disease. Environmental Research Section A, 2002, 89, 101～115
[17] Takal O, et al. Biochem Biophys Acta, 1998, 1389 (2): 141～149
[18] Terra RD. The fine structure of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1973, 22: 629
[19] White DM, et al. Neurologlc syndrome in 25 works from an aluminum smelting plant. Arch Intern Med, 1992, 152: 1443
[20] Yokel RA, Mcnamara PJ. Influence of renal impaiment, chemical form, and serum protein binding on intravenous and oral aluminum kinetics in the rabbit. Toxi. All. Pharm, 1988, 95, 32～43
[21] 迟锡增．微量元素与人体健康．北京：化学工业出版社，1997：79
[22] 傅素虹，等．铝制容器烧水时铝的溶出量．海峡预防医学杂志，2000，6(5)：47
[23] 顾奎琴．现代营养知识全书．北京：现代出版社，1997：247
[24] 郭智勇．电解铝工人机体铝、氟负荷及脂质过氧化水平研究．安徽预防医学杂志，2002，31(2)：78
[25] 黄国伟，等．膳食中铝和几种元素的相互影响．营养学报，1993，15(2)：185
[26] 李姝．铝锌钙单独或协同作用对大鼠肝脏脂质过氧化影响的研究．微量元素与健康研究，2000，17(2)：7
[27] 梁永红．微量元素锌铜铁与心血管病的研究．广东微量元素科学，1997，4(11)：6
[28] 刘冬莲，等．浅谈铝的污染及其毒性效应．化学世界，2002(4)：224
[29] 刘凤贞，等．饮水铝卫生标准的初步研究．中华预防医学杂志，1991，25(2)：75
[30] 刘文新，等．水体中铝的化学形态及其生态效应的研究进展．生态学报，1996，16(2)：214
[31] 刘为生，等．临床高血压病学(第3版)．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1990，15～24
[32] 刘兆平，孙秀发．铝致神经细胞Ca2+浓度升高的可能机制．国外医学卫生学分册，1997，24(4)：214～217
[33] 刘为生，等．临床高血压病学(第3版)．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1990，15～24
[34] 马军，等．镉对神经细胞内游离钙浓度的影响．中国公共卫生学报，1996，15(1)：21～23
[35] 王劲．铝的生物学作用研究概况．卫生研究，2002，31(4)：320-322
[36] 王伟君．铝炊具中铝溶出影响因素的探讨．中国公共卫生，1997，13(10)：617
[37] 王艳霞，等．不同条件对铝制炊具中铝溶出量的实验研究．海峡预防医学杂志，2001，7(3)：39
[38] 韦进宝，等．环境分析化学．北京：化学工业出版社，2002，126
[39] 闻武，等．铝器溶出影响因素的研究．中华预防医学杂志，1991，25(3)：174
[40] 吴柏龄．铝的代谢、毒性和食品卫生问题．生理科学进展，1989，3(22)：238
[41] 张军，等．小而密LDL-冠状动脉疾病重要的危险因素．心血管病学进展，2000，21(4)：243
[42] 张万起，金蓉培，陈杰，等．铝制食具容器铝溶出情况研究．天津医科大学学报，1996，2(3)：18～20
[43] 张本忠，吴德生．铝盐对大鼠脑突触小体摄取谷氨酸功能的影响．现代预防医学，1999，26(4)：464～465
[44] 张忠贤．铝与脂质过氧化．国外医学卫生学分册，1999，26(4)：222